ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.

Why you should listen

Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.

Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.

The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.

More profile about the speaker
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com
TED2016

Prosanta Chakrabarty: Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish

Prosanta Chakrabarty: Petunjuk ke zaman prasejarah, ditemukan pada ikan gua yang buta

Filmed:
1,220,884 views

TED Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty menjelajahi tempat-tempat tersembunyi di dunia untuk mencari spesies baru ikan yang hidup di dalam gua. Hewan yang hidup di bawah tanah ini beradaptasi secara menarik, dan mereka membuka wawasan biologis tentang kebutaan dan petunjuk geologis tentang bagaimana benua-benua terpisah berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Renungkanlah zaman purba pada pidato pendek ini.
- Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

Ichthyology,
00:12
IchthyologyIlmu pengetahuan tentang ikan,
0
992
1612
ilmu perikanan.
00:14
the studybelajar of fishesikan.
1
2628
1460
Kata yang kelihatan
panjang dan membosankan,
00:16
It looksterlihat like a bigbesar, boringmembosankan wordkata,
2
4112
2858
tapi sebenarnya cukup menarik,
00:18
but it's actuallysebenarnya quitecukup excitingseru,
3
6994
2181
00:21
because ichthyologyilmu pengetahuan tentang ikan is the only "ologyology"
4
9199
2973
karena Ichthyology adalah
satu-satunya "ology"
00:24
with "YOLOYOLO" in it.
5
12196
1331
yang mengandung "YOLO."
00:25
(LaughterTawa)
6
13551
1784
(Tawa)
00:27
Now, to the coolkeren kidsanak-anak in the audiencehadirin,
7
15359
1826
Nah, bagi hadirin yang gaul,
kalian sudah tahu, YOLO singkatan dari
00:29
you alreadysudah know, YOLOYOLO standsberdiri for
"you only livehidup oncesekali,"
8
17209
4177
"You Only Live Once"
(Anda Hanya Hidup Sekali).
Karena saya hanya hidup sekali,
00:33
and because I only have one life,
9
21410
1662
00:35
I'm going to spendmenghabiskan it doing
what I always dreamtbermimpi of doing:
10
23096
2763
saya akan menjalaninya
melakukan yang selalu saya impikan,
00:37
seeingmelihat the hiddentersembunyi wonderskeajaiban of the worlddunia
and discoveringmenemukan newbaru speciesjenis.
11
25883
3160
yaitu melihat rahasia keajaiban dunia
dan menemukan spesies baru.
00:41
And that's what I get to do.
12
29068
1498
Itulah yang saya lakukan.
00:42
Now, in recentbaru yearstahun, I really focusedfokus
on cavesgua for findingtemuan newbaru speciesjenis.
13
30873
4455
Beberapa tahun belakangan,
saya memfokuskan perhatian
pada gua untuk mencari spesies baru.
00:47
And it turnsberubah out, there's lots of newbaru
cavefishcavefish speciesjenis out there.
14
35352
3266
Ternyata, ada banyak spesies
ikan gua yang baru.
00:50
You just have to know where to look,
15
38642
1783
Anda hanya perlu tahu tempat mencarinya,
00:52
and to maybe be a little thintipis.
16
40449
2209
dan mungkin harus sedikit kurus.
(Tawa)
00:54
(LaughterTawa)
17
42682
1094
00:55
Now, cavefishescavefishes can tell me
a lot about biologybiologi and geologyGeologi.
18
43800
4025
Nah, ikan gua bercerita banyak
tentang biologi dan geologi pada saya.
01:00
They can tell me how the landmassesdaratan
around them have changedberubah and movedterharu
19
48214
3983
Mereka menceritakan bagaimana
daratan di sekitar mereka
berubah dan berpindah
01:04
by beingmakhluk stuckterjebak in these little holeslubang,
20
52221
2218
saat tersangkut di lubang kecil ini,
dan mereka bercerita
tentang evolusi penglihatan,
01:06
and they can tell me about
the evolutionevolusi of sightmelihat, by beingmakhluk blindbuta.
21
54463
3563
dari kebutaan mereka.
01:11
Now, fishikan have eyesmata
that are essentiallyintinya the samesama as oursmilik kita.
22
59193
3277
Nah, ikan memiliki mata
yang pada dasarnya seperti mata kita.
Seperti semua vertebrata.
01:14
All vertebratesvertebrata do, and eachsetiap time
a fishikan speciesjenis startsdimulai to adaptmenyesuaikan
23
62494
3828
Ketika satu spesies ikan beradaptasi
dengan
01:18
to this darkgelap, colddingin, cavegua environmentlingkungan Hidup,
24
66346
2412
lingkungan gua yang gelap dan dingin,
mereka kehilangan mata dan penglihatan
setelah melalui banyak generasi,
01:20
over manybanyak, manybanyak generationsgenerasi,
they losekalah theirmereka eyesmata and theirmereka eyesightpenglihatan
25
68782
3937
sampai mereka menjadi ikan gua
tanpa mata seperti ikan ini.
01:24
untilsampai the endakhir up like an eyelesstanpa mata
cavefishcavefish like this one here.
26
72743
3150
01:27
Now, eachsetiap cavefishcavefish speciesjenis
has evolvedberevolusi in a slightlysedikit differentberbeda way,
27
75917
3837
Nah, setiap spesies ikan gua berevolusi
dengan cara yang sedikit berbeda,
01:31
and eachsetiap one has a uniqueunik geologicalgeologis
and biologicalbiologis storycerita to tell us,
28
79778
4072
dan setiap spesies memiliki
cerita geologi dan biologi yang unik,
01:35
and that's why it's so excitingseru
when we find a newbaru speciesjenis.
29
83874
2927
itu yang membuat penemuan
spesies baru menjadi sangat menarik.
01:39
So this is a newbaru speciesjenis
we describeddijelaskan, from southernselatan IndianaIndiana.
30
87217
3437
Ini adalah spesies baru yang kami temukan
di Indiana Selatan.
01:43
We namedbernama it AmblyopsisAmblyopsis hoosierihoosieri,
the HoosierHoosier cavefishcavefish.
31
91075
3897
Kami menamainya Amblyopsis hoosieri,
ikan gua warga Indiana.
01:46
(LaughterTawa)
32
94996
1061
(Tawa)
01:48
Its closestpaling dekat relativeskerabat
are cavefishescavefishes in KentuckyKentucky,
33
96081
2929
Keluarga terdekatnya adalah
ikan gua di Kentucky,
01:51
in the MammothMammoth CaveGua systemsistem.
34
99034
1602
di sistem Gua Mammoth.
01:52
And they startmulai to divergemenyimpang
when the OhioOhio RiverSungai splitmembagi them
35
100660
3033
Spesies ini mulai bercabang
saat Sungai Ohio memisahkan mereka
01:55
a fewbeberapa millionjuta yearstahun agolalu.
36
103717
1285
beberapa juta tahun yang lalu.
Dalam kurun waktu itu mereka
berevolusi secara berbeda
01:57
And in that time they developeddikembangkan
these subtlehalus differencesperbedaan
37
105419
2743
02:00
in the geneticgenetik architectureArsitektur
behinddibelakang theirmereka blindnesskebutaan.
38
108186
2761
dengan arsitektur genetika
di balik kebutaan mereka.
02:03
There's this genegen calledbernama rhodopsinrhodopsin
that's super-criticalSuper-kritis for sightmelihat.
39
111289
3516
Ada gen bernama rhodopsin
yang sangat penting untuk penglihatan.
02:06
We have it, and these speciesjenis have it too,
40
114829
2397
Kita memilikinya,
begitu juga semua spesies ini,
02:09
exceptkecuali one speciesjenis has lostkalah
all functionfungsi in that genegen,
41
117250
2873
kecuali satu spesies yang telah kehilangan
semua fungsi gen itu,
02:12
and the other one maintainsmempertahankan it.
42
120147
1674
sementara spesies lain masih memilikinya.
02:14
So this setsset up this beautifulindah
naturalalam experimentpercobaan
43
122234
4023
Jadi inilah latar belakang
eksperimen alam yang indah
dimana kita bisa meneliti gen
di balik penglihatan kita,
02:18
where we can look at the genesgen
behinddibelakang our visionpenglihatan,
44
126281
2964
02:21
and at the very rootsakar of how we can see.
45
129269
2659
dan meneliti jawaban paling mendasar
dari penglihatan kita.
02:25
But the genesgen in these cavefishescavefishes
46
133047
1714
Gen penglihatan pada ikan gua
juga dapat memberitahu kita tentang
usia geologi yang lampau,
02:26
can alsojuga tell us
about deepdalam geologicalgeologis time,
47
134785
2786
02:29
maybe no more so
than in this speciesjenis here.
48
137595
2460
yang mungkin hanya ada pada spesies ini.
02:32
This is a newbaru speciesjenis
we describeddijelaskan from MadagascarMadagaskar
49
140079
2817
Ini adalah spesies baru
yang kami temukan di Madagaskar
02:34
that we namedbernama TyphleotrisTyphleotris mararybemararybe.
50
142920
3301
yang kami beri nama Typhleotris mararybe.
02:38
That meanscara "bigbesar sicknesspenyakit" in MalagasyMalagasi,
51
146245
3265
Artinya "sangat sakit"
dalam bahasa Madagaskar,
karena kami sangat sakit ketika mencoba
menemukan spesies ini.
02:41
for how sicksakit we got tryingmencoba
to collectmengumpulkan this speciesjenis.
52
149534
2549
02:44
Now, believe it or not,
53
152614
1578
Nah, percaya atau tidak,
02:46
swimmingrenang around sinkholeslubang
fullpenuh of deadmati things
54
154216
2590
berenang di dalam lubang reruntuhan
yang dipenuhi bangkai,
02:48
and cavegua fullpenuh of batkelelawar poopkotoran
55
156830
1883
dan gua yang dipenuhi kotoran kelelawar,
02:50
isn't the smartestpaling cerdas thing you could
be doing with your life,
56
158737
2809
bukanlah kegiatan paling bijak
dalam hidup Anda,
tapi Anda Hidup Hanya Sekali.
02:53
but YOLOYOLO.
57
161570
1509
02:55
(LaughterTawa)
58
163103
3795
(Tawa)
02:58
Now, I love this speciesjenis despitemeskipun the factfakta
that it triedmencoba to killmembunuh us,
59
166922
4174
Saya mencintai spesies ini
walau ia mencoba membunuh kami.
03:03
and that's because
this speciesjenis in MadagascarMadagaskar,
60
171120
2795
Karena spesies yang berada
di Madagaskar ini,
03:05
its closestpaling dekat relativeskerabat
are 6,000 kilometerskilometer away,
61
173939
2824
keluarga terdekatnya
berada sejauh 6.000 kilometer,
03:08
cavefishescavefishes in AustraliaAustralia.
62
176787
1364
yaitu ikan gua di Australia.
03:10
Now, there's no way a three-inch-longtiga-inci panjang
freshwaterair tawar cavefishcavefish
63
178701
3635
Nah, tidak mungkin ikan gua air tawar
sepanjang 7,62 sentimeter ini
03:14
can swimberenang acrossmenyeberang the IndianIndia OceanOcean,
64
182360
2039
bisa menyeberangi Samudra Hindia.
03:16
so what we foundditemukan when we compareddibandingkan
the DNADNA of these speciesjenis
65
184423
2831
Yang kami temukan ketika kami bandingkan
DNA dua spesies ini adalah
03:19
is that they'vemereka sudah been separatedterpisah
for more than 100 millionjuta yearstahun,
66
187278
3297
mereka telah terpisah
selama lebih dari 100 juta tahun,
atau ketika benua-benua
di selatan masih bersatu.
03:22
or about the time that the southernselatan
continentsbenua were last togetherbersama.
67
190599
4339
Faktanya, spesies ini sama sekali
tidak berpindah.
03:27
So in factfakta, these speciesjenis
didn't movepindah at all.
68
195875
2206
03:30
It's the continentsbenua that movedterharu them.
69
198105
1801
Benua yang memindahkan mereka.
Jadi melalui DNA mereka,
03:31
And so they give us, throughmelalui theirmereka DNADNA,
70
199930
2023
03:33
this precisetepat modelmodel and measuremengukur
71
201977
2421
mereka memberi kita model
dan ukuran yang tepat
untuk menentukan waktu terjadinya
peristiwa geologi purba.
03:36
of how to datetanggal and time
these ancientkuno geologicalgeologis eventsacara.
72
204422
3158
03:41
Now, this speciesjenis here is so newbaru
73
209064
2232
Nah, spesies yang ini sangat baru,
03:43
I'm not even alloweddiizinkan
to tell you its namenama yetnamun,
74
211320
2483
saya bahkan belum diizinkan
memberitahu namanya,
tapi saya bisa sampaikan bahwa
spesies baru ini dari Meksiko,
03:45
but I can tell you
it's a newbaru speciesjenis from MexicoMeksiko,
75
213827
2662
03:48
and it's probablymungkin alreadysudah extinctpunah.
76
216513
1751
dan mungkin mereka sudah punah.
03:50
It's probablymungkin extinctpunah because
the only knowndikenal cavegua systemsistem it's from
77
218667
3347
Mereka mungkin punah karena satu-satunya
sistem gua dari mana ia berasal
03:54
was destroyedhancur when a dambendungan was builtdibangun di nearbydekat.
78
222038
2652
hancur ketika sebuah bendungan
dibangun di dekatnya.
03:56
UnfortunatelySayangnya for cavefishescavefishes,
79
224714
1962
Sayangnya bagi ikan gua,
habitat air tanah mereka adalah
sumber utama air minum kita juga.
03:58
theirmereka groundwaterair tanah habitathabitat
80
226700
1580
04:00
is alsojuga our mainutama sourcesumber of drinkingminum waterair.
81
228304
2196
04:03
Now, we actuallysebenarnya don't know
this species'spesies closestpaling dekat relativerelatif, yetnamun.
82
231103
4698
Nah, kami sebenarnya belum tahu
keluarga terdekat dari spesies ini.
04:07
It doesn't appearmuncul to be
anything elselain in MexicoMeksiko,
83
235825
2650
Sepertinya bukan di Meksiko,
jadi mungkin di Kuba,
04:10
so maybe it's something in CubaKuba,
84
238499
1700
04:12
or FloridaFlorida, or IndiaIndia.
85
240223
2022
atau Florida, atau India.
04:14
But whateverterserah it is, it mightmungkin tell us
something newbaru about the geologyGeologi
86
242830
4505
Tetapi apapun itu,
spesies itu mungkin bisa menceritakan
sesuatu yang baru tentang geologi Karibia,
04:19
of the CaribbeanKaribia, or the biologybiologi
of how to better diagnosemendiagnosa
87
247359
3208
atau biologi tentang cara yang lebih baik
untuk mendiagnosa tipe kebutaan tertentu.
04:22
certaintertentu typesjenis of blindnesskebutaan.
88
250591
2121
Tapi saya berharap kami menemukan
spesies itu sebelum mereka punah juga.
04:24
But I hopeberharap we discovermenemukan this speciesjenis
before it goespergi extinctpunah too.
89
252736
3410
Dan saya akan menjalani hidup saya
yang hanya sekali
04:28
And I'm going to spendmenghabiskan my one life
90
256733
1915
04:30
as an ichthyologistahli ikan
tryingmencoba to discovermenemukan and savemenyimpan
91
258672
3529
sebagai seorang ahli ikan
dan berusaha menemukan dan menyelamatkan
04:34
these humblemerendahkan little blindbuta cavefishescavefishes
92
262233
2570
ikan gua buta yang kecil
dan sederhana ini,
04:36
that can tell us so much
about the geologyGeologi of the planetplanet
93
264827
3466
yang dapat memberitahu kita banyak hal
tentang geologi bumi
dan biologi dari penglihatan kita.
04:40
and the biologybiologi of how we see.
94
268317
1816
04:42
Thank you.
95
270672
1151
Terima kasih.
04:43
(ApplauseTepuk tangan)
96
271847
4359
(Tepuk tangan)
Translated by Angela Tanesha
Reviewed by Mardiyanto Saahi

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.

Why you should listen

Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.

Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.

The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.

More profile about the speaker
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee