TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
Ratger Bregman (Rutger Bregman): Siromaštvo nije karakterni nedostatak, već nedostatak novca
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"Ideje mogu, i zaista menjaju svet", kaže istoričar Ratger Bregman, iznoseći svoje argumente za jednu provokativnu ideju: zagarantovan osnovni prihod. Saznajte više o petstogodišnjoj istoriji ideje i zaboravljenom savremenom eksperimentu u kome je zapravo bila uspešna - i zamislite koliko energije i talenta bismo oslobodili, kad bismo se otarasili siromaštva jednom za svagda.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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Želeo bih da počnem jednostavnim pitanjem:
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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zašto siromašni donose
toliko loših odluka?
toliko loših odluka?
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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Znam da je pitanje neprijatno,
00:25
but take a look at the data.
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ali pogledajte podatke.
Siromašni više pozajmljuju, manje štede,
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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više puše, manje vežbaju, više piju
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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i manje zdravo se hrane.
00:34
Why?
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Zašto?
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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Pa, standardno objašnjenje
00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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je jednom sumirala
britanska premijerka, Margaret Tačer.
britanska premijerka, Margaret Tačer.
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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Nazvala je siromaštvo "manom ličnosti".
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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U suštini, nedostatkom karaktera.
00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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Sad, siguran sam da je malo vas
koji biste bili toliko bezobzirni.
koji biste bili toliko bezobzirni.
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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Međutim, zamisao da nešto
nije u redu sa siromašnima
nije u redu sa siromašnima
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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nije svojstvena jedino gđi Tačer.
01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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Neki od vas možda veruju
da bi siromašni trebalo da odgovaraju
da bi siromašni trebalo da odgovaraju
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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za lične greške.
01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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A drugi tvrde da bi trebalo
da im pomognemo da donose bolje odluke.
da im pomognemo da donose bolje odluke.
01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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Ali u srži je ista pretpostavka:
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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nešto nije u redu s njima.
01:18
If we could just change them,
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Kad bismo samo mogli da ih promenimo,
kad bismo mogli da ih naučimo
kako da žive svoje živote,
kako da žive svoje živote,
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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01:22
if they would only listen.
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kad bi samo slušali.
01:25
And to be honest,
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I, da budem iskren,
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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ovako sam i ja dugo vremena razmišljao.
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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Pre tek nekoliko godina sam otkrio
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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da je sve što sam mislio da znam
o siromaštvu pogrešno.
o siromaštvu pogrešno.
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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Sve je počelo kad sam slučajno
nabasao na stručni rad
nabasao na stručni rad
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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nekoliko američkih psihologa.
01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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Putovali su oko 13000 kilometara,
sve do Indije,
sve do Indije,
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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zbog fascinantnog istraživanja.
01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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A radilo se o eksperimentu
sa uzgajivačima šećerne trske.
sa uzgajivačima šećerne trske.
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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Trebalo bi da znate da ovi zemljoradnici
prikupe oko 60 procenata
prikupe oko 60 procenata
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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svog godišnjeg prihoda odjednom,
01:56
right after the harvest.
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odmah nakon žetve.
01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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Ovo znači da su jedan deo godine
relativno siromašni,
relativno siromašni,
02:01
and rich the other.
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a drugi deo godine su bogati.
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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Istraživači su tražili od njih da urade
test inteligencije pre i posle žetve.
test inteligencije pre i posle žetve.
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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Ono što su kasnije otkrili,
potpuno me je raspametilo.
potpuno me je raspametilo.
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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Zemljoradnici su pre žetve
imali značajno gore rezultate na testu.
imali značajno gore rezultate na testu.
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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Efekti života u siromaštvu,
ispostavilo se,
ispostavilo se,
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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odgovaraju gubitku 14 poena
količnika inteligencije.
količnika inteligencije.
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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Sad, da vam to slikovito objasnim,
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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to je uporedivo s gubitkom noćnog sna
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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ili s efektima alkoholizma.
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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Nekoliko meseci kasnije,
čuo sam da Eldar Šafir,
čuo sam da Eldar Šafir,
02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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profesor na Univerzitetu Prinston
i jedan od autora ovog istraživanja,
i jedan od autora ovog istraživanja,
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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dolazi u Holandiju, gde ja živim.
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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Pa smo se sreli u Amsterdamu
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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kako bismo razgovarali o ovoj novoj,
revolucionarnoj teoriji siromaštva.
revolucionarnoj teoriji siromaštva.
02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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I mogu da je sumiram u dve reči:
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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mentalitet oskudnosti.
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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Ispostavlja se da se ljudi
različito ponašaju
različito ponašaju
02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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kada smatraju za nešto da je oskudno.
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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A o čemu se radi, nije naročito bitno -
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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bilo da nemaju dovoljno vremena,
novca ili hrane.
novca ili hrane.
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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Svima vam je poznat onaj osećaj,
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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kad imate previše obaveza
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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ili kada odlažete pauzu za ručak
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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i šećer u krvi vam padne.
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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Ovo vam sužava usredsređenost
na trenutni nedostatak -
na trenutni nedostatak -
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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na sendvič koji morate odmah da dobijete,
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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na sastanak koji počinje za pet minuta
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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ili račune koje morate da platite sutra.
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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Te, dugoročna perspektiva
nestaje s vidika.
nestaje s vidika.
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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Možete to uporediti s novim kompjuterom
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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na kom odjednom radi
10 zahtevnih programa.
10 zahtevnih programa.
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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Postaje sve sporiji i sporiji,
pravi greške.
pravi greške.
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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Vremenom se zamrzne -
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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ne zato što se radi o lošem kompjuteru,
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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već zato što ima previše
toga da obavi odjednom.
toga da obavi odjednom.
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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Siromašni imaju isti problem.
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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Ne donose glupe odluke zato što su glupi,
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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već zato što žive u kontekstu
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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u kom bi bilo ko donosio glupe odluke.
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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Te sam iznenada shvatio
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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zašto mnogi od naših programa
protiv siromaštva ne funkcionišu.
protiv siromaštva ne funkcionišu.
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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Ulaganja u obrazovanje, na primer,
često su potpuno nedelotvorna.
često su potpuno nedelotvorna.
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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Siromaštvo nije nedostatak znanja.
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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Skorašnja analiza 201 istraživanja
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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o efikasnosti obuke raspolaganja novcem
04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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je došla do zaključka
da obuka nije imala nikakav efekat.
da obuka nije imala nikakav efekat.
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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Nemojte me pogrešno razumeti -
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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ovo ne znači da siromašni ne nauče ništa -
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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mogu da budu mudriji, zasigurno.
04:26
But it's not enough.
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Međutim, to nije dovoljno.
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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Ili, kako mi je profesor Šafir rekao:
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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"To je kao da učite nekoga da pliva,
04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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a onda ga bacite u olujno more."
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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I dalje pamtim kako sam sedeo tu,
04:39
perplexed.
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zbunjen.
04:41
And it struck me
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A onda mi je sinulo
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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da smo ovo mogli da shvatimo
decenijama ranije.
decenijama ranije.
Mislim, ovim psiholozima nisu trebali
nekakvi komplikovani skeneri za mozak;
nekakvi komplikovani skeneri za mozak;
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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dovoljno je bilo
da izmere IQ zemljoradnika,
da izmere IQ zemljoradnika,
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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a testovi inteligencije su izumljeni
pre više od 100 godina.
pre više od 100 godina.
04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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Zapravo sam se setio da sam već čitao
o psihologiji siromaštva.
o psihologiji siromaštva.
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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Džordž Orvel, jedan od najvećih
pisaca koji je ikad postojao,
pisaca koji je ikad postojao,
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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iz prve ruke je iskusio
siromaštvo 1920-ih.
siromaštvo 1920-ih.
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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"Suština siromaštva", pisao je,
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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"je u tome što ono poništava budućnost."
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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I čudio se, citiram:
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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"Kako ljudi uzimaju zdravo za gotovo
da imaju pravo da vam popuju
da imaju pravo da vam popuju
05:17
and pray over you
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i da se mole za vas,
05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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čim vam prihodi padnu
ispod određenog nivoa."
ispod određenog nivoa."
05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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Sad, svaka ova reč i danas ima odjek.
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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Naravno, veliko pitanje glasi:
05:29
What can be done?
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šta može da se uradi?
Savremeni ekonomisti imaju
nekoliko rešenja na raspolaganju.
nekoliko rešenja na raspolaganju.
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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Možemo pomoći siromašnima
s njihovom papirologijom
s njihovom papirologijom
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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ili im poslati tekstualnu poruku
da ih podsetimo da plate račune.
da ih podsetimo da plate račune.
05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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Ovaj tip rešenja je uveliko popularan
kod savremenih političara,
kod savremenih političara,
05:43
mostly because,
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uglavnom jer,
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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pa, gotovo da ništa ne košta.
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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Mislim da su ova rešenja simbol našeg doba
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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u kojem se suviše često
bavimo simptomima,
bavimo simptomima,
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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ali ignorišemo osnovni uzrok.
05:57
So I wonder:
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Pa se pitam:
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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zašto prosto ne izmenimo kontekst
u kom siromašni žive?
u kom siromašni žive?
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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Ili, vraćajući se
na kompjutersku analogiju:
na kompjutersku analogiju:
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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zašto da nastavimo da popravljamo softver
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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kad lako možemo da rešimo problem
instaliranjem dodatne memorije?
instaliranjem dodatne memorije?
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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U tom momentu, profesor Šafir
je odgovorio praznim pogledom.
je odgovorio praznim pogledom.
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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I nakon nekoliko sekundi je rekao:
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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"Ah, shvatam.
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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Misliš, želiš prosto da daš
više novca siromašnima
više novca siromašnima
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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kako bi iskorenio siromaštvo.
06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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Ah, naravno, to bi bilo sjajno.
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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Ali plašim se da ta vrsta
levičarske politike,
levičarske politike,
06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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koju imate u Amsterdamu -
06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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ne postoji u Americi."
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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Međutim, da li je ovo zaista
staromodna, levičarska ideja?
staromodna, levičarska ideja?
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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Sećam se da sam čitao o starom planu -
06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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nečemu što su predložili
neki vodeći istorijski mislioci.
neki vodeći istorijski mislioci.
06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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Filozof Tomas Mor je to
prvi put nagovestio u knjizi "Utopija",
prvi put nagovestio u knjizi "Utopija",
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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pre više od 500 godina.
06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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A zastupnici ovoga se protežu
čitavim spektrom od levo do desno,
čitavim spektrom od levo do desno,
od učesnika kampanje za građanska prava,
Martina Lutera Kinga,
Martina Lutera Kinga,
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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do ekonomiste Miltona Fridmana.
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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A radi se o neverovatno prostoj ideji:
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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zagarantovanosti osnovnog prihoda.
07:13
What it is?
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Šta je to?
07:15
Well, that's easy.
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Pa, to je lako,
to je mesečni dohodak, dovoljan
da vam plati osnovne potrebe:
da vam plati osnovne potrebe:
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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07:19
food, shelter, education.
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hranu, smeštaj, obrazovanje.
07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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Krajnje je bezuslovno,
07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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pa vam niko neće govoriti
šta morate da radite za to
šta morate da radite za to
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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i niko vam neće govoriti
šta da radite s tim.
šta da radite s tim.
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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Osnovini prihod nije usluga, već pravo.
07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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Uz njega ne ide ljaga.
07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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Pa, kako sam saznao
za pravu prirodu siromaštva,
za pravu prirodu siromaštva,
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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nisam mogao da prestanem da se pitam:
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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da li je ovo zamisao
na koju smo svi čekali?
na koju smo svi čekali?
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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Da li zaista može da bude tako prosto?
A u tri godine koje su usledile,
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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pročitao sam sve što sam mogao da nađem
o osnovnom prihodu.
o osnovnom prihodu.
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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Istražio sam desetine eksperimenata
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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koji su izvedeni širom sveta
07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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i nije mi trebalo dugo da nabasam
na priču o gradiću
na priču o gradiću
koji je uspeo -
koji je zapravo iskorenio siromaštvo.
koji je zapravo iskorenio siromaštvo.
07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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08:00
But then ...
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Ali onda...
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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skoro svi su zaboravili na to.
08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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Priča počinje u Dofinu, u Kanadi.
08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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Svi u ovom gradiću su 1974.
imali zagarantovan osnovni prihod,
imali zagarantovan osnovni prihod,
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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time je obezbeđeno da niko
ne padne ispod crte siromaštva.
ne padne ispod crte siromaštva.
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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Na početku eksperimenta,
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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armija istraživača je stigla u grad.
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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Četiri godine je sve išlo kako treba.
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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Ali onda je na vlast izglasana nova vlada,
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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a novi kanadski kabinet nije video
mnogo koristi od skupog eksperimenta.
mnogo koristi od skupog eksperimenta.
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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Pa, kad je postalo jasno da nije preostalo
novca da se analiziraju rezultati,
novca da se analiziraju rezultati,
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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istraživači su odlučili da spakuju
dokumenta u nekih 2000 kutija.
dokumenta u nekih 2000 kutija.
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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Prošlo je 25 godina,
08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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a onda je Evelin Fordžet,
kanadska profesorka,
kanadska profesorka,
08:49
found the records.
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našla zabeleške.
08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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Tokom tri godine je podvrgavala podatke
svim tipovima statističke analize,
svim tipovima statističke analize,
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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i šta god da isprobala,
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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rezultati su svaki put bili isti:
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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eksperiment je bio veoma uspešan.
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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Evelin Fordžet je otkrila
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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da ljudi u Dofinu,
ne samo da su bili bogatiji,
ne samo da su bili bogatiji,
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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već i pametniji i zdraviji.
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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3506
Uspeh dece u školama se značajno popravio.
09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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Stopa hospitalizacije je umanjena
za skoro 8,5 procenata.
za skoro 8,5 procenata.
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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Incidenti kućnog nasilja su bili u padu,
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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kao i žalbe na mentalno zdravlje.
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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A ljudi nisu davali otkaz na poslu.
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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Jedini koju su malo manje radili
su bili nove majke i đaci -
su bili nove majke i đaci -
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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1445
koji su duže išli u školu.
09:32
Similar results have since been found
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1875
Slični rezultati su kasnije otkriveni
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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2396
u bezbroj drugih eksperimenata
širom planete,
širom planete,
09:37
from the US to India.
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od SAD-a do Indije.
09:41
So ...
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Dakle...
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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evo šta sam naučio.
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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Kada se radi o siromaštvu,
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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mi, bogati, bi trebalo da prestanemo
da se pravimo da najbolje znamo.
da se pravimo da najbolje znamo.
Trebalo bi da prestanemo da šaljemo
cipele i igračke siromašnima,
cipele i igračke siromašnima,
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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2754
09:56
to people we have never met.
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1521
ljudima koje nikad nismo upoznali.
09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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I trebalo bi da se otarasimo ogromne
industrije pokroviteljskih birokrata
industrije pokroviteljskih birokrata
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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kad jednostavno možemo
da njihove plate damo
da njihove plate damo
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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1806
siromašnima, kojima oni tobož pomažu.
10:06
(Applause)
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2296
(Aplauz)
10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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2873
Jer, mislim, sjajna stvar kod novca
je što ljudi mogu njime da kupe
stvari koje su im potrebne,
stvari koje su im potrebne,
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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2351
10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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601718
3153
a ne stvari koje samoproklamovani
stručnjaci misle da su im potrebne.
stručnjaci misle da su im potrebne.
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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605882
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Samo zamislite koliko briljantnih naučnika
i preduzetnika i pisaca,
i preduzetnika i pisaca,
10:22
like George Orwell,
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1151
poput Džordža Orvela,
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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trenutno vene u oskudici.
Zamislite koliko energije
i talenta bismo oslobodili,
i talenta bismo oslobodili,
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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2456
10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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2739
kad bismo se otarasili siromaštva
jednom za svagda.
jednom za svagda.
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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Verujem da će osnovni prihod
ljudima delovati poput rizičnog kapitala.
ljudima delovati poput rizičnog kapitala.
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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2044
Ali ne možemo priuštiti da ga ne usvojimo
10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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2845
jer je siromaštvo veoma skupo.
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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3392
Samo pogledajte troškove
dečjeg siromaštva u SAD-u, na primer.
dečjeg siromaštva u SAD-u, na primer.
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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Procenjuje se na 500 milijardi
dolara godišnje,
dolara godišnje,
u vidu većih troškova zdravstvene nege,
većih stopa ispisivanja iz škole
većih stopa ispisivanja iz škole
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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10:53
and more crime.
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i više kriminala.
10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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Sad, ovo je neverovatno traćenje
ljudskog potencijala.
ljudskog potencijala.
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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Ali razgovarajmo o onome što bode oči.
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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Kako uopšte možemo da priuštimo
zagarantovan osnovni prihod?
zagarantovan osnovni prihod?
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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3099
Pa, zapravo je mnogo jeftinije
nego što biste pomislili.
nego što biste pomislili.
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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U Dofinu su ga finansirali
putem negativnog poreza na prihod.
putem negativnog poreza na prihod.
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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2008
Ovo znači da vam se prihod dopunjava
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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2412
čim padnete ispod granice siromaštva.
11:18
And in that scenario,
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A u ovom scenariju,
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
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667617
2514
prema procenama
naših najboljih ekonomista,
naših najboljih ekonomista,
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
227
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3025
za neto trošak od 175 milijardi -
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
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4907
to je četvrtina ulaganja u vojsku SAD-a,
jedan procenat BDP-a -
jedan procenat BDP-a -
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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3554
mogli biste da izdignete sve osiromašene
Amerikance iznad granice siromaštva.
Amerikance iznad granice siromaštva.
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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Mogli biste zapravo
da iskorenite siromaštvo.
da iskorenite siromaštvo.
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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1802
E, to bi trebalo da nam bude cilj.
11:40
(Applause)
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1084
(Aplauz)
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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2932
Prošlo je vreme za koještarije
i sitne pomake.
i sitne pomake.
11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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3308
Zaista verujem da je došlo vreme
za radikalno nove ideje,
za radikalno nove ideje,
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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3200
a osnovni prihod je mnogo više
od tek još jednog zakonskog akta.
od tek još jednog zakonskog akta.
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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Takođe se radi o potpuno novoj zamisli
toga šta je posao.
toga šta je posao.
11:55
And in that sense,
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1670
A u tom smislu,
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
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1792
neće samo osloboditi siromašne,
12:00
but also the rest of us.
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1468
već i nas ostale.
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
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Trenutno, milioni ljudi osećaju
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
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2506
da njihovi poslovi
nemaju mnogo smisla, niti značaja.
nemaju mnogo smisla, niti značaja.
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
242
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2817
Nedavna anketa među 230.000 zaposlenih
12:10
in 142 countries
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1906
u 142 države
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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720832
4665
je otkrila da svega 13 procenata radnika
zapravo voli svoj posao.
zapravo voli svoj posao.
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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3667
A druga anketa je otkrila
da gotovo 37 procenata britanskih radnika
da gotovo 37 procenata britanskih radnika
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
246
730291
2930
ima posao za koji smatraju
da je bespotreban.
da je bespotreban.
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
247
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2294
Kao što Bred Pit kaže
u "Borilačkom klubu":
u "Borilačkom klubu":
"Prečesto radimo poslove koje mrzimo
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
248
736705
3656
da bismo mogli da kupimo
gluposti koje nam ne trebaju."
gluposti koje nam ne trebaju."
12:32
(Laughter)
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1478
(Smeh)
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
250
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1397
Sad, da se razumemo -
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
251
743308
2554
ne govorim ovde
o nastavnicima i đubretarima
o nastavnicima i đubretarima
12:37
and the care workers here.
252
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1482
i negovateljima.
12:39
If they stopped working,
253
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1614
Kad bi oni prestali da rade,
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
254
749030
1317
bili bismo u nevolji.
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
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750990
3625
Govorim o svim tim dobro plaćenim
profesionalcima sa odličnim biografijama
profesionalcima sa odličnim biografijama
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
256
754639
1805
koji zarađuju baveći se...
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
257
756468
2036
P2P sastancima strateških transaktora
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
258
758528
3032
dok mozgaju o vrednosti dodataka
neorganizovanog koautorstva
neorganizovanog koautorstva
12:53
in the network society.
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1173
u mrežnom društvu.
12:54
(Laughter)
260
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1023
(Smeh)
12:55
(Applause)
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1018
(Aplauz)
12:56
Or something like that.
262
764870
1202
Ili nešto slično.
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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2924
Samo zamislite još jednom
koliko talenata traćimo,
koliko talenata traćimo,
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
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769044
3840
samo zato što govorimo deci
da će morati da "zarađuju za život".
da će morati da "zarađuju za život".
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
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773638
3742
Ili se setite jadikovke matematičkog
genija koji radi u Fejsubuku:
genija koji radi u Fejsubuku:
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
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1862
"Najbolji umovi moje generacije
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
267
779290
3113
razmišljaju kako da navedu ljude
da klikću na reklame."
da klikću na reklame."
13:16
I'm a historian.
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1245
Ja sam istoričar.
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
269
786992
2069
A ako nas istorija ičemu uči,
13:21
it is that things could be different.
270
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2792
to je da stvari mogu da budu drugačije.
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
271
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1391
Ništa nije neizbežno
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
272
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2957
kod toga kako smo trenutno
osmislili društvo i ekonomiju.
osmislili društvo i ekonomiju.
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
273
796297
2356
Ideje mogu da promene, i menjaju svet.
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
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798677
2511
I mislim da je naročito
u proteklih nekoliko godina
u proteklih nekoliko godina
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
275
801212
1429
postalo i više nego jasno
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
276
802665
1953
da se ne možemo držati statusa kvo -
13:36
that we need new ideas.
277
804642
1575
da su nam potrebne nove ideje.
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
278
808499
3213
Znam da se mnogi od vas
možda osećaju pesimistično
možda osećaju pesimistično
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
279
811736
2063
zbog budućnosti rastuće nejednakosti,
13:45
xenophobia
280
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1277
ksenofobije
13:47
and climate change.
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i klimatskih promena.
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
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Ali nije dovoljno znati protiv čega smo.
13:51
We also need to be for something.
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Takođe moramo da budemo za nešto.
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
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Martin Luter King nije rekao:
"Imam noćnu moru."
"Imam noćnu moru."
13:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
13:57
He had a dream.
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Imao je san.
13:58
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
13:59
So ...
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Dakle...
14:01
here's my dream:
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evo mog sna:
14:04
I believe in a future
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verujem u budućnost
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
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u kojoj vrednost vašeg rada
neće određivati
neće određivati
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
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veličina vaše plate,
14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
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već količina sreće koju širite
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
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i količina smisla kojeg pružate.
14:13
I believe in a future
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1232
Verujem u budućnost
u kojoj svrha obrazovanja nije u tome
da vas pripremi za novi beskoristan posao,
da vas pripremi za novi beskoristan posao,
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
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14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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već za svrsishodan život.
14:21
I believe in a future
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Verujem u budućnost
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
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u kojoj život bez siromaštva
nije privilegija,
nije privilegija,
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
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2013
već pravo koje svi zaslužujemo.
14:27
So here we are.
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Dakle, tu smo.
14:29
Here we are.
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Tu smo.
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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Imamo istraživanja, imamo dokaze
14:32
and we've got the means.
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i imamo sredstva.
14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
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Sad, više od 500 godina nakon što je
Tomas Mor pisao o osnovnom prihodu
Tomas Mor pisao o osnovnom prihodu
14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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i 100 godina nakon što je Džordž Orvel
otkrio pravu prirodu siromaštva,
otkrio pravu prirodu siromaštva,
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
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svi moramo da promenimo pogled na svet
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
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jer siromaštvo nije karakterni nedostatak.
14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
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Siromaštvo je nedostatak novca.
14:51
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:52
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com