ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sajay Samuel - Educator
Professor Sajay Samuel's proposal to reduce the burden of student loans is part of his larger preoccupation with thinking beyond the conventional categories of economics and ecology.

Why you should listen

Sajay Samuel is an award winning professor of accounting at the Smeal College of Business at Penn State University. He has organized seminars and lectured widely in Europe and elsewhere on a range of topics, including science and technology, the political economy of professions and decision theory.

Samuel received his Masters in Accounting and Ph.D in Business Administration from Penn State University in 1990 and 1995 respectively. Since then he has taught management accounting and related subjects to undergraduates, graduates, MBAs and Executives over assignments that included stints at Bucknell University and the University of Connecticut. He returned to Penn State in 2003 and now teaches a capstone course to all undergraduate business majors titled, "Business and Industry Analysis."

Samuel was awarded the 2006 Lester J. Shonto Faculty Award for Excellence in Accounting Education. Dr. Samuel's research has been published in such scholarly journals as Accounting, Organizations and Society, Administration Science Quarterly and Symbolic Interaction. His most recent work on accounting, technology and on the history of ideas, has appeared in three articles in the Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics (2005). His current research aims at clarifying the political implications of accounting practice. His studies in this area concern the political significance of administrative agencies and professional associations in liberal democratic polities. He has presented the early fruits of this work in France, Italy, Germany and England.

More profile about the speaker
Sajay Samuel | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxPSU

Sajay Samuel: How college loans exploit students for profit

Sajay Samuel: 大專貸款點樣喺學生身上牟取暴利?

Filmed:
1,313,328 views

大學教授 Sajay Samuel 話:「過去响美國,讀大學唔等於要負債纍纍咁畢業。」今時今日,專上教育經已淪為一件商品。一邊廂,學費狂飆,所有學生背負住有成一兆美金咁多嘅債務,另一邊廂,大學同貸款公司就坐定定賺大錢。Sajay Samuel 於是提出一個治本嘅方案: 將學費同預期人工兩者擺埋一齊嚟睇,等到學生可以為自己嘅未來做個更明智嘅抉擇,等佢哋可以重新愛上學習,用更有意義嘅方式回應世界。
- Educator
Professor Sajay Samuel's proposal to reduce the burden of student loans is part of his larger preoccupation with thinking beyond the conventional categories of economics and ecology. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

今時今日,有四千萬個美國人
00:12
Today今日 40 million Americans美國人 are indebted負債
for their佢哋 passage通道 to the new新增功能 economy經濟.
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孭住一筆讀書債投身社會
佢哋屋企窮,要借錢讀大學
00:20
Too poor可憐 to pay支付 their佢哋 way through透過 college大學,
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00:22
they now owe lenders銀行
more than one trillion万億 US dollars美元.
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而家夾埋嘅債務有成一兆美金咁多
呢班畢業生乜嘢工都要試
00:27
They do find what jobs工作 they can get
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00:29
to pay支付 off a debt債務
that is secured on their佢哋 person.
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為求還得清自己筆債
00:33
In America美國,
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喺美國
連一個破咗產嘅爛賭二都翻身有望
00:35
even a bankrupt破產 gambler賭仔
gets得到 a second第二 chance機會.
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但完全唔使指意
00:42
But it is nearly impossible冇可能
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一個畢業生可以還清筆債
00:45
for an American美國 to get discharged出院
their佢哋 student學生 loan貸款 debts債務.
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00:52
Once一旦 upon之後 a time in America美國,
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以前响美國
讀大學唔等於要負債纍纍咁畢業
00:55
going to college大學 did not mean
graduating畢業 with debt債務.
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我朋友阿 Paul
00:59
My friend朋友 Paul's保羅的 father老竇
graduated畢業 from Colorado科羅拉多州 State狀態 University大學
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佢爸爸喺科羅拉多州立大學畢業
當年有退伍軍人法保障
01:04
on the GIGi Bill條例草案.
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01:07
For his generation生成,
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嗰個年代
大學學費全免,又或者近乎零
01:09
higher education教育 was free自由 or almost爭 D free自由,
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因為政府覺得大專學歷對社會有益
01:12
because it was thought of
as a public公眾 good.
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但好景不常
01:15
Not anymore.
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01:18
When Paul保羅 also graduated畢業
from Colorado科羅拉多州 State狀態 University大學,
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輪到阿 Paul 喺同一間大學畢業嗰陣
英文系畢業嘅佢,要做住兼職嚟還債
01:22
he paid支付 for his English英文 degree程度
by working工作 part-time兼職.
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卅年前
01:26
30 years ago,
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多數人都畀得起大學學費
01:27
higher education教育 tuition學費
was affordable實惠, reasonable合理,
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01:30
and what debts債務 you accumulated積累,
you paid支付 off by graduation畢業 date日期.
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你爭落嘅錢,畢業之前就可以還晒
但好景不常
01:33
Not anymore.
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01:35
Paul's保羅的 daughter女兒 followed黎緊 in his footsteps腳步,
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輪到阿 Paul 個囡同樣步佢後塵
01:39
but with one difference差異:
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唯一唔同嘅係
五年前佢畢業嗰陣
01:40
when she graduated畢業 five years ago,
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孭住成身債
01:43
it was with a whopping高達 debt債務.
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01:45
Students學生 like Kate凯特 have to take on a loan貸款
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阿 Kate 同埋其他大學生都要借錢
01:48
because the cost成本 of higher education教育
has become成為 unaffordable昂貴
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因為大學學費經已貴到
好多美國家庭都負擔唔起
01:51
for many好多 if not most American美國 families家庭.
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01:56
But so what?
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咁又點啫?
借筆錢嚟投資一個貴價學位
01:58
Getting得到 into debt債務 to buy
an expensive昂貴 education教育
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02:00
is not all bad if you could pay支付 it off
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只要第日還到錢,就唔成問題啦
有大學學歷,起碼有得賺多啲嘛
02:03
with the increased增加 income收入
that you earned贏得 from it.
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02:07
But that's where the rubber
meets會見 the road道路.
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但問題嘅癥結就响呢度
連一個 2001 年畢業嘅人所賺嘅錢
02:11
Even a college大學 grad畢業
earned贏得 10 percent百分比 more in 2001
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比起 2013 年畢業嘅 Kate
02:17
than she did in 2013.
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仲要多出 10%
02:19
So ...
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所以…
02:21
tuition學費 costs成本 up,
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學費飆升
津貼少咗
02:23
public公眾 funding資金 down,
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家庭收入又縮咗水
02:25
family家庭 incomes收入 diminished減少,
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個人收入微薄
02:27
personal incomes收入 weak.
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02:30
Is it any wonder that more
than a quarter季度 of those who must必須
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唔怪得有多過四分一嘅畢業生
連要還債都還唔到
02:34
cannot唔可以 make their佢哋 student學生 loan貸款 payments付款?
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不過,最壞嘅時刻亦係最好嘅時刻
02:38
The worst糟糕 of times
can be the best最好 of times,
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因為啲事實就攞喺响你面前,唔理唔得
02:41
because certain一定 truths真理 flash閃光 up
in ways方式 that you can't ignore忽略.
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今日我想講其中三個事實
02:46
I want to speak of three of them today今日.
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02:49
1.2 trillion万億 dollars美元 of debts債務 for diplomas沙紙
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1.2 兆美金嘅學債
02:53
make it abundantly obvious明顯
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明顯反映咗
02:55
that higher education教育
is a consumer消費者 product產品 you can buy.
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大學教育經已淪為一種消費品
03:00
All of us talk about education教育
just as the economists經濟學家 do now,
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我哋講起教育就好似班資本家咁
將教育當係投資,愛嚟增強人力資本
03:05
as an investment投資 that you make
to improve提高 the human人類 stock股票
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03:09
by training培訓 them for work.
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訓練啲人出嚟做嘢
03:11
As an investment投資 you make
to sort排序 and classify分類 people
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愛嚟將啲學生按等級分類
等啲僱主請人嗰陣容易啲
03:16
so that employers僱主
can hire them more easily容易.
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03:20
The U.S. News新聞 & World世界 Report報告
ranks行列 colleges院校
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《美國新聞與世界報導》
公布大學排名嘅方式
03:23
just as the consumer消費者 report報告
rates washing machines機器.
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十足啲消費報告評估啲洗衣機咁款
03:27
The language語言 is peppered胡椒 with barbarisms粗俗語句.
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份報告用詞粗暴到極
03:30
Teachers教師 are called "service服務 providers供應商,"
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叫啲老師做「服務提供者」
叫啲學生做「消費者」
03:34
students學生 are called "consumers消費者."
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社會學呀,莎士比亞呀
足球同埋科學呀
03:37
Sociology社會學 and Shakespeare莎士比亞
and soccer足球 and science科學,
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呢啲冚唪唥叫做「服務內容」
03:41
all of these are "content內容."
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學業借貸好好賺
03:45
Student學生 debt債務 is profitable有利可圖.
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03:46
Only not on you.
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不過賺嗰個唔會係你
你嘅債務甚至養肥咗
成個學生借貸行業
03:49
Your debt債務 fattens養肥 the profit利潤
of the student學生 loan貸款 industry行業.
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03:54
The two 800-pound gorillas大猩猩 of which --
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呢個行頭其中兩條巨龍
03:56
Sallie萨莉 Mae and NavientNavient --
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Sallie Mae 同埋 Navient
公布上年總盈利一共有 12 億美金
03:58
posted張貼 last year a combined聯合 profit利潤
of 1.2 billion dollars美元.
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04:04
And just like home mortgages按揭,
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學生貸款正正同樓宇按揭一樣
04:07
student學生 loans貸款 can be bundled綑綁
and packaged包裝 and sliced切片 and diced,
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可以係捆綁式、套餐式同拆件式
响華爾街出售
04:10
and sold出售 on Wall Street.
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啲大專院校
04:12
And colleges院校 and universities大學
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投資呢啲證券貸款嘅時候
04:13
that invest投資 in these securitized證券化 loans貸款
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04:18
profit利潤 twice兩次.
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頭尾賺兩轉
首先賺你筆學費
04:19
Once一旦 from your tuition學費,
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04:21
and then again from the interest興趣 on debt債務.
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跟住賺你啲息口
睇見盤生意咁好賺
04:25
With all that money to be made作出,
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大家仲會奇怪嗰啲高等教育辦學團體
04:27
are we surprised驚訝 that some
in the higher education教育 business業務
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點解會用啲失實嘅宣傳手段
04:33
have begun初時 to engage從事 in false advertising廣告,
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嚟推銷利誘
04:35
in bait誘餌 and switch ...
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藉教育嚟剝削緊乜都唔知嘅學生嗎?
04:38
in exploiting開發 the very ignorance無知
that they pretend假裝 to educate教育?
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04:44
Third第三:
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第三:
學位經已淪為品牌
04:45
diplomas沙紙 are a brand品牌.
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當年我有個老師寫話:
04:47
Many好多 years ago my teacher先生 wrote,
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04:50
"When students學生 are treated治療 as consumers消費者,
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「當學生變成一班消費者,
佢哋就會喺度盲追學位,鬥生鬥死。」
04:52
they're made作出 prisoners囚犯
of addiction成癮 and envy羨慕."
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04:59
Just as consumers消費者 can be sold出售 and resold轉售
upgraded升級 versions版本 of an iPhoneIphone,
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正如蘋果不斷向人推銷新款 iPhone
做教育嘅亦可以不斷向人推銷學位
05:04
so also people can be sold出售
more and more education教育.
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昨日嘅中學,變成今日嘅大學
05:08
College大學 is the new新增功能 high school學校,
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05:10
we already say that.
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一早有人咁講過
但點解要停喺呢一步?
05:13
But why stop there?
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大學可以不斷招攬人讀文憑,讀完再讀
05:14
People can be upsoldupsold
on certifications認證 and recertificationsrecertifications,
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05:18
master's師父嘅 degrees, doctoral博士 degrees.
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再讀碩士學位、博士學位
05:23
Higher education教育 is also marketed銷售
as a status地位 object對象.
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佢哋仲推銷專上教育係地位嘅象徵
05:28
Buy a degree程度,
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買學位
同你買架凌志、買個 LV 一樣
05:29
much like you do a Lexus雷剋薩斯
of a Louis路易 Vuitton威登 bag,
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係買嚟抬高身價
05:33
to distinguish區分 yourself自己 from others.
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靠佢,你可以招人妒忌
05:34
So you can be the object對象
of envy羨慕 of others.
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05:38
Diplomas沙紙 are a brand品牌.
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學位已經淪為品牌
但係呢啲真相成日畀一片叫賣聲掩埋
05:41
But these truths真理 are often經常 times
hidden隱藏 by a very noisy sales銷售 pitch蠟青.
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日日硬係有班政客
05:48
There is not a day that goes by
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05:50
without some policy政策 guy
on television電視 telling話畀 us,
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喺個公仔箱度同我哋講:
「大學學位好重要,
05:55
"A college大學 degree程度 is absolutely絕對 essential基本
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有佢先可以扶搖直上、做到中產。」
05:57
to get on that up escalator自動梯
to a middle-class中產階級 life."
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06:00
And the usual通常 evidence證據 offered提供
is the college大學 premium溢價:
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通常理據就係專上學歷競爭力高:
大專畢業比起高中畢業平均賺多 56%
06:04
a college大學 grad畢業 who makes使 on average平均
56 percent百分比 more than a high school學校 grad畢業.
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06:10
Let's look at that number數量 more carefully仔細,
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我哋再細心啲解讀個數字
06:12
because on the face塊面 of it,
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因為驟眼睇
06:13
it seems好似 to belie掩蓋 the stories故事 we all hear聽到
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個數字好似喺度推翻緊嗰啲
06:17
about college大學 grads畢業生
working工作 as baristas咖啡師 and cashiers收銀員.
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「大學畢業做收銀沖咖啡」
之類嘅新聞咁
06:22
Of 100 people who enroll註冊
in any form形式 of post-secondary中學之後 education教育,
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响 100 個有專上學歷嘅人裏面
06:27
45 do not complete完成 it in a timely及時 fashion時尚,
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45 個冇順利畢業
06:30
for a number數量 of reasons原因,
including包括 financial金融.
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原因好多,財政困難係其一
嗰 55 個順利畢業嘅人
06:34
Of the 55 that do graduate畢業,
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06:36
two will remain保持 unemployed失業,
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有兩個冇嘢做
有 18 個搵唔到長工
06:38
and another另一個 18 are underemployed就業不足.
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06:42
So, college大學 grads畢業生 earn more
than high school學校 grads畢業生,
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雖然大學畢業生搵得多過中學畢業生
但究竟佢哋夠唔夠填嗰筆巨債
06:45
but does it pay支付 for the exorbitant過高 tuition學費
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同埋你讀書嗰陣冇咗嘅搵錢機會呢?
06:48
and the lost失去 wages人工 while at college大學?
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06:51
Now even economists經濟學家 admit承認
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依家連經濟學家都承認
06:54
going to college大學 pays支付 off
for only those who complete完成 it.
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只有順利畢到業嘅大學生先還得哂
07:00
But that's only because high school學校 wages人工
have been cutcut to the bone,
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而純粹係因為中學畢業生嘅薪水
07:04
for decades幾十年 now.
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幾廿年嚟大幅縮水
07:07
For decades幾十年,
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咁多年嚟
07:09
workers工人 with a high school學校 degree程度
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有高中學歷嘅人
07:11
have been denied否認 a fair公平 share共享
of what they have produced產生.
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付出同收入唔成正比
07:16
And had they received收到 as they should have,
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若果佢哋可以賺返佢哋應得嘅水平
07:19
then going to college大學 would have been
a bad investment投資 for many好多.
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咁讀大學對好多人嚟講肯定係蝕大本
07:23
College大學 premium溢價?
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大學畢業生薪水嘅溢價
07:25
I think it's a high school學校 discount折扣.
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我睇都係靠高中畢業生倒貼而嚟
有三份二嘅大學畢業生發現
工作未如理想
07:28
Two out of three people who enroll註冊
are not going to find an adequate job工作.
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07:33
And the future未來, for them,
doesn't look particularly特別 promising承諾 --
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佢哋唔睇好前景
或者直情覺得前途暗淡
07:36
in fact事實, it's downright徹頭徹尾 bleak暗淡.
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07:38
And it is they who are going to suffer遭受
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而正正係佢哋要去承受
07:42
the most punishing懲罰 forms形式 of student學生 debt債務.
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學債帶嚟嘅沉重負擔
最心悒嘅係,正正係佢哋
07:46
And it is they,
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07:47
curiously好奇 and sadly可悲,
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07:48
who are marketed銷售 most loudly大聲
about this college大學 premium溢價 thing.
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畀人最落力用學位升值呢個理由氹落搭
咁嘅銷售伎倆,自私自利不特止
07:53
That's not just cynical憤世嫉俗 marketing營銷,
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07:56
that's cruel殘酷.
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仲係麻木不仁
咁我哋做啲乜嘢好?
07:59
So what do we do?
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08:01
What if students學生 and parents父母 treated治療
higher education教育 as a consumer消費者 product產品?
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如果學生同家長都當學位係商品呢?
個個似乎都咁睇
08:08
Everybody大家 else seems好似 to.
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08:10
Then, like any other consumer消費者 product產品,
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買任何商品嗰陣
你會要人哋清楚交代件貨嘅詳情
08:12
you would demand需求 to know
what you're paying支付 for.
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08:15
When you buy medicines藥物,
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你去買藥
08:16
you get a list列表 of side一邊 effects影響.
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佢會寫明有咩副作用
08:18
When you buy a higher educational教育 product產品,
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你買件大學商品嗰陣
佢需要有張警告標籤
08:20
you should have a warning警告 label標籤
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08:22
that allows允許 consumers消費者 to choose選擇,
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畀消費者有權揀
知情下做決定
08:24
make informed通知 choices選擇.
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08:26
When you buy a car架車,
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你去買車
佢會話你知每加侖預計跑到幾多里
08:28
it tells話畀 you how many好多
miles英里 per gallon加侖 to expect期望.
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但冇人會預計到讀完大學
08:31
Who knows what to expect期望
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08:32
from a degree程度 say, in Canadian加拿大 Studies研究.
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譬如讀完科「加拿大研究」前景會係點
真係有呢個學系㗎
08:36
There is such a thing, by the way.
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假如有個應用程式可以話個前景我哋知?
08:40
What if there was an app應用程序 for that?
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08:46
One that linked聯繫 up the cost成本 of a major主要
to the expected預期 income收入.
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計吓個學費同預期人工係咪成正比
暫且叫個應用程式做
Income-Based Tuition 或者 IBT 啦
08:52
Let's call it Income-Based基於收入嘅 Tuition學費 or IBTIBT.
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08:54
One of you make this.
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係你哋其中一個人設計而嚟
08:56
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
正視返你嘅前途問題
08:57
Discover發現 your reality現實.
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08:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
IBT 呢個應用程式有三個好處
09:01
There are three advantages優勢,
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09:03
three benefits著數 to Income-Based基於收入嘅 Tuition學費.
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09:07
Any user用戶 can figure out
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用戶可以知道
09:09
how much money he or she will make
from a given college大學 and major主要.
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讀完某某大學同埋學系,人工會係幾多
09:13
Such informed通知 users用戶
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用家有咗呢啲資訊
09:14
are unlikely冇可能 to fall秋天 victim受害者
to the huckster's還價嘅 ploy策略,
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就冇咁易
畀啲無良推銷員氹得掂
09:18
to the sales銷售 pitch蠟青.
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同時可以揀得明智啲
09:19
But also to choose選擇 wisely明智.
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到時仲邊有人會交一筆
09:21
Why would anybody任何人 pay支付 more for college大學
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09:24
than let's say, 15 percent百分比
of the additional額外 income收入 they earn?
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高過預期人工 15% 嘅學費出嚟呢?
09:29
There's a second第二 benefit效益
to Income-Based基於收入嘅 Tuition學費.
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IBT 有第二個好處
09:31
By tying the cost成本 to the income收入,
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透過顯示學費同薪金嘅關係
09:34
college大學 administrators看更 would be forced
to manage管理 costs成本 better,
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大學管理層必須要運用新思維
09:39
to find innovative創新 ways方式 to do so.
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去妥善釐訂學費
09:41
For instance實例,
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譬如
09:42
all of you students學生 here pay支付 roughly大約
the same相同 tuition學費 for every major主要.
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大部份嘅學生不論學系,學費劃一
09:47
That is manifestly明顯 unfair公平,
and should change.
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呢個制度明顯好唔公平,需要改革
09:52
An engineering工程 student學生 uses使用 more resources資源
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工程系嘅學生通常用到嘅資源
09:56
and facilities設施 and labs實驗室 and faculty教師
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譬如設施、實驗室、教職員呢啲
09:58
than a philosophy哲學 student學生.
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會多過哲學系嘅學生
10:01
But the philosophy哲學 student學生,
as a consequence後果,
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但呢班哲學生
變相資助緊班工程系學生
10:03
is subsidizing資助 the engineering工程 student學生.
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第時人工高一截嘅工程系學生
10:06
Who then, by the way,
goes on and earns more money.
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10:09
Why should two people
buy the same相同 product產品,
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點解要兩個人買嘅貨一樣
畀嘅錢一樣
10:12
pay支付 the same相同,
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但其中一個淨係享用到
一半甚或三份一呢?
10:13
but one person receive收到
half一半 or a third第三 of the service服務.
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10:18
In fact事實, college大學 grads畢業生, some majors專業,
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事實上,某啲學系嘅畢業生
10:22
pay支付 25 percent百分比 of their佢哋 income收入
servicing服務 their佢哋 student學生 debt債務,
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拎緊人工嘅 25% 嚟還債
但另一啲拎 5% 就得
10:26
while others pay支付 five percent百分比.
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咁學科收費合理啲就會消除呢啲不公平
10:29
That kind一種 if inequity不公 would end結束
when majors專業 are priced價格 more correctly.
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10:35
Now of course課程, all this data數據 --
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當然啦,而家呢堆資料…
10:37
and one of you is going to do this, right?
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我諗在座會有人走去搞㗎可?
10:39
All this data數據 has to be well designed設計,
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呢堆資料要有人整理好
10:41
maybe audited審計 by public公眾 accounting會計 firms公司
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譬如交畀會計公司做審計
10:43
to avoid避免 statistical統計 lies謊言.
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避免畀啲統計數字呃
10:45
We know about statistics統計, right?
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統計大家都識㗎可?
除咗正話兩個好處
10:48
But be that as it may可能,
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10:50
the third第三 and biggest最大 benefit效益
of Income-Based基於收入嘅 Tuition學費,
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第三個,而且係 IBT 最大嘅好處
10:54
is it would free自由 Americans美國人 from the fear恐懼
and the fact事實 of financial金融 ruin破壞
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就係令美國人唔使驚再陷入財困
唔使再驚買咗件爛貨返嚟
10:59
because they bought a defective缺陷 product產品.
202
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11:02
Perhaps或者, in time,
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或者某個時刻
新舊兩代嘅美國人重新發現
11:05
young年輕 and old Americans美國人 may可能 rediscover重新,
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11:07
as the gentleman紳士 said earlier較早時,
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正如頭先嗰位講者所講
對知識嘅追求同熱愛
11:09
their佢哋 curiosity好奇心, their佢哋 love of learning學習 --
206
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2039
11:11
begin初時 to study研究 what they love,
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開始學啲想學嘅嘢
11:13
love what they study研究,
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鍾意自己學緊嘅嘢,隨心而行
11:14
follow遵循 their佢哋 passion激情 ...
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11:16
getting得到 stimulated刺激 by their佢哋 intelligence情報,
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深受知識所啟發
11:19
follow遵循 paths路徑 of inquiry查詢
that they really want to.
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去探索自己渴望探索嘅事物
11:22
After all, it was Eric埃里克 and Kevin凱文,
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望返轉頭,其實係阿 Eric 同 Kevin
11:27
two years ago,
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兩年前
11:29
just exactly完全 these kinds of young年輕 men男人,
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正正係呢一班後生仔
11:32
who prompted促使 me and worked工作 with me,
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佢哋鼓勵我,同我共事
11:35
and still do,
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到到而家
11:36
in the study研究 of indebted負債
students學生 in America美國.
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依然落力研究緊美國呢個學生貸款問題
11:41
Thank you for your attention注意.
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好多謝大家!
11:42
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Clement Cheung
Reviewed by Wink Wong

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sajay Samuel - Educator
Professor Sajay Samuel's proposal to reduce the burden of student loans is part of his larger preoccupation with thinking beyond the conventional categories of economics and ecology.

Why you should listen

Sajay Samuel is an award winning professor of accounting at the Smeal College of Business at Penn State University. He has organized seminars and lectured widely in Europe and elsewhere on a range of topics, including science and technology, the political economy of professions and decision theory.

Samuel received his Masters in Accounting and Ph.D in Business Administration from Penn State University in 1990 and 1995 respectively. Since then he has taught management accounting and related subjects to undergraduates, graduates, MBAs and Executives over assignments that included stints at Bucknell University and the University of Connecticut. He returned to Penn State in 2003 and now teaches a capstone course to all undergraduate business majors titled, "Business and Industry Analysis."

Samuel was awarded the 2006 Lester J. Shonto Faculty Award for Excellence in Accounting Education. Dr. Samuel's research has been published in such scholarly journals as Accounting, Organizations and Society, Administration Science Quarterly and Symbolic Interaction. His most recent work on accounting, technology and on the history of ideas, has appeared in three articles in the Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics (2005). His current research aims at clarifying the political implications of accounting practice. His studies in this area concern the political significance of administrative agencies and professional associations in liberal democratic polities. He has presented the early fruits of this work in France, Italy, Germany and England.

More profile about the speaker
Sajay Samuel | Speaker | TED.com