TEDxWaterloo
Michael Nielsen: Open science now!
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
215,209 views
What if every scientist could share their data as easily as they tweet about their lunch? Michael Nielsen calls for scientists to embrace new tools for collaboration that will enable discoveries to happen at the speed of Twitter.
(Filmed at TEDxWaterloo.)
Michael Nielsen - Physicist
A physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries. Full bio
A physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, good afternoon, everybody.
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大家午安。
00:15
Thank you all very much
for coming along today.
for coming along today.
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非常謝謝大家今天來到這裡。
00:18
I'd like to begin my talk with a story.
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在這場演說的一開始，
我想要說個故事，
我想要說個故事，
00:21
It's a story that begins,
but does not end,
but does not end,
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這個故事始於數學家蒂莫西高爾斯，
00:24
with a mathematician named Tim Gowers.
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但不是止於他。
00:27
Gowers is one of the world's most
renowned mathematicians.
renowned mathematicians.
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高爾斯是世界上
最知名的數學家之一。
最知名的數學家之一。
00:30
He's a professor at Cambridge University
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他是劍橋的教授，
00:33
and a recipient of the Fields Medal,
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也是菲爾茲獎的得主，
00:35
often called the Nobel Prize
of mathematics.
of mathematics.
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這個獎項通常被稱為
數學界的諾貝爾獎。
數學界的諾貝爾獎。
00:39
Gowers is also a blogger,
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高爾斯也是名部落客，
00:42
and in January of 2009, he used his blog
to pose a very striking question:
to pose a very striking question:
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2009 年一月，他在他的部落格上
刊登了一個非常引人注目的問題：
00:49
Is massively collaborative
mathematics possible?
mathematics possible?
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大規模合作的數學是有可能的嗎？
00:55
So what he was proposing in this post
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他在這篇文章中所提出的，
00:58
was to use his blog to attack a difficult
unsolved mathematical problem --
unsolved mathematical problem --
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是要用他的部落格來解決
尚未解開的困難數學問題——
尚未解開的困難數學問題——
01:03
a problem which he said
he would "love to solve" --
he would "love to solve" --
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他說他會「很樂意解開」
這個問題——
這個問題——
01:06
completely in the open,
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以完全公開的方式，
01:07
using his blog to post his ideas
and his partial progress.
and his partial progress.
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他用他的部落格來刊登
他的想法和他的部分進展。
他的想法和他的部分進展。
01:13
What's more, he issued an open invitation,
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此外，他也發出了公開的邀請，
01:16
inviting anybody in the world who thought
that they had an idea to contribute
that they had an idea to contribute
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邀請世界上任何人，
只要自認有想法可以貢獻，
只要自認有想法可以貢獻，
01:21
to post their idea
in the comment section of the blog.
in the comment section of the blog.
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就可以把他們的想法
寫在部落格的留言區。
寫在部落格的留言區。
01:26
His hope was that by combining
the ideas of many minds,
the ideas of many minds,
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他希望能結合許多
有才智的人的想法，
有才智的人的想法，
01:30
he could make easy work
of his hard mathematical problem.
of his hard mathematical problem.
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能讓他的困難數學問題
比較容易解開。
比較容易解開。
01:33
He called this experiment
the Polymath Project.
the Polymath Project.
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他把這個實驗叫做
「多工數學計畫」。
「多工數學計畫」。
01:37
Well, the Polymath Project
got off to a slow start.
got off to a slow start.
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多工數學計畫一開始
進行得很緩慢。
進行得很緩慢。
01:40
In the first seven hours,
nobody posted any comments.
nobody posted any comments.
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在最初的七小時，沒有人留言。
01:43
But then, a mathematician
from the University of British Columbia
from the University of British Columbia
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英屬哥倫比亞大學的一位數學家
01:47
named Jozsef Solymosi
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約瑟夫索利默西
01:48
posted a short comment.
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寫了一段短留言。
01:50
And this seemed to break the ice,
because a few minutes later,
because a few minutes later,
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這則留言似乎有破冰的作用，
因為幾分鐘之後，
因為幾分鐘之後，
01:53
a high school teacher named
Jason Dyer posted a suggestion.
Jason Dyer posted a suggestion.
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一位高中老師傑森戴爾
張貼了一個建議。
張貼了一個建議。
01:57
And a few minutes after that,
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再幾分鐘後，
01:58
another mathematician named
Terence Tao, also a Fields medalist,
Terence Tao, also a Fields medalist,
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又有另一位數學家陶哲軒，
也是菲爾茲獎的得主，
也是菲爾茲獎的得主，
02:02
posted an idea.
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張貼了一個點子。
02:04
And things really started
to move quickly at this point.
to move quickly at this point.
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在這個時點，一切就
動起來了，且步調很快。
動起來了，且步調很快。
02:07
Over the next 37 days,
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在接下來的 37 天，
02:09
27 different people would post
800 substantive comments
800 substantive comments
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27 個不同的人張貼了
800 則很實在的留言，
800 則很實在的留言，
02:14
containing 170,000 words.
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共計 17 萬字。
02:19
I was not a serious participant,
but I was following along closely
but I was following along closely
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我並沒有很認真參與，
但我打從一開始就在密切追蹤，
但我打從一開始就在密切追蹤，
02:22
from the start,
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02:23
and it was just amazing.
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它真的很不可思議。
02:25
The speed with which an idea
would be tentatively proposed
would be tentatively proposed
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會有一個點子被試驗性地丟出來，
02:28
and then really rapidly developed
by other people and improved,
by other people and improved,
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接著很快就被其他人
繼續發展和改進，
繼續發展和改進，
02:32
sometimes discarded --
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有時會被丟棄——
02:33
it was just amazing.
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真的很不可思議。
02:35
Gowers described the process
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高爾斯對這個過程的描述是：
02:37
as being to ordinary research
"as driving is to pushing a car."
"as driving is to pushing a car."
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這個過程之於一般研究，
「就像開車之於推車」。
「就像開車之於推車」。
02:42
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:44
At the end of the 37 days,
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37 天過後，
02:46
Gowers used his blog to announce
that they had solved the core problem;
that they had solved the core problem;
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高爾斯用他的部落格宣佈，
他們已經解決了核心問題；
他們已經解決了核心問題；
02:50
in fact, they had solved a harder
generalization of the problem.
generalization of the problem.
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事實上，他們已經解決了
更困難的概括問題。
更困難的概括問題。
02:54
The Polymath Project had succeeded.
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多工數學計畫成功了。
02:57
So what the Polymath Project
suggests, at least to me,
suggests, at least to me,
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所以，多工數學計畫的意涵，
至少對我而言，
至少對我而言，
03:00
is that we can use
the internet to build tools
the internet to build tools
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就是我們可以用網路來建立工具，
03:04
that actually expand our ability
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用這些工具來擴展我們的能力，
03:07
to solve the most challenging
intellectual problems.
intellectual problems.
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以解決最有挑戰性的知性問題。
03:12
Or, to put it in another way:
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或者，用另一種說法：
03:14
we can build tools which actively amplify
our collective intelligence
our collective intelligence
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我們可以建立工具，
用它們來放大我們的集體智慧。
用它們來放大我們的集體智慧。
03:18
in much the same way as, for millennia,
we've used physical tools
we've used physical tools
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就很類似幾千年來，
我們都在用實體的工具
我們都在用實體的工具
03:23
to amplify our strength.
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來放大我們的力量。
03:27
OK?
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好嗎？
03:28
So what I'd like to talk about today,
or what I'd like to explore today,
or what I'd like to explore today,
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所以，今天我想要談的，
或是說今天我想要探究的，
或是說今天我想要探究的，
03:32
is what this means for science.
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是這件事對科學的意義。
03:34
It's much more important than just solving
a single mathematical problem.
a single mathematical problem.
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它的重要性絕對不只是
解決了一個數學問題。
解決了一個數學問題。
03:38
It means an expansion in the range
of scientific problems
of scientific problems
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它意味著我們有望解決的科學問題，
03:41
we can hope to attack at all.
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範圍又更廣了。
03:44
It means, potentially, an acceleration
in the rate of scientific discovery.
in the rate of scientific discovery.
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它還有個潛在的意涵，
就是科學發現的速度加快了。
就是科學發現的速度加快了。
03:48
It means a change in the way
we construct knowledge itself.
we construct knowledge itself.
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它意味著我們建構
知識本身的方式改變了。
知識本身的方式改變了。
03:52
So, before I get too overexcited, however,
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所以，然而，在我
變得太興奮之前，
變得太興奮之前，
03:55
I would like to talk
about some of the challenges,
about some of the challenges,
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我想要談談其中的
一些挑戰，一些問題。
一些挑戰，一些問題。
03:58
some of the problems.
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03:59
Particularly, I'd like to describe
a failure of this approach.
a failure of this approach.
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我特別想要講述一下
這個方法的一個不足之處。
這個方法的一個不足之處。
04:03
It occurred in 2005, or started in 2005.
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它發生在 2005 年，
或是說始於 2005 年。
或是說始於 2005 年。
04:07
A grad student at Caltech named
John Stockton had a very good idea
John Stockton had a very good idea
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加州理工學院的一位研究生
約翰史塔克頓有個非常好的點子，
04:12
for what he called the "Quantum Wiki,"
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他稱之為「量子維基」，
04:15
or "Qwiki" for short.
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簡稱為「Qwiki」。
04:17
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:18
OK? It's a great idea.
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那是個很棒的點子。
04:20
What he did with the Qwiki was --
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他的量子維基的功能是——
04:23
the idea of the Qwiki was that it
was going to be a great repository
was going to be a great repository
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量子維基的想法是，它要成為
一個很棒的人類知識貯藏庫，
04:26
of human knowledge,
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04:27
much like Wikipedia.
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很類似維基百科。
04:29
But instead of being focused
on general knowledge,
on general knowledge,
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但，它著重的不是一般性的知識，
04:32
it was going to be focused on
specialist knowledge in quantum computing.
specialist knowledge in quantum computing.
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而是量子計算方面的專門化知識。
04:37
It was going be kind of
a supertextbook for the field,
a supertextbook for the field,
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它會有點像是
該領域的超級教科書，
該領域的超級教科書，
04:40
with information about
all the latest research,
all the latest research,
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有著關於所有最新研究的資訊，
04:42
about what the big open problems
in the field were,
in the field were,
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關於該領域的大型
開放問題有哪些、
開放問題有哪些、
04:45
people's speculation
about how to solve the problems,
about how to solve the problems,
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大家猜測要如何解決那些問題，
04:48
and so on.
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諸如此類的資訊。
04:50
Like Wikipedia, the intention was
that it would be written by the users,
that it would be written by the users,
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就像維基百科一樣，
也打算要讓使用者來編寫，
也打算要讓使用者來編寫，
04:54
in this case, by experts
in quantum computing.
in quantum computing.
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量子維基的使用者
就是量子計算專家，
就是量子計算專家，
04:58
I was present at the conference at Caltech
in 2005, when it was announced.
in 2005, when it was announced.
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我有出席 2005 年加州理工學院的
大會，這個想法就是那時宣佈的。
大會，這個想法就是那時宣佈的。
05:03
And some of the people who I spoke to
were very skeptical,
were very skeptical,
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和我交談的人當中有些
抱持相當的懷疑，
抱持相當的懷疑，
05:06
but some of the people
were very excited by the idea.
were very excited by the idea.
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但也有一些人
對這個點子感到很興奮。
對這個點子感到很興奮。
05:09
They were impressed by the implementation;
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導入實行的方式讓他們印象深刻；
05:11
they were impressed by the amount
of initial seed material
of initial seed material
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已經放到網站上的初始種子
素材量讓他們印象深刻，
素材量讓他們印象深刻，
05:14
which had been put on the site;
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最重要的是，他們
對這個遠景感到很興奮。
對這個遠景感到很興奮。
05:15
and most of all,
they were excited by the vision.
they were excited by the vision.
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05:18
But just because they were excited,
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但他們感到很興奮，
05:20
didn't mean they wanted
to take the time themselves to contribute.
to take the time themselves to contribute.
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並不表示他們自己
會想要花時間來貢獻。
會想要花時間來貢獻。
05:23
They hoped that other people would do so.
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他們希望別人會貢獻。
05:26
And in the end, nobody, essentially,
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最終，基本上，沒有人
05:29
was really all that interested
in contributing.
in contributing.
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對貢獻真的那麼感興趣。
05:33
If you look today,
except in a few small corners,
except in a few small corners,
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現在各位再去看量子維基，
除了幾個小角落之外，
它基本上已經不活動了。
它基本上已經不活動了。
05:36
the Qwiki is essentially dead.
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05:38
And, sad to say,
this is quite a common story.
this is quite a common story.
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很感傷的是，這種故事很常見。
05:41
Many scientists, in fields ranging
from genetics to string theory,
from genetics to string theory,
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從遺傳學到弦理論的
各種領域，都有許多科學
各種領域，都有許多科學
05:45
have tried to start science wikis
along very similar lines.
along very similar lines.
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試圖用非常類似的方式
建造科學維基。
建造科學維基。
05:49
And typically, they've failed
for essentially the same reason.
for essentially the same reason.
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通常，他們失敗的原因也差不多。
05:53
It's not just science wikis, either.
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而且，不只是科學維基。
05:55
Inspired by Facebook,
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因為臉書的靈感，
05:57
many organizations have tried to create
social networks for scientists,
social networks for scientists,
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許多組織試著要
為科學家創建社交網路，
為科學家創建社交網路，
06:01
which will connect scientists
to other people with similar interests.
to other people with similar interests.
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將科學家和其他有類似
興趣的人連結在一起。
興趣的人連結在一起。
這麼一來，他們就可以分享像是
資料、程式碼、想法等等東西。
資料、程式碼、想法等等東西。
06:07
So they can share things like data
or code, their ideas and so on.
or code, their ideas and so on.
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06:12
Again, it sounds like a good idea.
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同樣的，這點子聽起來也很好。
06:13
But if you join one of these sites,
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但如果你加入一個這類網站，
06:16
you'll quickly discover
that they're essentially empty.
that they're essentially empty.
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你很快就會發現，
它們基本上是空的。
它們基本上是空的。
06:19
They're virtual ghost towns.
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它們真的就是鬼鎮。
06:22
So what's going on?
What's the problem here?
What's the problem here?
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所以，怎麼回事？哪裡出了問題？
06:25
Why are these promising sites failing?
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為什麼這些本可
大有可為的網站失敗了？
大有可為的網站失敗了？
06:27
Well, imagine that you're
an ambitious young scientist.
an ambitious young scientist.
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嗯，想像你是一位
很有野心的年輕科學家。
很有野心的年輕科學家。
06:31
In fact, I know some of you here
are ambitious young scientists.
are ambitious young scientists.
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事實上，我知道在座確實
有一些很有野心的年輕科學家。
有一些很有野心的年輕科學家。
06:35
Imagine you're
an ambitious young scientist.
an ambitious young scientist.
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想像你是一位
很有野心的年輕科學家。
很有野心的年輕科學家。
06:37
You really would like to get a job --
a permanent job, a good job --
a permanent job, a good job --
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你真的很想找一份工作——
長久的工作，好的工作——
長久的工作，好的工作——
06:41
doing the work that you love.
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做你喜歡做的事。
06:43
But it's incredibly competitive
to get such jobs.
to get such jobs.
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但很多人都想要這樣的
工作，競爭很激烈。
工作，競爭很激烈。
06:46
Often, there'll be hundreds of very
highly qualified applicants for positions.
highly qualified applicants for positions.
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通常，會有數百個非常有資格的人
來申請應徵工作。
來申請應徵工作。
06:51
And so you find yourself working
60, 70, 80 hours a week,
60, 70, 80 hours a week,
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所以，你會發現你一週
要工作 60、70、80 個小時，
要工作 60、70、80 個小時，
06:56
doing the one thing that you know
will get you such a job,
will get you such a job,
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拼命做一件事，
你知道能幫你得到這份工作的事，
07:00
and that is writing scientific papers.
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那就是撰寫科學論文。
07:03
You may think that the Qwiki
is a wonderful idea in principle,
is a wonderful idea in principle,
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你可能會覺得，大體上，
量子維基是個很棒的點子，
量子維基是個很棒的點子，
07:06
but you also know that writing
a single mediocre paper
a single mediocre paper
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但你也知道，寫一份普通的論文
07:10
will do much more for your career
and your job prospects
and your job prospects
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對你的職涯和你的工作前景
會有更多的好處，
會有更多的好處，
07:13
than a long series of brilliant
contributions to such a site.
contributions to such a site.
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遠勝過花長時間對這類網站
做出一連串傑出的貢獻。
做出一連串傑出的貢獻。
07:17
So even though you may like the idea
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所以，即使你喜歡那個點子，
07:19
and you may think it will advance
science more quickly,
science more quickly,
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你可能認為它能夠
幫助科學快速進步，
幫助科學快速進步，
07:22
you find you just can't conceive of it
as being part of your job.
as being part of your job.
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你卻無法想像把它納入
成為你工作的一部分。
成為你工作的一部分。
07:26
It's not.
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它就不是。
07:28
The only things which can succeed
in this kind of environment
in this kind of environment
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在這種環境當中，
唯一能夠成功的，
唯一能夠成功的，
07:32
are projects like the Polymath Project,
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就是像多工數學計畫這樣的計畫，
07:34
which, even though they employ
an unconventional means to an end,
an unconventional means to an end,
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雖然它們用了非常規的
方法來達到目的，
方法來達到目的，
07:40
they have an essential
conservatism about them.
conservatism about them.
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它們基本上對於方法
還是有保守傾向。
還是有保守傾向。
07:42
The end product of the Polymath Project
was still a scientific paper.
was still a scientific paper.
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多工數學計畫的最終產物
仍然是一篇科學論文。
仍然是一篇科學論文。
07:46
In fact, it was several papers. Right?
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事實上，是數篇論文。對吧？
07:48
So unconventional means,
but conventional ends.
but conventional ends.
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所以，方法是非常規的，
但目的還是常規的。
但目的還是常規的。
07:52
So there's a kind of
conservatism about it.
conservatism about it.
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所以算是有某種保守傾向在其中。
07:54
And don't get me wrong --
the Polymath Project is terrific,
the Polymath Project is terrific,
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別誤解我的意思——
多工數學計畫非常棒，
多工數學計畫非常棒，
07:57
but it is a pity that scientists
can only use tools
can only use tools
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但很可惜，科學家只能夠使用
有著這類保守本質的工具。
08:02
which have this kind of
conservative nature.
conservative nature.
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08:05
So let me tell you a story
about an instance
about an instance
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所以，讓我告訴各位一個故事，
08:07
where we moved away
from this conservatism.
from this conservatism.
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是脫離這種保守傾向的例子。
08:10
It's a rare story where
the conservatism has been broken.
the conservatism has been broken.
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像這樣打破保守傾向的
故事是很稀有的。
故事是很稀有的。
08:14
It occurred in the 1990s,
when, as you know,
when, as you know,
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它發生在九○年代，你們應該知道，
08:17
for the first time, biologists were taking
large amounts of genetic data
large amounts of genetic data
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當時是生物學家初次
聚集大量的基因資料，
聚集大量的基因資料，
08:22
to collect in the Human Genome Project.
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用在「人類基因組計劃」中。
08:24
And there were sites online
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線上有些網站
08:27
which would allow biologists
to upload that data
to upload that data
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讓生物學家可以上傳資料，
08:30
so it could be shared
with other people around the world
with other people around the world
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來和世界各地的其他人分享，
08:33
and analyzed by other people.
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讓其他人也能做分析。
08:35
Probably the best known of these
is the site GenBank,
is the site GenBank,
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這些網站中最知名的
大概就是 GenBank，
大概就是 GenBank，
08:38
which some of you may
have heard of or used.
have heard of or used.
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在座可能有些人聽過或用過它。
08:41
And these sites, like GenBank,
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這些網站，就像 GenBank 一樣，
08:43
had the problem in common with Qwiki
that scientists -- they're not paid
that scientists -- they're not paid
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都有跟量子維基相同的
問題，科學家——
問題，科學家——
他們分享資料並不會
得到報酬或獎賞。
得到報酬或獎賞。
08:49
or rewarded for sharing their data.
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08:52
It's all about publishing papers.
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重點都在於出版論文。
08:55
So there was a considerable reluctance
to actually upload the data.
to actually upload the data.
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所以，大多數人其實
不情願上傳資料。
不情願上傳資料。
09:00
Yet, everybody could see
that this was silly --
that this was silly --
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然而，大家都知道這樣很蠢——
09:03
it was obvious that this
was the right thing to do.
was the right thing to do.
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很明顯，這件事是對的、該做的事。
09:05
But just because it was obvious
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但雖然很明顯，
09:07
didn't mean that people
were actually doing it.
were actually doing it.
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並不表示大家就真的會去做。
09:09
So a meeting was convened
in Bermuda in 1996
in Bermuda in 1996
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於是，1996 年
在百慕達招開了一場會議，
在百慕達招開了一場會議，
09:12
of many of the world's leading
molecular biologists.
molecular biologists.
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參加者是許多世界上
領導級的分子生物學家。
領導級的分子生物學家。
09:15
And they sat and they discussed
the problem for several days,
the problem for several days,
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他們花了數天的時間，
坐下來討論這個問題，
坐下來討論這個問題，
09:18
and they came up with what are now
called the Bermuda Principles,
called the Bermuda Principles,
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他們想出了現在
所稱的「百慕達原則」，
所稱的「百慕達原則」，
09:21
which state that:
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原則內容如下：
09:23
first, once human genetic data
is taken in the lab,
is taken in the lab,
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第一，一旦實驗室
取得了人類基因資料，
取得了人類基因資料，
09:27
it should be immediately uploaded
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該資料就應該被立刻上傳
09:29
to a site like GenBank;
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到 GenBank 這類網站上；
09:30
and two, that the data
would be in the public domain.
would be in the public domain.
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第二，該資料會被放在公有領域中。
09:34
And these principles were given teeth,
178
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這些原則是很有力的，
09:36
because they were taken by the big
scientific grant agencies --
scientific grant agencies --
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3056
因為大型的科學獎助
機構採用它們——
機構採用它們——
09:39
the US National Institutes of Health,
the UK Wellcome Trust --
the UK Wellcome Trust --
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美國國立衛生研究院、
英國惠康基金會——
英國惠康基金會——
09:43
and actually baked into policy.
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且還真的被做成政策。
09:48
So it meant that if you were a scientist
who wanted to work on the human genome,
who wanted to work on the human genome,
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那就意味著，若你是科學家，
你想要研究人類基因組，
你想要研究人類基因組，
你就得要同意遵守這些原則。
09:52
you had to agree to abide
by these principles.
by these principles.
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2224
09:54
And today, I'm very pleased
to say, as a result,
to say, as a result,
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現今，我很高興告訴大家，結果，
09:57
you can go online -- anybody here --
and download the human genome.
and download the human genome.
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你們可以上網——這裡的所有人
都可以——下載人類基因組。
都可以——下載人類基因組。
10:01
So that's a terrific story.
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1842
那是個很棒的故事。
10:03
But the human genome
is just a tiny, tiny fraction
is just a tiny, tiny fraction
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2719
但人類基因組只是所有科學知識中
10:06
of all scientific knowledge.
188
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非常非常小的一部分。
10:09
Even just in other parts of genetics,
189
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3056
光是在遺傳學的其他部分，
10:12
there is so much knowledge
that is still locked up.
that is still locked up.
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就還有好多知識仍然被鎖起來。
10:15
I spoke with one bioinformatician
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我和一位生物資訊學家談過，
10:17
who told me that he'd been "sitting
on the genome of an entire species
on the genome of an entire species
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5417
他告訴我，他「坐擁
一整個物種的基因組，
一整個物種的基因組，
長達超過一年時間。」
10:22
for more than a year."
193
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1411
10:25
An entire species.
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一整個物種。
10:27
And in other parts of science,
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在科學的其他部分，
10:29
it is routine that scientists
hoard their data.
hoard their data.
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科學家貯藏起自己的資料
是個常見慣例。
是個常見慣例。
10:33
They hoard the computer code
that they write
that they write
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他們貯藏他們所寫的電腦程式碼，
10:35
that could be useful,
potentially, to other people.
potentially, to other people.
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2419
那程式碼可能對其他人
是很有用的。
是很有用的。
10:38
They hoard their best ideas.
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他們貯藏他們最好的點子。
10:40
And they often hoard even
the descriptions of the problems
the descriptions of the problems
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他們通常甚至貯藏他們覺得
最有趣的問題描述。
10:42
that they think are most interesting.
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1912
10:45
And so, what I and other people
in the Open Science movement
in the Open Science movement
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所以，我和「開放科學」
運動的其他人
運動的其他人
10:48
would like to do is,
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1168
想要做的是改變這個情況。
10:49
we'd like to change this situation.
204
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1846
10:51
We would like to change
the culture of science
the culture of science
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2481
我們想要改變科學的文化，
10:54
so that scientists become
much more strongly motivated
much more strongly motivated
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讓科學家有更強烈的動機
10:56
to share all of these
different kinds of knowledge.
different kinds of knowledge.
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2643
去分享所有各種類型的知識。
10:59
We want to change the values
of individual scientists
of individual scientists
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4419
我們想要改變
個別科學家的價值觀，
個別科學家的價值觀，
11:04
so they start to see it
as part of their job
as part of their job
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讓他們能開始改變觀念，
認為他們的工作也包括了
認為他們的工作也包括了
11:07
to be sharing their data,
to be sharing their code,
to be sharing their code,
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2530
分享他們的資料、
分享他們的程式碼、
分享他們的程式碼、
11:10
to be sharing their best ideas
and their problems.
and their problems.
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3509
分享他們最好的點子，
以及他們的問題。
以及他們的問題。
11:14
So, if we can do this,
this kind of change in values,
this kind of change in values,
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5438
如果我們能做到這點，
這種價值觀的改變，
11:20
then we will indeed start to see
individual scientists rewarded
individual scientists rewarded
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4538
那麼我們將真的會
開始見到個別的科學家
開始見到個別的科學家
因為做上述這些事而得到報酬；
11:24
for doing these things;
214
671980
1162
11:26
there will be incentives to do them.
215
673166
1862
做這些事將會有獎勵。
11:28
It's a difficult thing to do, however.
216
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2714
不過，要做到是蠻困難的。
11:31
We're talking about changing the culture
of entire large parts of science.
of entire large parts of science.
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678758
4941
我們在談的是改變整個
科學很大部分的文化。
科學很大部分的文化。
11:37
But it has happened
before once in history,
before once in history,
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3090
但在歷史上曾經發生過一次，
11:40
right back at the dawn of science.
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2152
就在科學剛開始的時候。
11:43
Galileo, 1609: he points his telescope
up at the sky towards Saturn,
up at the sky towards Saturn,
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6362
伽利略，1969 年：
他把他的望遠鏡
對準了天空上的土星，
對準了天空上的土星，
11:49
and he sees for the first time in history
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2601
這是歷史上第一次，
11:52
what we now know are the rings of Saturn.
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2091
看見了我們現在所知道的土星環。
11:55
Does he tell everybody in the world?
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1796
他有告訴全世界的每個人嗎？
沒有，他沒那麼做。
沒有，他沒那麼做。
11:57
No, he doesn't do that.
224
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1255
11:58
He writes down a description, privately,
225
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2602
他私下寫下了一段描述，
12:00
and then he scrambles the letters
in the description into an anagram,
in the description into an anagram,
226
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4991
接著，他把描述中的
各字母順序打亂成亂碼，
各字母順序打亂成亂碼，
12:05
and he sends that anagram
to several of his astronomer rivals.
to several of his astronomer rivals.
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4279
他把打亂後的亂碼描述發送給
數個他的天文學家勁敵。
數個他的天文學家勁敵。
（笑聲）
12:10
(Laughter)
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1160
12:11
And what this ensures is that,
if they later make the same discovery,
if they later make the same discovery,
229
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6520
這麼做是在確保
如果這些對手之後有同樣的發現，
12:17
he can reveal the anagram
and get the credit,
and get the credit,
230
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2486
伽利略還是可以揭露出
亂碼描述一事，搶回功勞，
亂碼描述一事，搶回功勞，
12:21
but in the meantime, he hasn't given up
any knowledge at all.
any knowledge at all.
231
728411
3211
但同時，他也完全
沒有放棄任何知識。
沒有放棄任何知識。
12:24
And I'm sad to say that he was
not uncommon at the time:
not uncommon at the time:
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我很遺憾要告訴各位，
在當時他這麼做並不罕見：
在當時他這麼做並不罕見：
12:27
Newton, Huygens, Hooke, Leonardo --
they all used similar devices.
they all used similar devices.
233
734883
4787
牛頓、惠更斯、虎克、達文西——
他們都使用類似的手段。
他們都使用類似的手段。
12:33
OK?
234
740351
1173
好嗎？
12:35
The printing press had been around
for 150 years by this time.
for 150 years by this time.
235
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4477
那時候，平面印刷已經
問世 150 年之久了。
問世 150 年之久了。
12:40
And yet, there was a great battle
in the 17th and 18th centuries
in the 17th and 18th centuries
236
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3408
但，在 17 和 18 世紀有場大戰，
12:43
to change the culture of science,
237
750657
2463
改變了科學的文化，
12:46
so that it became expected
that when a scientist made a discovery,
that when a scientist made a discovery,
238
753144
3629
變成了如果有位科學家
有了新發現，可以預期
有了新發現，可以預期
12:49
they would reveal it in a journal.
239
756797
2503
他會在一本期刊中
把新發現公佈出來。
把新發現公佈出來。
12:53
Now, that's great that that change
has happened. It's terrific.
has happened. It's terrific.
240
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3653
改變已經發生是好事，那很棒。
12:57
But today, we have new technologies,
241
764193
1930
但現今，我們有新的科技，
12:59
we have new opportunities
to share our knowledge in new ways
to share our knowledge in new ways
242
766147
4429
我們有新的機會，可以用
新的方式來分享我們的知識，
新的方式來分享我們的知識，
13:03
and the ability to create tools
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770600
2106
我們也有能力創造工具，
13:05
that actually allow us
to solve problems in entirely new ways.
to solve problems in entirely new ways.
244
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4510
來讓我們用全新的方式解決問題。
13:11
So we need to have a second
open science revolution.
open science revolution.
245
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3739
所以我們需要有
第二次的開放科學革命。
第二次的開放科學革命。
13:15
It is my belief
246
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1226
我相信，
13:16
that any publicly funded science
should be open science.
should be open science.
247
783612
4159
任何接受公共資金資助的科學
都應該是開放科學。
都應該是開放科學。
13:21
How can we achieve this change?
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788750
2368
我們要如何達成這項改變？
13:24
Well, if you're a scientist -- and I know
many of you are not scientists,
many of you are not scientists,
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如果你是科學家——
我知道在座許多人不是科學家，
我知道在座許多人不是科學家，
13:29
but if you are a scientist,
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但，如果你是科學家，
那麼，有些事是你可以做的。
那麼，有些事是你可以做的。
13:30
then there are things that you can do.
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13:32
You can get involved
in an open science project,
in an open science project,
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你可以參與一項開放科學計畫，
13:36
even if it's just for a small
fraction of your time.
fraction of your time.
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即使只花一點點的時間也好。
13:39
You can find forums online
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你可以在線上找到論壇，
13:42
where you can share
your knowledge in new ways,
your knowledge in new ways,
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在那裡你能用新的方式
分享你的知識，
分享你的知識，
13:45
ways that allow other people
to build on that knowledge.
to build on that knowledge.
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讓其他人能根據你的知識
再做進一步發揮。
再做進一步發揮。
13:49
You can also, if you're more ambitious,
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如果你更有野心，你也可以
13:52
start an open science project of your own.
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自己開始一個開放科學計畫。
13:54
If you're really bold,
you may wish to experiment
you may wish to experiment
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如果你很大膽，你可能會想要實驗
13:57
with entirely new ways of collaborating,
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全新的協作方式，
13:59
in much the same way
as the Polymath Project did.
as the Polymath Project did.
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就像多工數學計畫那樣子。
14:03
But above all, what you should do
is be very generous in giving credit
is be very generous in giving credit
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但，最重要的，你應該要做的是
要很大方把功勞給予
要很大方把功勞給予
14:08
to those of your colleagues
who are practicing science in the open
who are practicing science in the open
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你那些公開做科學的同事們，
14:12
and to promote their work.
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並發揚他們的成果。
14:14
It is only conservative scientific values
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只有保守的科學價值觀，
14:18
that look down on these activities --
the sharing of data, the blogging,
the sharing of data, the blogging,
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才會看貶這些活動——
分享資料、寫網誌，
分享資料、寫網誌，
14:22
or using of wikis and so on.
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或使用維基等等。
14:25
You can reject those conservative values
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你可以抵制那些保守的價值觀，
14:28
and engage your scientific
colleagues in conversation
colleagues in conversation
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跟你的科學同事交談，
14:31
to promote the value
of these new ways of working,
of these new ways of working,
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推動這些工作新方式的價值觀，
14:34
to emphasize that it takes bravery
to do these things,
to do these things,
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強調需要勇氣才能去做這些事，
14:37
particularly by young scientists.
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對年輕科學家而言特別是如此。
14:39
It's through such conversation that
the culture of science can be changed.
the culture of science can be changed.
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透過這樣的交談，
科學的文化才可能改變。
科學的文化才可能改變。
14:45
So if you are not a scientist,
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所以，如果你不是科學家，
14:47
there are also things that you can do.
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還是有你可以做的事。
14:50
My belief is that the single most
important thing that we can do
important thing that we can do
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我相信，對於推動開放科學，
我們能做的事當中最重要的，
14:55
to give impetus to open science
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14:58
is to create a general awareness
amongst the population
amongst the population
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就是讓一般大眾意識到
15:03
of the issue of open science
and of its critical importance.
and of its critical importance.
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開放科學的議題，
以及它有多麼重要。
以及它有多麼重要。
15:07
If there is that general awareness,
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如果一般大眾有這樣的意識，
15:10
then the scientific community
will inevitably find --
will inevitably find --
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那麼科學界將無可避免會——
15:13
it will be dragged
by the population at large
by the population at large
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它會被整體大眾給帶著
15:16
in the right direction.
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走向正確的方向。
15:18
There are simple things you can do.
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你可以做一件簡單的事，
15:20
You can talk to your friends
and acquaintances who are scientists
and acquaintances who are scientists
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你可以跟身為科學家的
朋友或相識者聊聊，
朋友或相識者聊聊，
問問他們，他們做了什麼
來協助更公開的研究。
來協助更公開的研究。
15:23
and just ask them
what are they doing to work more openly.
what are they doing to work more openly.
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15:26
Or you can use your imagination
and your personal power
and your personal power
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或是，你可以用你的
想像力和個人力量，
想像力和個人力量，
15:29
to raise awareness in other ways.
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以其他方式讓大家
更意識到這個議題。
更意識到這個議題。
15:32
We're talking about changing
not just what scientists do
not just what scientists do
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我們在談的，不只是
改變科學家的做法，
改變科學家的做法，
15:35
but what grant agencies do,
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也是改變獎助機構的做法、
15:36
what universities do
and what governments do.
and what governments do.
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大學的做法，以及政府的做法。
15:39
And you can influence all of those things.
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對於上述這些，你都有影響力。
15:44
Our society faces a fundamental question:
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我們的社會要面對一個根本問題：
15:48
What kinds of knowledge
are we going to expect
are we going to expect
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我們預期和獎勵科學家
15:51
and incentivize our scientists to share?
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分享什麼樣的知識？
15:55
Will we continue
as we have done in the past?
as we have done in the past?
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我們要延續過去已經做過的嗎？
15:58
Or will we embrace new kinds of sharing,
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還是我們要擁抱新式的分享，
16:01
which lead to new methods
for solving problems
for solving problems
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導致新的問題解決方法，
16:05
and an acceleration
in the process of science,
in the process of science,
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並加速科學的過程，
16:07
entirely across the board?
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全面性的加速？
16:10
My hope is that we will
embrace open science
embrace open science
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我希望我們能夠擁抱開放科學，
16:14
and really seize
this opportunity that we have
this opportunity that we have
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並真正抓住這個機會
16:17
to reinvent discovery itself.
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重新發明「發現」這件事本身。
謝謝。（掌聲）
16:20
Thank you. (Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Nielsen - PhysicistA physicist turned writer, Michael Nielsen believes online communication and collaboration tools are revolutionizing the way we make scientific discoveries.
Why you should listen
A Fulbright scholar, Michael Nielsen not only made significant research contributions in the field of quantum physics, but also co-wrote the popular Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. He left academia to focus his research on “open science,” and recently published Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science -- a book that discusses the Internet’s ability to “amplify our collective intelligence” and the cultural obstacles of the scientific community impeding this dramatic shift.
Michael Nielsen | Speaker | TED.com