Steven Wise: Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
Steven Wise: Simpanse punya perasaan dan pikiran. Mereka seharusnya juga punya hak
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
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or the cars you own.
atau mobil yang Anda miliki.
Anda lihat di belakang saya,
terhadap benda hukum.
to my book or my car.
pada buku saya atau mobil saya.
named James Mollison
seseorang bernama James Mollison
(James & Kera Lainnya)
"James & Other Apes."
how every single one them,
bagaimana setiap dari mereka,
adalah yatim piatu
die before his eyes.
mati di depan matanya.
a great legal wall
tembok hukum yang besar
from legal persons.
dari orang-orang hukum.
are invisible to judges.
tidak terpandang oleh para hakim.
the capacity for legal rights.
untuk hak-hak sah.
are the legal persons.
ada orang-orang hukum.
sangat terpandang oleh para hakim.
hak-hak yang tidak terbatas.
for an infinite number of rights.
are legal things.
adalah benda hukum.
dan menjadi orang hukum
synonymous with a legal person.
belum pernah sama dengan orang hukum.
are not synonymous.
tidaklah sama.
over the centuries
selama berabad-abad
were sometimes legal things.
merupakan benda hukum.
struggle over the last centuries
hak-hak sipil selama abad terakhir
through that wall and begin to feed
dan mulai mengumpani
and have them become legal persons.
dan membuat mereka menjadi orang hukum.
lubang tersebut telah tertutup.
ada orang-orang hukum,
limited to human beings.
hanya terbatas pada manusia.
legal persons who are not even alive.
yang bahkan tidak hidup.
that corporations are legal persons.
perusahaan adalah orang-orang hukum.
patung dewa Hindu adalah orang hukum,
was a legal person,
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
adalah orang hukum,
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
penduduk asli Selandia Baru
that a river was a legal person
suatu sungai adalah orang hukum
buku Peter Singer tahun 1980,
of lush, brown hair,
lebat, dan penuh,
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
ingin menyuarakan yang tidak bersuara,
and defenseless the trillions,
yang tak bersuara dan tak berdaya,
as an animal protection lawyer.
pengacara perlindungan hewan.
to accomplish something
saya tengah mencoba untuk mencapai sesuatu
I was trying to defend,
saya perjuangkan,
jadi saya memutuskan
was they had, at least some of them,
mereka, setidaknya beberapa dari mereka,
that we could open up again in that wall
yang bisa kita buka lagi pada tembok tadi
nonhuman animals through that hole
manusia yang layak melalui lubang itu
of being legal persons.
orang-orang hukum.
very little known about or spoken about
yang diketahui atau dibicarakan mengenai
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
atau hak sah bagi hewan bukan manusia,
to take a long time.
would take about 30 years
akan butuh sekitar 30 tahun
a strategic litigation,
proses pengadilan yang strategis,
to punch another hole through that wall.
menghantam lubang lain pada tembok itu.
that it only took 28.
hanya butuh 28 tahun.
to begin was not only
untuk memulai tidak hanya
and teach classes, write books,
dan mengajar, menulis buku,
menelaah fakta-fakta mendasar
to get down to the nuts and bolts
was figure out what a cause of action was,
dilakukan adalah mencari tahu penyebanya
is a vehicle that lawyers use
sarana yang digunakan pengacara
a very interesting case
yang sangat menarik
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
di London yaitu Somerset versus Stewart,
had used the legal system
telah menggunakan sistem hukum yang sah
to a legal person.
menjadi orang hukum.
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
menulis satu buku penuh mengenai itu.
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
sewaktu dia diculik dari Afrika Barat.
(pengiriman budak ke Dunia Baru)
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
bernama Charles Stewart di Virginia.
brought James Somerset to London,
James Somerset ke London,
he was going to escape.
James memutuskan untuk melarikan diri.
was to get himself baptized,
adalah membaptis dirinya,
a set of godparents,
orangtua baptis,
responsibilities of godfathers
tanggung jawab besar seorang bapa baptis
with Charles Stewart.
dengan Charles Stewart.
but then James dropped out of sight.
tapi lalu James hilang dari pandangan.
then hired slave catchers
menyewa penangkap budak
bukan kembali ke Charles Stewart,
not back to Charles Stewart,
that was floating in London Harbour,
yang berlabuh di Pelabuhan London,
in the slave markets
years of life that a slave had
kehidupan budak tersebut
swung into action.
hakim yang paling berkuasa,
of the court of King's Bench,
hakim kepala dari pengadilan King's Bench,
surat perintah hukum umum habeus corpus
a common law writ of habeus corpus
that English-speaking judges can make
para hakim yang berbahasa Inggris
by statutes or constitutions,
undang-undang atau konstitusi,
is called the Great Writ,
Surat Perintah Hebat,
who are detained against our will.
yang ditahan melawan kemauannya.
to bring the detainee in
membawa si tertahan
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
untuk merampas kebebasan tubuhnya.
a decision right off the bat,
membuat keputusan saat itu juga,
was a legal thing,
adalah benda hukum,
for a writ of habeus corpus,
surat perintah habeus corpus,
that he would assume,
dia akan berasumsi
was indeed a legal person,
memang orang hukum,
and James's body was brought in
habeus corpus, dan James didatangkan
over the next six months.
pada enam bulan berikutnya.
said that slavery was so odious,
bahwa perbudakan sangatlah menjijikkan,
and he ordered James free.
dan dia membebaskan James.
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
mengalami peralihan hukum.
keluar dari persidangan
out of the courtroom
who had walked in,
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
sama sekali tidak ada kesamaan.
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
Proyek Hak-Hak Non-manusia,
what kind of values and principles
pada nilai dan prinsip apa
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
pada mereka sejak kecil,
do they use every day,
yang mereka gunakan sehari-hari
and we chose liberty and equality.
dan kita pilih kebebasan dan kesamarataan.
to which you're entitled
yang memang Anda punya
protects a fundamental interest.
melindungi kepentingan mendasar.
and self-determination.
menentukan nasib sendiri
in a common law country,
di negara yang berlaku hukum umum,
life-saving medical treatment,
yang menyelamatkan hidup Anda,
itu untuk dipaksakan,
your self-determination and your autonomy.
nasib Anda sendiri dan otonomi Anda.
of right to which you're entitled
jenis hak yang memang Anda punya
in a relevant way,
dalam cara yang relevan,
they have the right, you're like them,
punya hak, Anda sama seperti mereka,
draw lines all the time.
selalu membuat batasan.
at the bare minimum you must --
to a legitimate end.
yang masuk akal pada akhir yang sah.
argues that drawing a line
berpendapat bahwa memberi batas
and self-determining being
dan menentukan nasib sendiri
terhadap kesamarataan.
to find the jurisdiction
untuk menemukan yurisdiksi
filing our first suit.
memulai gugatan pertama.
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
siapa yang akan menjadi penggugat.
was on our board of directors,
ada dalam dewan direksi kami,
secara intensif selama beberapa dekade.
intensively for decades.
cognitive capabilities that they have,
yang mereka miliki,
that human beings have.
dengan yang dipunyai manusia.
and we began to then canvass the world
dan kami mulai menyapu dunia
in chimpanzee cognition.
Scotland, England and the United States,
Jerman, Skotlandia, Inggris, dan AS,
100 pages of affidavits
100 halaman keterangan
lebih dari 40 cara yang berbeda
cognitive capability,
kognitif mereka yang rumit,
and self-determination.
dan penentuan nasib sendiri.
that they were conscious.
bahwa merea punya kesadaran.
that they're conscious.
bahwa mereka sadar.
They know that others have minds.
Dan juga yang lainnya.
and that they can live.
dan mereka dapat hidup.
and they will live tomorrow.
dan akan hidup esok hari.
They remember what happened yesterday.
dan ingat apa yang terjadi kemarin.
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
memenjarakan simpanse, terlebih sendirian
to our worst criminals,
kepada kriminal terburuk,
without even thinking about it.
tanpa berpikir apa-apa.
with human beings,
permainan ekonomi dengan manusia,
even when they're not required to do so.
bahkan ketika mereka tidak diharuskan.
They understand numbers.
or to stay out of the language wars,
atau untuk menghindari perang mulut,
and referential communication
komunikasi dengan petunjuk dan maksud
to the attitudes of those
tingkah laku mereka
a social culture.
in the Ivory Coast
these rocks to smash open
bebatuan untuk membuka
to learn how to do that,
and they found
dan mereka menemukan
this way of doing it,
cara melakukannya,
for at least 4,300 years
setidaknya selama 4.300 tahun
menemukan simpanse kami.
di negara bagian New York.
in the state of New York.
we could even get our suits filed.
kami mengajukan gugatan.
You see him behind me.
Anda lihat di belakang saya.
Ditemukan di kandang itu.
We found him in that cage.
that was filled with cages
yang dipenuhi kandang
trailer lot in central New York.
di bekas parkiran karavan pusat New York.
storefront in western Massachusetts.
di barat Massachusetts.
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
anatomi biomedis di Stony Brook.
suits all across the state of New York
tiga gugatan di sepanjang New York
writ of habeus corpus argument
hukum umum habeus corpus
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
surat perintah hukum umum habeus corpus.
ke Save the Chimps (Selamatkan Simpanse),
to Save the Chimps,
sanctuary in South Florida
di Florida Selatan
with 12 or 13 islands --
dengan 12 atau 13 pulau --
where two dozen chimpanzees live
di mana dua lusin simpanse hidup
the life of a chimpanzee,
semirip mungkin dengan Afrika.
that was as close to Africa as possible.
dengan Lord Mansfield kami.
our Lord Mansfield.
jangka panjang. Kami akan bertemu.
litigation campaign. We shall.
is that they're not the end,
bahwa ini bukan akhir,
the end of the beginning.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyerBy challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights.
Why you should listen
Using a long-term litigation campaign based on existing habeas corpus law, Steven Wise and the Nonhuman Rights Project are redefining the playing field for animal rights law. While the high-profile New York lawsuits Wise has initiated on behalf of captive chimpanzees have yet to bear fruit, they’re only the first stage of a strategy that is changing the conversation about animal rights.
Wise’s work with the Nonhuman Rights Project is the subject of Unlocking the Cage, a forthcoming film by Chris Hegedus and D.A. Pennebaker.
Steven Wise | Speaker | TED.com