TED2009
Sophal Ear: Escaping the Khmer Rouge
Sophal Ear: Melarikan diri dari Khmer Merah
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Anggota TED Sophal Ear berbagi kisah menarik tentang pelarian keluarganya dari Kamboja di bawah pemerintahan Khmer Merah. Dia menceritakan kecerdikan dan kebulatan hati ibunya untuk menyelamatkan anak-anaknya.
Sophal Ear - Development economist
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia. Full bio
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I normally teach courses on
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Saya biasanya mengajar tentang
00:15
how to rebuild states after war.
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cara membangun negara setelah perang.
00:19
But today I've got a personal story to share with you.
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Namun sekarang saya memiliki kisah pribadi yang akan saya bagikan.
00:21
This is a picture of my family,
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Ini adalah foto keluarga saya,
00:24
my four siblings -- my mom and I -- taken in 1977.
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keempat saudara saya, ibu saya, dan saya, yang diambil pada tahun 1977.
00:28
And we're actually Cambodians.
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Kami sebenarnya warga Kamboja.
00:30
And this picture is taken in Vietnam.
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Dan gambar ini diambil di Vietnam.
00:32
So how did a Cambodian family end up in Vietnam in 1977?
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Jadi bagaimana sampai keluarga Kamboja berada di Vietnam pada tahun 1977.
00:36
Well to explain that, I've got a short video clip
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Untuk menjelaskannya, saya akan menunjukkan video singkat
00:39
to explain the Khmer Rouge regime
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untuk menjelaskan rejim Khmer Merah
00:41
during 1975 and 1979.
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selama periode 1975 hingga 1979.
00:44
Video: April 17th, 1975.
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Video: 17 April 1975.
00:48
The communist Khmer Rouge
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Kaum komunis Khmer Merah
00:50
enters Phnom Penh to liberate their people
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memasuki Phnom Penh untuk membebaskan rakyat mereka
00:53
from the encroaching conflict in Vietnam,
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dari konflik yang mengganggu di Vietnam,
00:55
and American bombing campaigns.
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dan operasi pengeboman Amerika.
00:59
Led by peasant-born Pol Pot,
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Di bawah pimpinan anak petani, Pol Pot,
01:02
the Khmer Rouge evacuates people to the countryside
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Khmer Merah mengevakuasi rakyat ke pedesaan
01:06
in order to create a rural communist utopia,
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untuk menciptakan utopia penduduk desa komunis
01:09
much like Mao Tse-tung's Cultural Revolution in China.
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seperti Revolusi Budaya pimpinan Mao Tse-tung di Cina.
01:15
The Khmer Rouge closes the doors to the outside world.
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Khmer Merah menutup pintu ke dunia luar.
01:19
But after four years the grim truth seeps out.
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Namun setelah empat tahun kenyataan yang suram bocor.
01:23
In a country of only seven million people,
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Di negara berpenduduk hanya tujuh juta orang,
01:25
one and a half million were murdered by their own leaders,
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satu setengah juta penduduk dibunuh oleh pemimpin mereka sendiri,
01:29
their bodies piled in the mass graves of the killing fields.
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tubuh mereka ditumpuk dalam kuburan-kuburan massal di ladang-ladang pembunuhan.
01:33
Sophal Ear: So, notwithstanding the 1970s narration,
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Sophal Ear: Jadi, terlepas dengan cerita tahun 70-an itu,
01:36
on April 17th 1975
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pada 17 April 1975
01:38
we lived in Phnom Penh.
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kami tinggal di Phnom Penh.
01:40
And my parents were told by the Khmer Rouge
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Dan orang tua saya diminta oleh Khmer Merah
01:43
to evacuate the city because of impending American bombing for three days.
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untuk mengungsi dari kota karena ancaman pengeboman Amerika selama tiga hari.
01:47
And here is a picture of the Khmer Rouge.
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Dan inilah gambar dari Khmer Merah.
01:49
They were young soldiers, typically child soldiers.
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Meraka adalah prajurit muda. prajurit anak-anak.
01:52
And this is very normal now, of modern day conflict,
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Dan hal ini sudah biasa sekarang, di konflik jaman sekarang.
01:55
because they're easy to bring into wars.
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Karena mereka mudah dibawa ke medan perang.
01:58
The reason that they gave about American bombing wasn't all that far off.
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Alasan mereka tentang pengeboman Amerika tidak sepenuhnya melenceng.
02:02
I mean, from 1965 to 1973 there were
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Maksud saya, dari tahun 1965 hingga 1973
02:04
more munitions that fell on Cambodia
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jumlah mesiu yang dijatuhkan di Kamboja lebih banyak
02:08
than in all of World War II Japan,
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daripada di seluruh Jepang dalam perang dunia kedua,
02:10
including the two nuclear bombs
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termasuk dua bom nuklir
02:12
of August 1945.
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pada bulan Agustus 1945.
02:15
The Khmer Rouge didn't believe in money.
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Rejim Khmer Merah tidak percaya pada uang.
02:18
So the equivalent of the Federal Reserve Bank
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Sehingga sesuatu yang setara dengan Bank Sentral
02:20
in Cambodia was bombed.
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di Kamboja dibom.
02:22
But not just that, they actually banned money.
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Tidak hanya itu, mereka juga melarang peredaran uang.
02:25
I think it's the only precedent in which
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Saya rasa itulah satu-satunya contoh di mana
02:27
money has ever been stopped from being used.
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uang berhenti digunakan.
02:29
And we know money is the root of all evil,
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Dan kita tahu bahwa uang adalah sumber segala kejahatan,
02:31
but it didn't actually stop evil from happening in Cambodia, in fact.
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namun hal itu tidak menghentikan kejahatan di Kamboja, pada kenyataannya.
02:35
My family was moved from Phnom Penh to Pursat province.
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Keluarga saya pindah dari Phnom Penh ke provinsi Pursat.
02:39
This is a picture of what Pursat looks like.
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Ini adalah gambar dari provinsi Pursat.
02:41
It's actually a very pretty area of Cambodia,
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Sebenarnya ini adalah daerah yang sangat indah di Kamboja
02:44
where rice growing takes place.
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di mana padi-padi tumbuh.
02:46
And in fact they were forced to work the fields.
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Pada kenyataannya orang tua saya dipaksa untuk bekerja di sawah.
02:48
So my father and mother ended up in
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Jadi ayah dan ibu saya akhirnya tinggal di
02:51
a sort of concentration camp, labor camp.
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semacam kamp tawanan, kamp kerja paksa.
02:54
And it was at that time that my mother got word
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Dan pada saat itulah ibu saya mengetahui
02:56
from the commune chief
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dari ketua kelompok kerja paksa
02:59
that the Vietnamese were actually asking
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bahwa Vietnam meminta
03:01
for their citizens to go back to Vietnam.
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warganya untuk kembali ke Vietnam.
03:04
And she spoke some Vietnamese,
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Dan ibu saya dapat sedikit berbicara Bahasa Vietnam
03:06
as a child having grown up with Vietnamese friends.
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karena ibu saya berteman dengan orang Vietnam saat masih anak-anak.
03:09
And she decided, despite the advice of her neighbors,
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Dan dia memutuskan, meskipun tetangga-tetangganya menasihatinya,
03:13
that she would take the chance
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ibu saya akan mengambil kesempatan itu
03:15
and claim to be Vietnamese
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dan mengaku sebagai orang Vietnam
03:17
so that we could have a chance to survive,
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sehingga kami memiliki kesempatan untuk selamat.
03:19
because at this point they're forcing everybody to work.
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Karena pada saat Khmer Merah memaksa semua orang untuk bekerja.
03:21
And they're giving about --
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Mereka hanya memberikan --
03:23
in a modern-day, caloric-restriction diet, I guess --
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di jaman modern disebut diet rendah kalori, menurut saya --
03:26
they're giving porridge, with a few grains of rice.
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mereka memberikan bubur, dengan beberapa butir nasi.
03:30
And at about this time actually
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Dan pada saat itu sebenarnya
03:32
my father got very sick.
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ayah saya sakit keras.
03:34
And he didn't speak Vietnamese.
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Dan dia tidak dapat berbicara Bahasa Vietnam.
03:36
So he died actually, in January 1976.
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Akhirnya dia meninggal, di bulan Januari 1976.
03:39
And it made it possible, in fact,
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Dan sebenarnya, hal itu membuka kemungkinan
03:42
for us to take on this plan.
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bagi kami untuk menjalankan rencana ini.
03:44
So the Khmer Rouge took us
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Jadi Khmer Merah membawa kami
03:46
from a place called Pursat to Kaoh Tiev,
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dari tempat yang bernama Pursat ke Koh Tiev.
03:48
which is across from the border from Vietnam.
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Yang terletak di perbatasan dengan Vietnam.
03:51
And there they had a detention camp
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Dan mereka memiliki kamp tahanan
03:53
where alleged Vietnamese would be tested, language tested.
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di mana orang-orang yang diduga warga Vietnam akan diuji, ujian bahasa.
03:57
And my mother's Vietnamese was so bad
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Dan kemampuan Bahasa Vietnam ibu saya buruk
04:00
that to make our story more credible,
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sehingga untuk membuat kisah kami lebih meyakinkan,
04:04
she'd given all the boys and girls new Vietnamese names.
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ibu saya memberikan putra dan putrinya nama Vietnam.
04:07
But she'd given the boys girls' names,
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Namun dia memberikan putranya nama wanita,
04:09
and the girls boys' names.
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dan putrinya nama pria.
04:12
And it wasn't until she met a Vietnamese lady
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Sampai ibu saya bertemu seorang wanita Vietnam
04:14
who told her this, and then tutored her for two days intensively,
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yang memberitahunya, lalu mengajarinya secara intensif selama dua hari,
04:18
that she was able to go into her exam
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sehingga ibu saya dapat pergi ke ujiannya
04:21
and -- you know, this was a moment of truth.
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dan anda tahu, inilah saatnya.
04:24
If she fails, we're all headed to the gallows;
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Jika ibu saya gagal, kami semua akan menuju tiang gantungan.
04:27
if she passes, we can leave to Vietnam.
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Jika ibu saya lulus, kami dapat pergi ke Vietnam.
04:29
And she actually, of course -- I'm here, she passes.
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Dan ternyata ibu saya, tentu saja, saya ada di sini, ibu saya lulus.
04:33
And we end up in Hong Ngu on the Vietnamese side.
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Dan kami akhirnya menuju Hong Ngu di Vietnam.
04:36
And then onwards to Chau Doc.
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Lalu ke Chau Doc.
04:38
And this is a picture of Hong Ngu, Vietnam today.
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Dan inilah gambar dari Hong Ngu, Vietnam pada saat ini.
04:40
A pretty idyllic place on the Mekong Delta.
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Tempat yang sangat indah di Delta Sungai Mekong.
04:42
But for us it meant freedom.
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Namun bagi kami hal ini berarti kebebasan
04:44
And freedom from persecution from the Khmer Rouge.
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kebebasan dari penyiksaan Khmer Merah.
04:49
Last year, the Khmer Rouge Tribunal,
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Tahun lalu, saat pengadilan Khmer Merah,
04:52
which the U.N. is helping Cambodia take on,
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di mana PBB membantu warga Kamboja untuk menuntut,
04:54
started, and I decided that as a matter of record
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dimulai dan saya memutuskan, untuk catatan
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I should file a Civil Complaint
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saya harus memasukkan tuntutan
04:59
with the Tribunal about my father's passing away.
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ke pengadilan, tentang meninggalnya ayah saya.
05:02
And I got word last month
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Dan saya mendapatkan hasilnya bulan lalu
05:05
that the complaint was officially accepted by the Khmer Rouge Tribunal.
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bahwa tuntutan ini secara resmi diterima oleh pengadilan Khmer Merah.
05:08
And it's for me a matter of justice for history, and accountability for the future,
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Dan bagi saya ini adalah keadilan bagi sejarah dan tanggung jawab bagi masa depan.
05:13
because Cambodia remains a pretty lawless place, at times.
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Karena Kamboja tetap menjadi tempat tanpa hukum pada saat ini.
05:18
Five years ago my mother and I went back to Chau Doc.
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Lima tahun yang lalu ibu dan saya kembali ke Chau Doc.
05:22
And she was able to return to a place
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Dan ibu saya dapat kembali ke tempat
05:24
that for her meant freedom, but also fear,
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yang baginya berarti kebebasan, namun juga ketakutan,
05:27
because we had just come out of Cambodia.
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karena kami baru saja keluar dari Kamboja.
05:30
I'm happy, actually, today, to present her.
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Saya sangat senang untuk memperkenalkan ibu saya pada hari ini.
05:34
She's here today with us in the audience.
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Ibu saya berada di sini bersama para penonton.
05:36
Thank you mother.
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Terima kasih ibu.
05:38
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophal Ear - Development economistSophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia.
Why you should listen
Elected to the Crescenta Valley Town Council in November 2015 for a 3-year term, encompassing more than 20,000 residents in unincorporated La Crescenta and Montrose, California, Sophal Ear, Ph.D., is a tenured Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs at Occidental College in Los Angeles where he lectures on political economy, security, development and Asia.
Previously, he taught how to rebuild countries after wars at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and international development at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He consulted for the World Bank, was Assistant Resident Representative for the United Nations in East Timor and Advisor to Cambodia's 1st private equity fund Leopard Capital. A TED Fellow, Fulbright Specialist, Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum, he sits on the board of the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Refugees International, Partners for Development, the Southeast Asia Resource Action Center, the Southeast Asia Development Program, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, the Journal of International Relations and Development (Palgrave), the International Public Management Journal (Taylor & Francis), Journal of South-East Asian American Education & Advancement (Purdue), and Politics and the Life Sciences (Cambridge University Press).
He is the author of Aid Dependence in Cambodia: How Foreign Assistance Undermines Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2013) and co-author of The Hungry Dragon: How China’s Resources Quest is Reshaping the World (Routledge, 2013). He wrote and narrated the award-winning documentary film "The End/Beginning: Cambodia" (47 minutes, 2011) based on his 2009 TED Talk and has appeared in four other documentaries.
A graduate of Princeton and Berkeley, he moved to the United States from France as a Cambodian refugee at the age of 10.
Sophal Ear | Speaker | TED.com