TED2009
Sophal Ear: Escaping the Khmer Rouge
Sophal Ear: Na úteku pred Červenými Khmérmi
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Sophal Ear, člen TED-u, sa podelí o svoj pôsobivý príbeh o úteku svojej rodiny z Kambodže pod nadvládou Červených Khmérov. Opisuje šikovnosť a odhodlanie matky zachrániť svoje deti.
Sophal Ear - Development economist
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia. Full bio
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I normally teach courses on
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Obyčajne vyučujem na seminároch o tom,
00:15
how to rebuild states after war.
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ako znovu vybudovať štáty po vojne.
00:19
But today I've got a personal story to share with you.
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Ale dnes by som sa s vami chcel podeliť o osobný príbeh.
00:21
This is a picture of my family,
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Toto je fotka mojej rodiny,
00:24
my four siblings -- my mom and I -- taken in 1977.
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mojich štyroch súrodencov, mojej mamy a mňa z roku 1977.
00:28
And we're actually Cambodians.
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My sme Kambodžania.
00:30
And this picture is taken in Vietnam.
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A táto fotka je z Vietnamu.
00:32
So how did a Cambodian family end up in Vietnam in 1977?
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Takže ako mohla kambodžská rodina skončiť vo Vietname v roku 1977?
00:36
Well to explain that, I've got a short video clip
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Nuž, aby som to vysvetlil, mám krátke video
00:39
to explain the Khmer Rouge regime
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o režime Červených Khmérov
00:41
during 1975 and 1979.
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medzi rokmi 1975 a 1979.
00:44
Video: April 17th, 1975.
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Video: Je 17. apríla 1975.
00:48
The communist Khmer Rouge
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Komunistickí Červení Khméri
00:50
enters Phnom Penh to liberate their people
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vstupujú do hlavného mesta Phnom Penh, aby oslobodili ľudí
00:53
from the encroaching conflict in Vietnam,
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od rozšíreného vietnamského konfliktu
00:55
and American bombing campaigns.
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a od amerických bombových útokov.
00:59
Led by peasant-born Pol Pot,
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Pod vedením syna roľníka, Pol Pota,
01:02
the Khmer Rouge evacuates people to the countryside
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Červení Khméri evakuovali ľudí na vidiek,
01:06
in order to create a rural communist utopia,
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aby vytvorili vidiecku komunistickú utópiu,
01:09
much like Mao Tse-tung's Cultural Revolution in China.
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podobne ako Mao Ce-tung v Číne počas kultúrnej revolúcie.
01:15
The Khmer Rouge closes the doors to the outside world.
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Červení Khméri zatvorili dvere do vonkajšieho sveta.
01:19
But after four years the grim truth seeps out.
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Ale po štyroch rokoch vyšla krutá pravda najavo.
01:23
In a country of only seven million people,
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V krajine s iba siedmimi miliónmi obyvateľov
01:25
one and a half million were murdered by their own leaders,
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zavraždili jeden a pol milióna ľudí ich vodcovia
01:29
their bodies piled in the mass graves of the killing fields.
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a nakopili ich telá v masových hroboch na poliach smrti.
01:33
Sophal Ear: So, notwithstanding the 1970s narration,
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Sophal Ear: Takže, odhliadnuc od komentára zo sedemdesiatych rokov,
01:36
on April 17th 1975
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sme 17. apríla 1975
01:38
we lived in Phnom Penh.
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žili v Phnom Penhe.
01:40
And my parents were told by the Khmer Rouge
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Červení Khméri nariadili mojim rodičom
01:43
to evacuate the city because of impending American bombing for three days.
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odísť z mesta pre hroziaci trojdňový bombový útok Američanov.
01:47
And here is a picture of the Khmer Rouge.
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Tu je fotka Červených Khmérov.
01:49
They were young soldiers, typically child soldiers.
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Boli to mladí vojaci. Obyčajne detskí vojaci.
01:52
And this is very normal now, of modern day conflict,
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A to je dnes v súčasných konfliktoch bežné.
01:55
because they're easy to bring into wars.
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Pretože sa nechajú ľahko vtiahnuť do vojny.
01:58
The reason that they gave about American bombing wasn't all that far off.
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Ten dôvod s americkým bombardovaním nebol až tak ďaleko od pravdy.
02:02
I mean, from 1965 to 1973 there were
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Mám na mysli, že od roku 1965 do 1973 spadlo
02:04
more munitions that fell on Cambodia
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na Kambodžu viac munície
02:08
than in all of World War II Japan,
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ako na Japonsko počas celej druhej svetovej vojny,
02:10
including the two nuclear bombs
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vrátane dvoch jadrových bômb
02:12
of August 1945.
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z augusta 1945.
02:15
The Khmer Rouge didn't believe in money.
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Červení Khméri neverili v peniaze.
02:18
So the equivalent of the Federal Reserve Bank
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Takže ekvivalent Banky federálnych rezerv
02:20
in Cambodia was bombed.
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v Kambodži bol zbombardovaný.
02:22
But not just that, they actually banned money.
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A nielen to, oni vlastne zakázali peniaze.
02:25
I think it's the only precedent in which
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Myslím, že je to jediný prípad v histórii,
02:27
money has ever been stopped from being used.
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kedy sa peniaze prestali používať.
02:29
And we know money is the root of all evil,
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Všetci vieme, že peniaze sú pôvodom všetkého zla,
02:31
but it didn't actually stop evil from happening in Cambodia, in fact.
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ale to nezabránilo tomu, aby sa v Kambodži konalo zlo.
02:35
My family was moved from Phnom Penh to Pursat province.
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Moja rodina sa presťahovala z Phnom Penhu do provicie Pursat.
02:39
This is a picture of what Pursat looks like.
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Na tejto fotke vidieť, ako Pursat vyzeral.
02:41
It's actually a very pretty area of Cambodia,
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Je to naozaj veľmi pekná oblasť Kambodže,
02:44
where rice growing takes place.
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pestuje sa tam ryža.
02:46
And in fact they were forced to work the fields.
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A boli nútení pracovať na poliach.
02:48
So my father and mother ended up in
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Môj otec a mama skončili
02:51
a sort of concentration camp, labor camp.
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v akomsi koncentračnom tábore, v pracovnom tábore.
02:54
And it was at that time that my mother got word
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A práve v tom čase moja matka počula
02:56
from the commune chief
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od vedúceho komúny,
02:59
that the Vietnamese were actually asking
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že Vietnamci žiadajú
03:01
for their citizens to go back to Vietnam.
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svojich obyvateľov, aby sa vrátili naspäť do Vietnamu.
03:04
And she spoke some Vietnamese,
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A ona vedela trochu po vietnamsky,
03:06
as a child having grown up with Vietnamese friends.
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keďže ako dieťa vyrastala medzi vietnamskými kamarátmi.
03:09
And she decided, despite the advice of her neighbors,
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A tak sa rozhodla, napriek radám susediek,
03:13
that she would take the chance
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že skúsi šťastie
03:15
and claim to be Vietnamese
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a vyhlási, že je Vietnamka,
03:17
so that we could have a chance to survive,
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aby sme mali šancu prežiť.
03:19
because at this point they're forcing everybody to work.
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Pretože vtedy už nútili pracovať každého.
03:21
And they're giving about --
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A dávali nám –
03:23
in a modern-day, caloric-restriction diet, I guess --
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dnes by sme povedali nízkokalorickú stravu –
03:26
they're giving porridge, with a few grains of rice.
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dávali nám ovsenú kašu s niekoľkými zrnkami ryže.
03:30
And at about this time actually
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A zhruba v tom čase
03:32
my father got very sick.
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môj otec veľmi ochorel.
03:34
And he didn't speak Vietnamese.
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On nevedel po vietnamsky.
03:36
So he died actually, in January 1976.
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A napokon v januári 1976 zomrel.
03:39
And it made it possible, in fact,
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To nám umožnilo
03:42
for us to take on this plan.
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postupovať podľa nášho plánu.
03:44
So the Khmer Rouge took us
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Takže Červení Khméri nás vzali
03:46
from a place called Pursat to Kaoh Tiev,
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z Pursatu do Koh Tievu,
03:48
which is across from the border from Vietnam.
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čo je na opačnej strane hraníc s Vietnamom.
03:51
And there they had a detention camp
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A tam mali internačný tábor,
03:53
where alleged Vietnamese would be tested, language tested.
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kde boli údajní Vietnamci skúšaní, či ovládajú jazyk.
03:57
And my mother's Vietnamese was so bad
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A vietnamčina mojej matky bola taká zlá,
04:00
that to make our story more credible,
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že, aby urobila svoj príbeh dôveryhodnejším,
04:04
she'd given all the boys and girls new Vietnamese names.
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dala každému svojmu chlapcovi a dievčaťu nové vietnamské meno.
04:07
But she'd given the boys girls' names,
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Ale chlapcom dala dievčenské mená
04:09
and the girls boys' names.
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a dievčatám chlapčenské.
04:12
And it wasn't until she met a Vietnamese lady
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Potom našťastie stretla jednu pani z Vietnamu,
04:14
who told her this, and then tutored her for two days intensively,
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ktorá jej to povedala a dva dni ju intenzívne doučovala.
04:18
that she was able to go into her exam
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Išla na skúšku
04:21
and -- you know, this was a moment of truth.
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a, viete, to bola chvíľa pravdy.
04:24
If she fails, we're all headed to the gallows;
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Ak sa jej to nepodarí, všetci skončíme na šibenici.
04:27
if she passes, we can leave to Vietnam.
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Ak uspeje, môžeme odísť do Vietnamu.
04:29
And she actually, of course -- I'm here, she passes.
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A ona, samozrejme, keďže som tu, skúšku spravila.
04:33
And we end up in Hong Ngu on the Vietnamese side.
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A tak sme skončili v Hong Ngu na vietnamskej strane.
04:36
And then onwards to Chau Doc.
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A potom sme pokračovali do Chau Doc.
04:38
And this is a picture of Hong Ngu, Vietnam today.
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A takto vyzerá Hong Ngu vo Vietname v súčasnosti.
04:40
A pretty idyllic place on the Mekong Delta.
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Celkom idylické miesto v ústí Mekongu.
04:42
But for us it meant freedom.
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Ale pre nás znamenalo slobodu.
04:44
And freedom from persecution from the Khmer Rouge.
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Slobodu od útlaku Červených Khmérov.
04:49
Last year, the Khmer Rouge Tribunal,
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Minulý rok sa začal súdny tribunál s Červenými Khmérmi,
04:52
which the U.N. is helping Cambodia take on,
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v ktorom OSN pomáha Kambodži,
04:54
started, and I decided that as a matter of record
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a rozhodol som sa, že na základe záznamov
04:56
I should file a Civil Complaint
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by som na ňom mal podať občianskoprávnu žalobu,
04:59
with the Tribunal about my father's passing away.
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týkajúcu sa smrti môjho otca.
05:02
And I got word last month
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A minulý mesiac mi prišla odpoveď,
05:05
that the complaint was officially accepted by the Khmer Rouge Tribunal.
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že žaloba bola oficiálne prijatá súdnym tribunálom Červených Khmérov.
05:08
And it's for me a matter of justice for history, and accountability for the future,
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Pre mňa je to vecou spravodlivosti pre minulosť a vecou zodpovednosti do budúcnosti.
05:13
because Cambodia remains a pretty lawless place, at times.
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Pretože Kambodža stále zostáva bezprávnym miestom.
05:18
Five years ago my mother and I went back to Chau Doc.
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Pred piatimi rokmi som šiel s matkou naspäť do Chau Doc.
05:22
And she was able to return to a place
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Chcela sa vrátiť na miesto,
05:24
that for her meant freedom, but also fear,
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ktoré pre ňu znamenalo slobodu, ale tiež strach,
05:27
because we had just come out of Cambodia.
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pretože sme predtým práve vyšli z Kambodže.
05:30
I'm happy, actually, today, to present her.
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Som šťastný, že vám ju dnes môžem predstaviť.
05:34
She's here today with us in the audience.
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Je tu dnes s nami v publiku.
05:36
Thank you mother.
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Ďakujem mama.
05:38
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophal Ear - Development economistSophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia.
Why you should listen
Elected to the Crescenta Valley Town Council in November 2015 for a 3-year term, encompassing more than 20,000 residents in unincorporated La Crescenta and Montrose, California, Sophal Ear, Ph.D., is a tenured Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs at Occidental College in Los Angeles where he lectures on political economy, security, development and Asia.
Previously, he taught how to rebuild countries after wars at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and international development at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He consulted for the World Bank, was Assistant Resident Representative for the United Nations in East Timor and Advisor to Cambodia's 1st private equity fund Leopard Capital. A TED Fellow, Fulbright Specialist, Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum, he sits on the board of the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Refugees International, Partners for Development, the Southeast Asia Resource Action Center, the Southeast Asia Development Program, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, the Journal of International Relations and Development (Palgrave), the International Public Management Journal (Taylor & Francis), Journal of South-East Asian American Education & Advancement (Purdue), and Politics and the Life Sciences (Cambridge University Press).
He is the author of Aid Dependence in Cambodia: How Foreign Assistance Undermines Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2013) and co-author of The Hungry Dragon: How China’s Resources Quest is Reshaping the World (Routledge, 2013). He wrote and narrated the award-winning documentary film "The End/Beginning: Cambodia" (47 minutes, 2011) based on his 2009 TED Talk and has appeared in four other documentaries.
A graduate of Princeton and Berkeley, he moved to the United States from France as a Cambodian refugee at the age of 10.
Sophal Ear | Speaker | TED.com