TED2015
Steven Wise: Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
Steven Wise: Els ximpanzés tenen sentiments i pensaments. Haurien de tenir drets, també
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Els ximpanzés també són persones, ja ho sabeu. D'acord, no exactament. Però l'advocat Steven Wise ha passat els 30 darrers anys treballant pel canvi d'estatus d'aquests animals de "coses" a "persones". No és una qüestió de semàntica legal --com ell descriu en aquesta conferència fascinant, mentre reconeix que animals com els ximpanzés tenen capacitats cognitives extraordinàries i mentre reconsidera la manera en què els tractem legalment-- sinó que és, ni més ni menys, un deute moral.
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyer
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
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M'agradaria que
miréssiu aquest llapis.
miréssiu aquest llapis.
00:15
It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
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És una cosa. És una cosa legal.
00:18
And so are books you might have
or the cars you own.
or the cars you own.
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Com ho són els llibres o els
cotxes que pugueu tenir.
cotxes que pugueu tenir.
00:22
They're all legal things.
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Tot això són coses legals.
00:24
The great apes that you'll see behind me,
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Els grans simis que veieu darrere meu,
00:27
they too are legal things.
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també són coses legals.
00:31
Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
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Ara, jo puc fer això a una cosa legal.
00:35
I can do whatever I want
to my book or my car.
to my book or my car.
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Puc fer el que vulgui amb
el meu llibre o amb el meu cotxe.
el meu llibre o amb el meu cotxe.
00:38
These great apes, you'll see.
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Amb aquests grans simis, ja veurem.
00:41
The photographs are taken by a man
named James Mollison
named James Mollison
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Un home anomenat James Mollison
va fer aquestes fotografies,
va fer aquestes fotografies,
00:45
who wrote a book called
"James & Other Apes."
"James & Other Apes."
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també va escriure un llibre titulat
"James & Other Apes."
"James & Other Apes."
00:48
And he tells in his book
how every single one them,
how every single one them,
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I en el seu llibre, ens explica com
cadascun d'aquests micos,
cadascun d'aquests micos,
00:51
almost every one of them, is an orphan
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o gairebé tots ells, són orfes,
00:53
who saw his mother and father
die before his eyes.
die before his eyes.
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van veure, amb els seus propis ulls
com morien la mare i el pare
com morien la mare i el pare
00:58
They're legal things.
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Són coses legals.
00:59
So for centuries, there's been
a great legal wall
a great legal wall
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Així que durant segles ha existit
un gran mur legal
un gran mur legal
01:02
that separates legal things
from legal persons.
from legal persons.
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que separa les coses legals
de les persones legals.
de les persones legals.
01:05
On one hand, legal things
are invisible to judges.
are invisible to judges.
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Per una banda, les coses legals
són invisibles pels jutges.
són invisibles pels jutges.
01:09
They don't count in law.
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La llei no les té en compte.
01:11
They don't have any legal rights.
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No tenen cap dret legal.
01:13
They don't have
the capacity for legal rights.
the capacity for legal rights.
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No tenen la capacitat d'acollir-se
als drets legals.
als drets legals.
01:15
They are the slaves.
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Són esclaus.
01:17
On the other side of that legal wall
are the legal persons.
are the legal persons.
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A l'altra banda d'aquest mur legal,
hi són les persones legals.
hi són les persones legals.
01:20
Legal persons are very visible to judges.
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Les persones legals són molt
visibles pels jutges.
visibles pels jutges.
01:23
They count in law.
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La llei les té en compte.
01:25
They may have many rights.
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Poden tenir molts drets.
01:27
They have the capacity
for an infinite number of rights.
for an infinite number of rights.
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Disposen de la capacitat d'acollir-se
a un nombre infinit de drets.
a un nombre infinit de drets.
01:30
And they're the masters.
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I són els amos.
01:33
Right now, all nonhuman animals
are legal things.
are legal things.
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Ara mateix, tots els animals
no humans són coses legals.
no humans són coses legals.
01:37
All human beings are legal persons.
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Tots els éssers humans
són persones legals.
són persones legals.
01:40
But being human and being a legal person
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Però ser humà i ser una persona legal
01:43
has never been, and is not today,
synonymous with a legal person.
synonymous with a legal person.
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mai ha sigut, i segueix sense ser,
sinònim de persona legal.
sinònim de persona legal.
01:49
Humans and legal persons
are not synonymous.
are not synonymous.
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Els humans i les persones
legals no són sinònims.
legals no són sinònims.
01:52
On the one side,
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D'una banda
01:55
there have been many human beings
over the centuries
over the centuries
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hi ha hagut molts éssers humans
a través dels segles
a través dels segles
01:59
who have been legal things.
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que han sigut coses legals.
02:01
Slaves were legal things.
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Els esclaus van ser coses legals.
02:02
Women, children,
were sometimes legal things.
were sometimes legal things.
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Dones, nens, van arribar
a ser coses legals.
a ser coses legals.
02:07
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights
struggle over the last centuries
struggle over the last centuries
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De fet, moltes de les lluites pels drets
civils durant els darrers segles
civils durant els darrers segles
02:11
has been to punch a hole
through that wall and begin to feed
through that wall and begin to feed
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s'han dut a terme per a fer un forat
en aquell mur i traspassar
en aquell mur i traspassar
02:15
these human things through the wall
and have them become legal persons.
and have them become legal persons.
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les coses humanes a l'altre costat
per a esdevenir persones legals.
per a esdevenir persones legals.
02:20
But alas, that hole has closed up.
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Però malauradament, aquell
forat s'ha tancat.
forat s'ha tancat.
02:24
Now, on the other side are legal persons,
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D' altra banda, les persones
legals hi són,
legals hi són,
02:26
but they've never only been
limited to human beings.
limited to human beings.
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però no sempre se les ha limitat
a ser persones humanes.
a ser persones humanes.
02:30
There are, for example, there are many
legal persons who are not even alive.
legal persons who are not even alive.
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Hi ha per exemple, moltes persones
legals que ni tan sols són vives.
legals que ni tan sols són vives.
02:34
In the United States,
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Als Estats Units,
02:36
we're aware of the fact
that corporations are legal persons.
that corporations are legal persons.
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som conscients que les
corporacions són persones legals.
corporacions són persones legals.
02:40
In pre-independence India,
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A l'Índia abans que fos independent,
02:42
a court held that a Hindu idol
was a legal person,
was a legal person,
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una cort va sostenir que un
ídol fos una persona legal,
ídol fos una persona legal,
02:45
that a mosque was a legal person.
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que una mesquita fos una persona legal.
02:47
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
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Al 2000, la Cort Suprema de l'Índia
02:49
held that the holy books
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
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va sostenir que el llibre sagrat
de la religió Sikh fos persona legal,
de la religió Sikh fos persona legal,
02:53
and in 2012, just recently,
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i al 2012, recentment,
02:55
there was a treaty between
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
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va haver-hi un acord entre el poble
indígena de Nova Zelanda
indígena de Nova Zelanda
02:59
and the crown, in which it was agreed
that a river was a legal person
that a river was a legal person
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i la corona, en què es va acordar
que un riu era una persona legal
que un riu era una persona legal
03:02
who owned its own riverbed.
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i podia posseir la seva pròpia glera.
03:05
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
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Vaig llegir el llibre de Peter Singer al 1980,
03:08
when I had a full head
of lush, brown hair,
of lush, brown hair,
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quan encara lluïa un cabell
castany i frondós,
castany i frondós,
03:12
and indeed I was moved by it,
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i, de fet, em va commoure,
03:15
because I had become a lawyer because
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
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perquè vaig decidir ser advocat
per a defensar els que no tenien veu,
per a defensar els que no tenien veu,
03:18
defend the defenseless,
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defensar els indefensos,
03:19
and I'd never realized how voiceless
and defenseless the trillions,
and defenseless the trillions,
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i mai m'havia adonat de com de muts
i indefensos són els milers de
i indefensos són els milers de
03:24
billions of nonhuman animals are.
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milions d'animals no humans.
03:27
And I began to work
as an animal protection lawyer.
as an animal protection lawyer.
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Així doncs, vaig començar a treballar
com a advocat de protecció animal.
com a advocat de protecció animal.
03:30
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying
to accomplish something
to accomplish something
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I cap el 1985, vaig adonar-me que
estava intentant acomplir quelcom
estava intentant acomplir quelcom
03:35
that was literally impossible,
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que era literalment impossible,
03:37
the reason being that all of my clients,
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la raó era que tots els meus clients,
03:40
all the animals whose interests
I was trying to defend,
I was trying to defend,
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tots els animals, els interessos
dels quals jo intentava defensar,
dels quals jo intentava defensar,
03:43
were legal things; they were invisible.
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eren coses legals; eren invisibles.
Allò no podia funcionar.
Allò no podia funcionar.
03:46
It was not going to work, so I decided
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I vaig decidir que allò
només podria funcionar si
només podria funcionar si
03:48
that the only thing that was going to work
was they had, at least some of them,
was they had, at least some of them,
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aconseguiem passar-ne,
com a mínim uns quants,
com a mínim uns quants,
03:52
had to also be moved through a hole
that we could open up again in that wall
that we could open up again in that wall
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a l'altre costat del mur, a través
d'un forat que podíem tornar a obrir
d'un forat que podíem tornar a obrir
03:55
and begin feeding the appropriate
nonhuman animals through that hole
nonhuman animals through that hole
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per a començar a passar els animals no
humans a través d'aquell forat
humans a través d'aquell forat
03:59
onto the other side
of being legal persons.
of being legal persons.
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cap a l'altre costat,
el de persones legals.
el de persones legals.
04:02
Now, at that time, there was
very little known about or spoken about
very little known about or spoken about
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Llavors, els veritables drets dels animals
04:08
truly animal rights,
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no es coneixien gaire,
tampoc se'n parlava sovint,
tampoc se'n parlava sovint,
04:10
about the idea of having legal personhood
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
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i no es contemplava la idea que
un animal no humà tingués drets,
un animal no humà tingués drets,
04:15
and I knew it was going
to take a long time.
to take a long time.
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vaig adonar-me que allò
anava per llarg.
anava per llarg.
04:18
And so, in 1985, I figured that it
would take about 30 years
would take about 30 years
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Així doncs, al 1985, vaig suposar
que trigaríem uns 30 anys
que trigaríem uns 30 anys
04:21
before we'd be able to even begin
a strategic litigation,
a strategic litigation,
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abans que poguéssim començar
un litigi estratègic,
un litigi estratègic,
04:24
long-term campaign, in order to be able
to punch another hole through that wall.
to punch another hole through that wall.
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una campanya de llarga durada, per a
poder perforar un altre forat en el mur.
poder perforar un altre forat en el mur.
04:30
It turned out that I was pessimistic,
that it only took 28.
that it only took 28.
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Va resultar que jo era pessimista,
només vam trigar 28 anys.
només vam trigar 28 anys.
04:38
So what we had to do in order
to begin was not only
to begin was not only
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Per a començar,
no només vam haver de
no només vam haver de
04:45
to write law review articles
and teach classes, write books,
and teach classes, write books,
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redactar articles de revisió de la llei,
donar classes i escriure llibres,
donar classes i escriure llibres,
04:49
but we had to then begin
to get down to the nuts and bolts
to get down to the nuts and bolts
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sinó que vam haver d'anar al gra,
i utilitzar mesures concretes
i utilitzar mesures concretes
04:52
of how you litigate that kind of case.
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per tal de litigar
aquest tipus de cas.
aquest tipus de cas.
04:54
So one of the first things we needed to do
was figure out what a cause of action was,
was figure out what a cause of action was,
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Així que el primer que necessitàvem fer
era esbrinar quina seria la causa,
era esbrinar quina seria la causa,
04:58
a legal cause of action.
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la causa legal.
05:00
And a legal cause of action
is a vehicle that lawyers use
is a vehicle that lawyers use
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Una causa legal és el vehicle
que els advocats fan servir
que els advocats fan servir
05:03
to put their arguments in front of courts.
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per a exposar els seus arguments
davant d'un tribunal.
davant d'un tribunal.
05:08
It turns out there's
a very interesting case
a very interesting case
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Resulta que hi ha un cas
molt interessant
molt interessant
05:11
that had occurred almost 250 years ago
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
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que va tenir lloc fa gairebé 250 anys a
Londres anomenat Somerset vs. Stewart,
Londres anomenat Somerset vs. Stewart,
05:16
whereby a black slave
had used the legal system
had used the legal system
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per mitjà del qual un esclau negre
va fer ús del sistema legal
va fer ús del sistema legal
05:19
and had moved from a legal thing
to a legal person.
to a legal person.
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i va passar de cosa legal a persona legal.
05:22
I was so interested in it that I
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
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Em vaig sentir tant interessat en el tema
que vaig escriure un llibre sobre això.
que vaig escriure un llibre sobre això.
05:26
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
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James Somerseter tenia vuit anys
quan el van segrestar a l'Àfrica occidental.
quan el van segrestar a l'Àfrica occidental.
05:31
He survived the Middle Passage,
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Va sobreviure la Travessia de l'Atlàntic
05:34
and he was sold to a Scottish businessman
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
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i va ser venut a Virgínia a un empresari escocès
anomenat Charles Stewart.
anomenat Charles Stewart.
05:39
Now, 20 years later, Stewart
brought James Somerset to London,
brought James Somerset to London,
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Vint anys després, Stewart va portar
en James Somerset a Londres,
en James Somerset a Londres,
05:44
and after he got there, James decided
he was going to escape.
he was going to escape.
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i un cop allà, en James va decidir fugir.
05:47
And so one of the first things he did
was to get himself baptized,
was to get himself baptized,
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Una de les primeres coses
que va fer va ser batejar-se,
que va fer va ser batejar-se,
05:51
because he wanted to get
a set of godparents,
a set of godparents,
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perquè volia tenir padrins,
05:53
because to an 18th-century slave,
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perquè tots els esclaus del segle XVIII,
05:55
they knew that one of the major
responsibilities of godfathers
responsibilities of godfathers
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sabien que una de les
grans responsabilitats dels padrins
grans responsabilitats dels padrins
05:58
was to help you escape.
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era ajudar-te a escapar.
06:00
And so in the fall of 1771,
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Per consegüent, a la tardor de 1771,
06:04
James Somerset had a confrontation
with Charles Stewart.
with Charles Stewart.
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James Somerset es va enfrontar
a en Charles Stewart.
a en Charles Stewart.
06:07
We don't know exactly what happened,
but then James dropped out of sight.
but then James dropped out of sight.
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No sabem exactament què va passar,
però després en James va desaparèixer.
però després en James va desaparèixer.
06:12
An enraged Charles Stewart
then hired slave catchers
then hired slave catchers
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Un emprenyat Charles Stewart va
llogar un caçador d'esclaus
llogar un caçador d'esclaus
06:15
to canvass the city of London,
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per a què sondegés
la ciutat de Londres,
la ciutat de Londres,
06:17
find him, bring him
not back to Charles Stewart,
not back to Charles Stewart,
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el trobés, i el portés
no a en Charles Steward,
no a en Charles Steward,
06:20
but to a ship, the Ann and Mary,
that was floating in London Harbour,
that was floating in London Harbour,
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sinó a un vaixell, l´ "Ann and Mary", que
estava amarrat al port de Londres.
estava amarrat al port de Londres.
06:26
and he was chained to the deck,
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Després d'encadenar-lo a coberta,
06:27
and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
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el vaixell havia de salpar
rumb a Jamaica
rumb a Jamaica
06:29
where James was to be sold
in the slave markets
in the slave markets
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on havien de vendre en James
en un dels mercats d'esclaus,
en un dels mercats d'esclaus,
06:32
and be doomed to the three to five
years of life that a slave had
years of life that a slave had
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i l'havien de condemnar a un període
de tres a cinc anys de vida d'esclau
de tres a cinc anys de vida d'esclau
06:36
harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
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collint canya de sucre a Jamaica.
06:39
Well now James' godparents
swung into action.
swung into action.
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Llavors va ser quan els padrins de'n
James van posar fil a l'agulla.
James van posar fil a l'agulla.
06:42
They approached the most powerful judge,
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Es van acostar al jutge més poderós,
06:44
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge
of the court of King's Bench,
of the court of King's Bench,
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Lord Mansfield que era magistrat
de la cort dels tribunals del rei,
de la cort dels tribunals del rei,
06:48
and they demanded that he issue
a common law writ of habeus corpus
a common law writ of habeus corpus
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i li van demanar que emetés una
ordre de dret comú d' habeas corpus
ordre de dret comú d' habeas corpus
06:52
on behalf of James Somerset.
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a nom de James Somerset.
06:53
Now, the common law is the kind of law
that English-speaking judges can make
that English-speaking judges can make
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El dret comú permet als
jutges anglosaxons crear lleis
jutges anglosaxons crear lleis
06:57
when they're not cabined in
by statutes or constitutions,
by statutes or constitutions,
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quan no es troben
dins d'estatuts o constitucions,
dins d'estatuts o constitucions,
07:02
and a writ of habeus corpus
is called the Great Writ,
is called the Great Writ,
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i una ordre d'habeas corpus
s'anomena Gran Mandat,
s'anomena Gran Mandat,
07:04
capital G, capital W,
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amb G majúscula, i M majúscula,
07:06
and it's meant to protect any of us
who are detained against our will.
who are detained against our will.
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i té l'objectiu de protegir-nos si ens
han detingut contra la nostra voluntat.
han detingut contra la nostra voluntat.
07:11
A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
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Així doncs, s'emet
un recurs d'habeas corpus.
un recurs d'habeas corpus.
07:13
The detainer is required
to bring the detainee in
to bring the detainee in
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Cal presentar l'ordre de detenció
07:15
and give a legally sufficient reason
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
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i s'ha de donar una raó legalment convincent
per a privar al detingut de llibertat.
per a privar al detingut de llibertat.
07:21
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make
a decision right off the bat,
a decision right off the bat,
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Així que Lord Mansfield havia de prendre
una decisió immediata,
una decisió immediata,
07:26
because if James Somerset
was a legal thing,
was a legal thing,
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perquè si James Somerset
era una cosa legal,
era una cosa legal,
07:29
he was not eligible
for a writ of habeus corpus,
for a writ of habeus corpus,
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no era apte per a un
mandat d'habeas corpus,
mandat d'habeas corpus,
07:32
only if he could be a legal person.
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a no ser que fos una persona legal.
07:34
So Lord Mansfield decided
that he would assume,
that he would assume,
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Lord Mansfield va determinar
que suposaria,
que suposaria,
07:37
without deciding, that James Somerset
was indeed a legal person,
was indeed a legal person,
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sense decidir-ho del tot, que James
Somerset era, una persona legal,
Somerset era, una persona legal,
07:41
and he issued the writ of habeus corpus,
and James's body was brought in
and James's body was brought in
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va publicar el mandat d'habeas corpus,
i el capità del vaixell
i el capità del vaixell
07:44
by the captain of the ship.
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va portar-li en James.
07:46
There were a series of hearings
over the next six months.
over the next six months.
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Durant els sis mesos següents,
es van realitzar un seguit d'audiències.
es van realitzar un seguit d'audiències.
07:49
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield
said that slavery was so odious,
said that slavery was so odious,
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El 22 de juny de 1772, Lord Mansfield
va proclamar que l'esclavitud era odiosa,
va proclamar que l'esclavitud era odiosa,
07:55
and he used the word "odious,"
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i va emprar la paraula "odiosa,"
07:56
that the common law would not support it,
and he ordered James free.
and he ordered James free.
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va dir que la llei comuna no la recolzaria,
i va ordenar que James fos lliure.
i va ordenar que James fos lliure.
08:00
At that moment, James Somerset
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
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En aquell moment, James Somerset
va patir una metamorfosi legal.
va patir una metamorfosi legal.
08:04
The free man who walked
out of the courtroom
out of the courtroom
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L'home lliure que sortia de la sala
08:06
looked exactly like the slave
who had walked in,
who had walked in,
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era el mateix que l'esclau
que hi havia entrat,
que hi havia entrat,
08:09
but as far as the law was concerned,
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
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però legalment,
no tenien res en comú.
no tenien res en comú.
08:14
The next thing we did is that
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
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El següent pas va ser que el
Projecte dels Drets No Humans,
Projecte dels Drets No Humans,
08:17
which I founded, then began to look at
what kind of values and principles
what kind of values and principles
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que jo vaig fundar, considerés
quins eren els valors i principis
quins eren els valors i principis
08:21
do we want to put before the judges?
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que volíem exposar
davant els jutges.
davant els jutges.
08:24
What values and principles
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
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Quins valors i principis
havien après de petits,
havien après de petits,
08:28
were they taught in law school,
do they use every day,
do they use every day,
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els que havien après a la facultat de dret,
els que aplicaven cada dia,
els que aplicaven cada dia,
08:31
do they believe with all their hearts --
and we chose liberty and equality.
and we chose liberty and equality.
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els que creien amb sinceritat.
I vam escollir llibertat i igualtat.
I vam escollir llibertat i igualtat.
08:34
Now, liberty right is the kind of right
to which you're entitled
to which you're entitled
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La llibertat és un tipus de dret
que rebem
que rebem
08:37
because of how you're put together,
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segons la manera
en què ens agrupem ,
en què ens agrupem ,
08:40
and a fundamental liberty right
protects a fundamental interest.
protects a fundamental interest.
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i un dret fonamental de llibertat
protegeix un interès fonamental.
protegeix un interès fonamental.
08:45
And the supreme interest in the common law
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I l'interès suprem a la llei comuna
08:48
are the rights to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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són els drets d'autonomia
i autodeterminació.
i autodeterminació.
08:54
So they are so powerful that
in a common law country,
in a common law country,
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Aquests drets són tan poderosos
que en un país de dret comú,
que en un país de dret comú,
08:57
if you go to a hospital and you refuse
life-saving medical treatment,
life-saving medical treatment,
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si aneu a un hospital i rebutgeu un
tractament mèdic que us salva la vida,
tractament mèdic que us salva la vida,
09:02
a judge will not order it forced upon you,
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un jutge no us obligarà a rebre'l,
09:04
because they will respect
your self-determination and your autonomy.
your self-determination and your autonomy.
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perquè respectarà la vostra
autodeterminació i la vostra autonomia.
autodeterminació i la vostra autonomia.
09:09
Now, an equality right is the kind
of right to which you're entitled
of right to which you're entitled
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Actualment, el dret d'igualtat és un dret
del qual podem gaudir
del qual podem gaudir
09:12
because you resemble someone else
in a relevant way,
in a relevant way,
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ja que ens assemblem als altres
d'una manera rellevant,
d'una manera rellevant,
09:15
and there's the rub, relevant way.
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1991
i vet aquí el problema, manera rellevant.
09:17
So if you are that, then because
they have the right, you're like them,
they have the right, you're like them,
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3738
Així que, si tu ets d'una manera, com
que tens aquest dret, pot ser com l'altre
que tens aquest dret, pot ser com l'altre
09:21
you're entitled to the right.
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2345
tens dret a la igualtat.
09:23
Now, courts and legislatures
draw lines all the time.
draw lines all the time.
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2622
Però les corts i el poder legislatiu
sempre posen límits.
sempre posen límits.
09:26
Some are included, some are excluded.
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N'hi ha que queden inclosos
i n'hi ha que queden exclosos.
i n'hi ha que queden exclosos.
09:29
But you have to,
at the bare minimum you must --
at the bare minimum you must --
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Però, com a mínim, al menys--
09:35
that line has to be a reasonable means
to a legitimate end.
to a legitimate end.
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aquest límit ha de ser un mitjà raonable
cap a un fi legítim.
cap a un fi legítim.
09:39
The Nonhuman Rights Project
argues that drawing a line
argues that drawing a line
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El Projecte de Drets No Humans
sosté que establir límits
sosté que establir límits
09:42
in order to enslave an autonomous
and self-determining being
and self-determining being
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3307
per a esclavitzar un ésser autònom
i amb autodeterminació
i amb autodeterminació
09:45
like you're seeing behind me,
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1788
com els que veieu darrere meu,
09:47
that that's a violation of equality.
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és una violació de la igualtat.
09:51
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
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Llavors vam buscar entre 80 jurisdiccions,
09:53
it took us seven years,
to find the jurisdiction
to find the jurisdiction
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2245
ens va portar set anys
trobar la jurisdicció
trobar la jurisdicció
09:56
where we wanted to begin
filing our first suit.
filing our first suit.
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2206
on volíem començar a presentar
la primera denúncia.
la primera denúncia.
09:58
We chose the state of New York.
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1499
Vam escollir l'estat de Nova York.
09:59
Then we decided upon
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
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2622
Llavors vam decidir qui serien
els nostres demandants.
els nostres demandants.
10:02
We decided upon chimpanzees,
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1866
Ens vam decidir pels ximpanzés,
10:04
not just because Jane Goodall
was on our board of directors,
was on our board of directors,
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2851
no només perquè Jane Goodall
era a la junta directiva,
era a la junta directiva,
10:07
but because they, Jane and others,
181
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3753
sinó perquè ells, la Jane i d'altres,
10:10
have studied chimpanzees
intensively for decades.
intensively for decades.
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2720
havien estudiat els ximpanzés
intensament durant dècades.
intensament durant dècades.
10:13
We know the extraordinary
cognitive capabilities that they have,
cognitive capabilities that they have,
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Coneixiem les capacitats cognitives
extraordinàries que tenen,
extraordinàries que tenen,
10:17
and they also resemble the kind
that human beings have.
that human beings have.
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3134
i són similars a les dels éssers humans.
10:20
And so we chose chimpanzees,
and we began to then canvass the world
and we began to then canvass the world
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5132
Per tant, vam escollir els ximpanzés,
i vam començar a investigar
i vam començar a investigar
10:25
to find the experts
in chimpanzee cognition.
in chimpanzee cognition.
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2832
per a trobar experts en cognició
dels ximpanzés.
dels ximpanzés.
10:28
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,
Scotland, England and the United States,
Scotland, England and the United States,
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4505
En vam trobar a Japó, a Suècia,
a Alemanya, a Escòcia, a Anglaterra i als EUA,
a Alemanya, a Escòcia, a Anglaterra i als EUA,
10:32
and amongst them, they wrote
100 pages of affidavits
100 pages of affidavits
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i entre tots van escriure 100
pàgines d'afidàvits
pàgines d'afidàvits
10:35
in which they set out more than 40 ways
189
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2796
on van presentar més de 40 maneres
10:38
in which their complex
cognitive capability,
cognitive capability,
190
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2800
en les quals les capacitats
cognitives complexes dels ximpanzés,
cognitives complexes dels ximpanzés,
10:41
either individually or together,
191
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2020
tant individualment
com conjuntament,
com conjuntament,
10:43
all added up to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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3119
totes conduïen a l'autonomia i
a l'autodeterminació.
a l'autodeterminació.
10:47
Now, these included, for example,
that they were conscious.
that they were conscious.
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3507
Incloïen, per exemple,
que són animals conscients.
que són animals conscients.
10:50
But they're also conscious
that they're conscious.
that they're conscious.
194
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2347
Però també que eren conscients
que són conscients.
que són conscients.
10:53
They know they have a mind.
They know that others have minds.
They know that others have minds.
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2856
Ells saben que tenen ment. Saben
que els altres tenen ment.
que els altres tenen ment.
10:56
They know they're individuals,
and that they can live.
and that they can live.
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644139
2543
Saben que són individus,
i que poden viure.
i que poden viure.
10:58
They understand that they lived yesterday
and they will live tomorrow.
and they will live tomorrow.
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3293
Entenen que van viure ahir
i que viuran demà.
i que viuran demà.
11:01
They engage in mental time travel.
They remember what happened yesterday.
They remember what happened yesterday.
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3444
Participen en el viatge mental en el
temps. Recorden què va passar ahir.
temps. Recorden què va passar ahir.
11:05
They can anticipate tomorrow,
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1451
Es poden anticipar al demà,
11:06
which is why it's so terrible to imprison
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
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4717
la qual cosa fa que sigui terrible
empresonar un ximpanzé, sobretot sol.
empresonar un ximpanzé, sobretot sol.
11:11
It's the thing that we do
to our worst criminals,
to our worst criminals,
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És el que fem als pitjors criminals,
11:14
and we do that to chimpanzees
without even thinking about it.
without even thinking about it.
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4771
i ho fem als ximpanzés sense
ni tan sols pensar-hi.
ni tan sols pensar-hi.
11:19
They have some kind of moral capacity.
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2711
Tenen un tipus de capacitat moral.
11:22
When they play economic games
with human beings,
with human beings,
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2926
Quan juguen a jocs econòmics
amb els éssers humans,
amb els éssers humans,
11:25
they'll spontaneously make fair offers,
even when they're not required to do so.
even when they're not required to do so.
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espontàniament fan ofertes justes,
inclús quan no se'ls demana.
inclús quan no se'ls demana.
11:29
They are numerate.
They understand numbers.
They understand numbers.
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2033
Són hàbils amb l'aritmètica.
Entenen els números.
Entenen els números.
11:31
They can do some simple math.
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1380
Fan matemàtiques senzilles.
11:32
They can engage in language --
or to stay out of the language wars,
or to stay out of the language wars,
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4064
Poden participar en el llenguatge--
o evitar la guerra de llenguatges,
o evitar la guerra de llenguatges,
11:36
they're involved in intentional
and referential communication
and referential communication
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3365
participen en una comunicació
referencial i intencional
referencial i intencional
11:40
in which they pay attention
to the attitudes of those
to the attitudes of those
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2487
i paren atenció a les
actituds d'aquells
actituds d'aquells
11:42
with whom they are speaking.
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1531
amb qui parlen.
11:44
They have culture.
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1458
Tenen cultura.
11:45
They have a material culture,
a social culture.
a social culture.
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2601
Tenen una cultura material,
una cultura social.
una cultura social.
11:48
They have a symbolic culture.
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2415
Posseeixen una cultura simbòlica.
11:50
Scientists in the Taï Forests
in the Ivory Coast
in the Ivory Coast
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3901
Uns científics als Boscos de Taï,
a la Costa d'Ivori,
a la Costa d'Ivori,
11:54
found chimpanzees who were using
these rocks to smash open
these rocks to smash open
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3529
es van trobar uns ximpanzés que feien servir
aquestes roques per trencar
aquestes roques per trencar
11:58
the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
217
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2786
les closques increïblement dures
de les nous.
de les nous.
12:01
It takes a long time
to learn how to do that,
to learn how to do that,
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2299
Es necessita molt de temps
per a aprendre a fer això,
per a aprendre a fer això,
12:03
and they excavated the area
and they found
and they found
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2113
i van excavar l'àrea i van trobar
12:05
that this material culture,
this way of doing it,
this way of doing it,
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2833
que aquesta cultura material,
aquesta manera de fer-ho,
aquesta manera de fer-ho,
12:08
these rocks, had passed down
for at least 4,300 years
for at least 4,300 years
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3343
aquestes roques, s'havien transmès
durant al menys 4.300 anys,
durant al menys 4.300 anys,
12:11
through 225 chimpanzee generations.
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4992
a través de 225 generacions de ximpanzés.
12:16
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
223
724712
2392
Ens quedava trobar
el nostre ximpanzé.
el nostre ximpanzé.
12:19
Our chimpanzee,
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3180
El nostre ximpanzé,
12:22
first we found two of them
in the state of New York.
in the state of New York.
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2903
primer vam trobar-ne dos
a l'estat de Nova York.
a l'estat de Nova York.
12:25
Both of them would die before
we could even get our suits filed.
we could even get our suits filed.
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3204
Tots dos van morir abans que
poguéssim presentar la denúncia.
poguéssim presentar la denúncia.
12:28
Then we found Tommy.
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736391
1881
Aleshores vam trobar en Tommy.
12:30
Tommy is a chimpanzee.
You see him behind me.
You see him behind me.
228
738272
3112
En Tommy és un ximpanzé.
El veieu darrere meu.
El veieu darrere meu.
12:33
Tommy was a chimpanzee.
We found him in that cage.
We found him in that cage.
229
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2507
En Tommy era un ximpanzé. El vam trobar
en una gàbia.
en una gàbia.
12:35
We found him in a small room
that was filled with cages
that was filled with cages
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3460
Era en una habitació petita
plena de gàbies
plena de gàbies
12:39
in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York.
trailer lot in central New York.
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747351
5186
dins un magatzem en una parcel·la
de tràilers de segona mà a Nova York.
de tràilers de segona mà a Nova York.
12:44
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
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2174
Vam trobar en Kiko, és parcialment sord.
12:46
Kiko was in the back of a cement
storefront in western Massachusetts.
storefront in western Massachusetts.
233
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5642
En Kiko era a la part del darrere d'una
façana de ciment a Massachusetts.
façana de ciment a Massachusetts.
12:52
And we found Hercules and Leo.
234
760353
1897
I vam trobar n'Hèrcules i en Leo.
12:54
They're two young male chimpanzees
235
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1703
Són dos ximpanzés joves mascles
12:55
who are being used for biomedical,
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
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3413
que s'utilitzen per a la investigació
anatòmica i biomèdica a Stony Brook.
anatòmica i biomèdica a Stony Brook.
12:59
We found them.
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1305
Els vam trobar.
13:00
And so on the last week of December 2013,
238
768671
2712
I així la darrera setmana de desembre
del 2013,
del 2013,
13:03
the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three
suits all across the state of New York
suits all across the state of New York
239
771383
3940
el Projecte dels Drets No Humans va
presentar tres demandes a Nova York
presentar tres demandes a Nova York
13:07
using the same common law
writ of habeus corpus argument
writ of habeus corpus argument
240
775323
3478
fent servir el mateix mandat de dret
comú d'al·legació d'habeas corpus
comú d'al·legació d'habeas corpus
13:10
that had been used with James Somerset,
241
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2728
que es va utilitzar amb en James Somerset,
13:13
and we demanded that the judges issue
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
242
781529
5087
i vam exigir que els jutges emetessin
aquests mandats d'habeas corpus.
aquests mandats d'habeas corpus.
13:18
We wanted the chimpanzees out,
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2111
Volíem els ximpanzés fora,
13:20
and we wanted them brought
to Save the Chimps,
to Save the Chimps,
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2786
i volíem que fossin traslladats a
Save the Chimps,
Save the Chimps,
13:23
a tremendous chimpanzee
sanctuary in South Florida
sanctuary in South Florida
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791513
3948
un santuari de ximpanzés enorme
al sud de Florida
al sud de Florida
13:27
which involves an artificial lake
with 12 or 13 islands --
with 12 or 13 islands --
246
795461
5087
que inclou un llac artificial
amb 12 o 13 illes--
amb 12 o 13 illes--
13:32
there are two or three acres
where two dozen chimpanzees live
where two dozen chimpanzees live
247
800548
2863
és un terreny d'aproximadament
una hectàrea
una hectàrea
13:35
on each of them.
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1160
on viuen 24 ximpanzés repartits.
13:36
And these chimpanzees would then live
the life of a chimpanzee,
the life of a chimpanzee,
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I ara aquests ximpanzés
podran viure com a ximpanzés,
podran viure com a ximpanzés,
13:39
with other chimpanzees in an environment
that was as close to Africa as possible.
that was as close to Africa as possible.
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amb altres ximpanzés en un entorn
el més proper possible a l'Àfrica.
el més proper possible a l'Àfrica.
13:43
Now, all these cases are still going on.
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Avui dia, tots aquests casos
encara continuen.
encara continuen.
13:48
We have not yet run into
our Lord Mansfield.
our Lord Mansfield.
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Encara no ens em ensopegat amb
el nostre Lord Mansfield.
el nostre Lord Mansfield.
13:52
We shall. We shall.
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Peró ho aconseguirem.
13:54
This is a long-term strategic
litigation campaign. We shall.
litigation campaign. We shall.
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Aquesta és una llarga campanya de
litigació estratègica. Ho aconseguirem.
litigació estratègica. Ho aconseguirem.
13:58
And to quote Winston Churchill,
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I cito a Winston Churchill:
14:00
the way we view our cases
is that they're not the end,
is that they're not the end,
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"veiem els nostres casos,
no com el final,
no com el final,
14:04
they're not even the beginning of the end,
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ni tant sols
com el principi del final,
com el principi del final,
14:06
but they are perhaps
the end of the beginning.
the end of the beginning.
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sinó que són, potser,
el final del principi.
el final del principi.
14:10
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
14:12
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyerBy challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights.
Why you should listen
Using a long-term litigation campaign based on existing habeas corpus law, Steven Wise and the Nonhuman Rights Project are redefining the playing field for animal rights law. While the high-profile New York lawsuits Wise has initiated on behalf of captive chimpanzees have yet to bear fruit, they’re only the first stage of a strategy that is changing the conversation about animal rights.
Wise’s work with the Nonhuman Rights Project is the subject of Unlocking the Cage, a forthcoming film by Chris Hegedus and D.A. Pennebaker.
Steven Wise | Speaker | TED.com