TED2015
Steven Wise: Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
Steven Wise: Šimpanzy cítia a myslia. Mali by mať aj práva
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Aj šimpanzy sú ľudia. No dobre, nie celkom. Právnik Steven Wise sa však už 30 rokov usiluje o zmenu právneho stavu týchto zvierat z „veci“ na „osobu“. A nejde o žiadne slovíčkarenie. Ako tvrdí vo svojej fascinujúcej prednáške,
uznať neobyčajné duševné schopnosti zvierat, ako sú šimpanzy, a znovu zvážiť ich právny status, je prinajmenšom našou morálnou povinnosťou.
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyer
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
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Pozrite sa, prosím, na túto ceruzku.
00:15
It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
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Je to vec – z právneho hľadiska.
00:18
And so are books you might have
or the cars you own.
or the cars you own.
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Rovnako ako vaše knihy alebo autá.
00:22
They're all legal things.
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Pre zákon sú to veci.
00:24
The great apes that you'll see behind me,
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Ľudoopy, ktoré za mnou vidíte,
00:27
they too are legal things.
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sú v právnom zmysle tiež vecami.
00:31
Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
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S vecou môžem spraviť toto.
00:35
I can do whatever I want
to my book or my car.
to my book or my car.
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So svojou knihou či autom
si môžem robiť, čo sa mi zachce.
si môžem robiť, čo sa mi zachce.
00:38
These great apes, you'll see.
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Tieto ľudoopy fotil James Mollison,
00:41
The photographs are taken by a man
named James Mollison
named James Mollison
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00:45
who wrote a book called
"James & Other Apes."
"James & Other Apes."
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ktorý vydal knihu „James a iné opice“.
00:48
And he tells in his book
how every single one them,
how every single one them,
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V knihe rozpráva o tom,
že takmer všetky tieto opice sú siroty,
že takmer všetky tieto opice sú siroty,
00:51
almost every one of them, is an orphan
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00:53
who saw his mother and father
die before his eyes.
die before his eyes.
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ktoré videli, ako im umreli rodičia.
00:58
They're legal things.
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Pre zákon sú to veci.
00:59
So for centuries, there's been
a great legal wall
a great legal wall
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Veci a osoby už storočia
oddeľuje právny múr.
oddeľuje právny múr.
01:02
that separates legal things
from legal persons.
from legal persons.
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01:05
On one hand, legal things
are invisible to judges.
are invisible to judges.
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Na jednej strane sú veci, právne objekty;
na tie sudcovia nehľadia.
na tie sudcovia nehľadia.
01:09
They don't count in law.
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Nemajú žiaden hlas.
01:11
They don't have any legal rights.
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Nemajú žiadne práva.
01:13
They don't have
the capacity for legal rights.
the capacity for legal rights.
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Nemajú právnu spôsobilosť.
01:15
They are the slaves.
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Sú otrokmi.
01:17
On the other side of that legal wall
are the legal persons.
are the legal persons.
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Na druhej strane právneho múru
sú osoby, právne subjekty.
sú osoby, právne subjekty.
01:20
Legal persons are very visible to judges.
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Na tie sudcovia hľadia.
01:23
They count in law.
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Majú hlas.
01:25
They may have many rights.
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Majú mnohé práva.
01:27
They have the capacity
for an infinite number of rights.
for an infinite number of rights.
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Majú spôsobilosť na
nekonečného množstvo práv.
nekonečného množstvo práv.
01:30
And they're the masters.
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Sú otrokármi.
01:33
Right now, all nonhuman animals
are legal things.
are legal things.
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Dnes sú všetky živočíchy okrem ľudí
v právnom zmysle vecami.
v právnom zmysle vecami.
01:37
All human beings are legal persons.
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Všetci ľudia sú v právnom zmysle osobami.
01:40
But being human and being a legal person
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Byť človekom a byť právnym subjektom
01:43
has never been, and is not today,
synonymous with a legal person.
synonymous with a legal person.
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však vždy znamenalo dve rozdielne veci.
Tak je tomu aj dnes.
Tak je tomu aj dnes.
01:49
Humans and legal persons
are not synonymous.
are not synonymous.
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Pojmy „človek“ a „právny subjekt“
nie sú synonymá.
nie sú synonymá.
01:52
On the one side,
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Na jednej strane malo v minulosti
mnoho ľudí právny štatút veci.
mnoho ľudí právny štatút veci.
01:55
there have been many human beings
over the centuries
over the centuries
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01:59
who have been legal things.
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02:01
Slaves were legal things.
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Otroci mali právny štatút veci.
02:02
Women, children,
were sometimes legal things.
were sometimes legal things.
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Niekedy aj ženy a deti.
02:07
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights
struggle over the last centuries
struggle over the last centuries
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Veľká časť boja za občianske práva
02:11
has been to punch a hole
through that wall and begin to feed
through that wall and begin to feed
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v minulých storočiach spočívala
v prerazení tohto právneho múru
v prerazení tohto právneho múru
02:15
these human things through the wall
and have them become legal persons.
and have them become legal persons.
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a pretiahnutí určitých „ľudských vecí“
na druhú stranu, medzi osoby.
na druhú stranu, medzi osoby.
02:20
But alas, that hole has closed up.
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Ale táto diera v múre sa žiaľ zavrela.
02:24
Now, on the other side are legal persons,
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Na druhej strane, právna definícia osoby
02:26
but they've never only been
limited to human beings.
limited to human beings.
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sa nikdy neobmedzovala na ľudské tvory.
02:30
There are, for example, there are many
legal persons who are not even alive.
legal persons who are not even alive.
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Mnohé právne subjekty ani nie sú živé.
02:34
In the United States,
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V Spojených štátoch, ako všetci vieme,
02:36
we're aware of the fact
that corporations are legal persons.
that corporations are legal persons.
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sú právnymi subjektmi aj rôzne firmy.
02:40
In pre-independence India,
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Pred rokom 1947 získal
v Indii právnu subjektivitu
v Indii právnu subjektivitu
02:42
a court held that a Hindu idol
was a legal person,
was a legal person,
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nielen hinduistický bôžik, ale aj mešita.
02:45
that a mosque was a legal person.
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02:47
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
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V roku 2000 priznal Najvyšší súd Indie
02:49
held that the holy books
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
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právnu subjektivitu svätej knihe sikhov.
02:53
and in 2012, just recently,
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Len nedávno, v roku 2012,
02:55
there was a treaty between
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
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uzavreli pôvodní obyvatelia Nového Zélandu
s britskou kráľovnou dohodu,
s britskou kráľovnou dohodu,
02:59
and the crown, in which it was agreed
that a river was a legal person
that a river was a legal person
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v ktorej sa právna subjektivita priznáva
rieke a tá vlastní svoje koryto.
rieke a tá vlastní svoje koryto.
03:02
who owned its own riverbed.
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03:05
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
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V roku 1980, keď som ešte
mal bujnú hnedú hrivu,
mal bujnú hnedú hrivu,
03:08
when I had a full head
of lush, brown hair,
of lush, brown hair,
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som čítal knihu Petra Singera
03:12
and indeed I was moved by it,
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a tá ma veľmi oslovila.
03:15
because I had become a lawyer because
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
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Právnikom som sa totiž stal preto,
aby som dal hlas nemým
a chránil bezbranných.
a chránil bezbranných.
03:18
defend the defenseless,
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Nikdy predtým som si neuvedomil,
03:19
and I'd never realized how voiceless
and defenseless the trillions,
and defenseless the trillions,
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aké nemé a bezbranné
sú bilióny, miliardy zvierat na svete.
sú bilióny, miliardy zvierat na svete.
03:24
billions of nonhuman animals are.
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03:27
And I began to work
as an animal protection lawyer.
as an animal protection lawyer.
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Začal som sa zasadzovať
za ochranu zvierat.
za ochranu zvierat.
03:30
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying
to accomplish something
to accomplish something
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Okolo roku 1985 som si uvedomil,
že sa snažím o nemožné,
že sa snažím o nemožné,
03:35
that was literally impossible,
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03:37
the reason being that all of my clients,
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pretože všetci moji klienti,
03:40
all the animals whose interests
I was trying to defend,
I was trying to defend,
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teda zvieratá, ktorých záujmy som hájil,
boli v právnom zmysle vecami;
pre súdy boli neviditeľní.
pre súdy boli neviditeľní.
03:43
were legal things; they were invisible.
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03:46
It was not going to work, so I decided
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Nemali sme šancu uspieť.
Rozhodol som sa, že jediná cesta k úspechu
vedie cez tú dieru v múre.
vedie cez tú dieru v múre.
03:48
that the only thing that was going to work
was they had, at least some of them,
was they had, at least some of them,
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03:52
had to also be moved through a hole
that we could open up again in that wall
that we could open up again in that wall
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Musíme ju znovu otvoriť
03:55
and begin feeding the appropriate
nonhuman animals through that hole
nonhuman animals through that hole
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a aspoň niektorých ňou pretiahnuť
na druhú stranu medzi právne subjekty.
na druhú stranu medzi právne subjekty.
03:59
onto the other side
of being legal persons.
of being legal persons.
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04:02
Now, at that time, there was
very little known about or spoken about
very little known about or spoken about
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V tom čase sa veľmi nehovorilo
o skutočných právach zvierat,
o skutočných právach zvierat,
04:08
truly animal rights,
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o tom, že by aj zvieratá
mohli byť osobnosti a mať práva.
mohli byť osobnosti a mať práva.
04:10
about the idea of having legal personhood
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
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04:15
and I knew it was going
to take a long time.
to take a long time.
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Vedel som, že pôjde o dlhodobý proces.
04:18
And so, in 1985, I figured that it
would take about 30 years
would take about 30 years
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V roku 1985 som odhadoval,
že prejde asi 30 rokov,
že prejde asi 30 rokov,
04:21
before we'd be able to even begin
a strategic litigation,
a strategic litigation,
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kým budeme pripravení
začať so súdnymi žalobami
začať so súdnymi žalobami
04:24
long-term campaign, in order to be able
to punch another hole through that wall.
to punch another hole through that wall.
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a spustíme dlhodobú kampaň
s cieľom preraziť ďalšiu dieru v múre.
s cieľom preraziť ďalšiu dieru v múre.
04:30
It turned out that I was pessimistic,
that it only took 28.
that it only took 28.
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Ukázalo sa, že som bol pesimista.
Trvalo to len 28 rokov.
04:38
So what we had to do in order
to begin was not only
to begin was not only
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Na to, aby sme mohli začať,
04:45
to write law review articles
and teach classes, write books,
and teach classes, write books,
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nestačilo spisovať právne pojednania,
vyučovať a písať knihy.
vyučovať a písať knihy.
04:49
but we had to then begin
to get down to the nuts and bolts
to get down to the nuts and bolts
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Museli sme prísť na to,
ako vôbec viesť takýto súdny spor.
ako vôbec viesť takýto súdny spor.
04:52
of how you litigate that kind of case.
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04:54
So one of the first things we needed to do
was figure out what a cause of action was,
was figure out what a cause of action was,
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Najprv sme si museli ujasniť dôvod žaloby.
04:58
a legal cause of action.
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05:00
And a legal cause of action
is a vehicle that lawyers use
is a vehicle that lawyers use
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Ide o nástroj, na základe ktorého advokáti
prednášajú pred súdom svoje argumenty.
prednášajú pred súdom svoje argumenty.
05:03
to put their arguments in front of courts.
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05:08
It turns out there's
a very interesting case
a very interesting case
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Ukázalo sa, že pred takmer 250 rokmi
05:11
that had occurred almost 250 years ago
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
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sa v Londýne odohral veľmi zaujímavý spor
známy ako Somerset verzus Stewart.
05:16
whereby a black slave
had used the legal system
had used the legal system
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Čiernemu otrokovi sa podarilo
zmeniť svoj právny štatút z veci na osobu.
05:19
and had moved from a legal thing
to a legal person.
to a legal person.
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05:22
I was so interested in it that I
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
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To ma tak zaujalo, že som
o tom nakoniec napísal celú knihu.
o tom nakoniec napísal celú knihu.
05:26
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
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James Somerset mal 8 rokov,
keď ho v Západnej Afrike uniesli.
keď ho v Západnej Afrike uniesli.
05:31
He survived the Middle Passage,
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Prežil cestu otrokárskou loďou,
05:34
and he was sold to a Scottish businessman
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
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aby ho v americkej Virgínii kúpil
škótsky obchodník Charles Steward.
škótsky obchodník Charles Steward.
05:39
Now, 20 years later, Stewart
brought James Somerset to London,
brought James Somerset to London,
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O 20 rokov neskôr vzal Jamesa do Londýna,
05:44
and after he got there, James decided
he was going to escape.
he was going to escape.
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kde sa James rozhodol, že ujde.
05:47
And so one of the first things he did
was to get himself baptized,
was to get himself baptized,
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Ako prvé sa nechal pokrstiť.
05:51
because he wanted to get
a set of godparents,
a set of godparents,
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Chcel mať krstných rodičov,
05:53
because to an 18th-century slave,
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pretože jednou z hlavných povinností
krstného otca v 18. storočí bolo,
krstného otca v 18. storočí bolo,
05:55
they knew that one of the major
responsibilities of godfathers
responsibilities of godfathers
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aby pomohol krstňaťu – otrokovi utiecť.
05:58
was to help you escape.
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06:00
And so in the fall of 1771,
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Na jeseň roku 1771 sa
James Somerset Stewardovi vzoprel.
James Somerset Stewardovi vzoprel.
06:04
James Somerset had a confrontation
with Charles Stewart.
with Charles Stewart.
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06:07
We don't know exactly what happened,
but then James dropped out of sight.
but then James dropped out of sight.
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Nevieme presne, čo sa stalo.
Isté je len to, že James sa potom vyparil.
Isté je len to, že James sa potom vyparil.
06:12
An enraged Charles Stewart
then hired slave catchers
then hired slave catchers
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Rozzúrený Charles Steward
najal lovcov otrokov,
najal lovcov otrokov,
06:15
to canvass the city of London,
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aby prehľadali celý Londýn.
Keď Jamesa našli, na Stewardov príkaz
ho naložili na loď Ann and Mary,
ho naložili na loď Ann and Mary,
06:17
find him, bring him
not back to Charles Stewart,
not back to Charles Stewart,
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06:20
but to a ship, the Ann and Mary,
that was floating in London Harbour,
that was floating in London Harbour,
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ktorá kotvila v londýnskom prístave,
06:26
and he was chained to the deck,
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a priviazali ho reťazami o palubu.
06:27
and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
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Loď mala čochvíľa vyplávať na Jamajku,
06:29
where James was to be sold
in the slave markets
in the slave markets
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kde Jamesa čakal trh s otrokmi
06:32
and be doomed to the three to five
years of life that a slave had
years of life that a slave had
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a potom 3 až 5 rokov biedneho života,
06:36
harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
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ktoré otrokovi zbierajúcemu
cukrovú trstinu zostávali.
cukrovú trstinu zostávali.
06:39
Well now James' godparents
swung into action.
swung into action.
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Vtedy sa do veci zamiešali
Jamesovi krstní rodičia.
Jamesovi krstní rodičia.
06:42
They approached the most powerful judge,
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Oslovili najvplyvnejšieho sudcu,
06:44
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge
of the court of King's Bench,
of the court of King's Bench,
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Lorda Mansfielda,
ktorý predsedal kráľovskému súdu,
ktorý predsedal kráľovskému súdu,
06:48
and they demanded that he issue
a common law writ of habeus corpus
a common law writ of habeus corpus
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aby v prospech Jamesa Somerseta
vydal súdny príkaz „habeas corpus“.
vydal súdny príkaz „habeas corpus“.
06:52
on behalf of James Somerset.
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V angloamerickom právnom systéme
má veľkú silu tzv. sudcovské právo.
má veľkú silu tzv. sudcovské právo.
06:53
Now, the common law is the kind of law
that English-speaking judges can make
that English-speaking judges can make
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06:57
when they're not cabined in
by statutes or constitutions,
by statutes or constitutions,
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Ak na určitý prípad neexistuje
právna norma, záväzný je precedens.
právna norma, záväzný je precedens.
07:02
and a writ of habeus corpus
is called the Great Writ,
is called the Great Writ,
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Habeas corpus je súdny príkaz
známy tiež ako Great Writ,
známy tiež ako Great Writ,
07:04
capital G, capital W,
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čiže „Veľký príkaz“.
07:06
and it's meant to protect any of us
who are detained against our will.
who are detained against our will.
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Chráni tých, ktorí boli zadržaní
proti vlastnej vôli.
proti vlastnej vôli.
07:11
A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
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Keď sudca tento príkaz vydá,
07:13
The detainer is required
to bring the detainee in
to bring the detainee in
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nariadi tým väzniteľovi priviesť väzneného
07:15
and give a legally sufficient reason
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
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a pred súdom obhájiť dôvod,
prečo mu upiera telesnú slobodu.
prečo mu upiera telesnú slobodu.
07:21
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make
a decision right off the bat,
a decision right off the bat,
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Lord Mansfield konal na vlastnú päsť.
07:26
because if James Somerset
was a legal thing,
was a legal thing,
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Ak bol totiž James Somerset len vecou,
07:29
he was not eligible
for a writ of habeus corpus,
for a writ of habeus corpus,
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nemal na habeas corpus právo.
07:32
only if he could be a legal person.
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Na to musel byť v právnom zmysle osobou.
07:34
So Lord Mansfield decided
that he would assume,
that he would assume,
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Lord Mansfield sa proste rozhodol,
že bude Jamesa považovať za osobu.
07:37
without deciding, that James Somerset
was indeed a legal person,
was indeed a legal person,
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Vydal habeas corpus a kapitán lode
sa musel aj s Jamesom dostaviť pred súd.
sa musel aj s Jamesom dostaviť pred súd.
07:41
and he issued the writ of habeus corpus,
and James's body was brought in
and James's body was brought in
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07:44
by the captain of the ship.
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07:46
There were a series of hearings
over the next six months.
over the next six months.
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Proces sa tiahol vyše 6 mesiacov.
07:49
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield
said that slavery was so odious,
said that slavery was so odious,
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22. júna 1772 Lord Mansfeld prehlásil,
že otroctvo je také ohavné –
že otroctvo je také ohavné –
07:55
and he used the word "odious,"
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použil výraz „ohavné“ –
07:56
that the common law would not support it,
and he ordered James free.
and he ordered James free.
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že ho svojím rozsudkom odmieta podporovať
a Jamesa oslobodil.
08:00
At that moment, James Somerset
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
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V tej chvíli podstúpil James Somerset
právne prevtelenie.
právne prevtelenie.
Slobodný občan,
ktorý vyšiel zo súdnej siene,
ktorý vyšiel zo súdnej siene,
08:04
The free man who walked
out of the courtroom
out of the courtroom
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08:06
looked exactly like the slave
who had walked in,
who had walked in,
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vyzeral presne ako otrok,
ktorý tam predtým vošiel,
ktorý tam predtým vošiel,
08:09
but as far as the law was concerned,
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
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ale čo sa zákonov týka,
nemali vôbec nič spoločné.
nemali vôbec nič spoločné.
Ďalšou úlohou Nonhuman Rights Project
(Združenia za mimoľudské práva)
(Združenia za mimoľudské práva)
08:14
The next thing we did is that
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
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08:17
which I founded, then began to look at
what kind of values and principles
what kind of values and principles
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bolo vyjasniť si,
akými hodnotami a princípmi
chceme našu vec pred súdom zaštítiť.
chceme našu vec pred súdom zaštítiť.
08:21
do we want to put before the judges?
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08:24
What values and principles
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
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Na akých hodnotách
boli títo sudcovia odchovaní,
boli títo sudcovia odchovaní,
aké princípy im vtĺkali
na právnických fakultách,
na právnických fakultách,
08:28
were they taught in law school,
do they use every day,
do they use every day,
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čomu veria celým srdcom?
08:31
do they believe with all their hearts --
and we chose liberty and equality.
and we chose liberty and equality.
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Rozhodli sme sa pre slobodu a rovnosť.
08:34
Now, liberty right is the kind of right
to which you're entitled
to which you're entitled
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Právo na slobodu získava človek
jednoducho tým, že je.
jednoducho tým, že je.
08:37
because of how you're put together,
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Je to jedno zo základných práv
a chráni základný záujem.
a chráni základný záujem.
08:40
and a fundamental liberty right
protects a fundamental interest.
protects a fundamental interest.
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08:45
And the supreme interest in the common law
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Jeden z najvyšších záujmov
v angloamerickom právnom systéme
v angloamerickom právnom systéme
08:48
are the rights to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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je právo na autonómiu a sebaurčenie.
08:54
So they are so powerful that
in a common law country,
in a common law country,
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Tieto princípy sú také silné,
že ak v krajine s angloamerickým právom
odmietnete v nemocnici liečbu,
odmietnete v nemocnici liečbu,
08:57
if you go to a hospital and you refuse
life-saving medical treatment,
life-saving medical treatment,
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nikto vám ju nemôže nanútiť,
ani keby vás to malo stáť život.
ani keby vás to malo stáť život.
09:02
a judge will not order it forced upon you,
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09:04
because they will respect
your self-determination and your autonomy.
your self-determination and your autonomy.
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Prednosť má vaše sebaurčenie a autonómia.
09:09
Now, an equality right is the kind
of right to which you're entitled
of right to which you're entitled
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Právo na rovnosť získavate zase tým
09:12
because you resemble someone else
in a relevant way,
in a relevant way,
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že sa relevantným spôsobom
podobáte na niekoho iného.
podobáte na niekoho iného.
09:15
and there's the rub, relevant way.
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V tom je ten háčik: relevantným spôsobom.
09:17
So if you are that, then because
they have the right, you're like them,
they have the right, you're like them,
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Ak sa niekomu prizná určité právo
a vy ste ako on,
a vy ste ako on,
09:21
you're entitled to the right.
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máte na to právo tiež nárok.
09:23
Now, courts and legislatures
draw lines all the time.
draw lines all the time.
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Súdy a zákonodarcovia
stále vytyčujú nejaké hranice.
stále vytyčujú nejaké hranice.
09:26
Some are included, some are excluded.
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Niektorých zahrnú, niektorých nie.
09:29
But you have to,
at the bare minimum you must --
at the bare minimum you must --
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Tá hranica však musí byť odôvodnená
nejakým legitímnym cieľom.
nejakým legitímnym cieľom.
09:35
that line has to be a reasonable means
to a legitimate end.
to a legitimate end.
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09:39
The Nonhuman Rights Project
argues that drawing a line
argues that drawing a line
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Naše združenie tvrdí,
09:42
in order to enslave an autonomous
and self-determining being
and self-determining being
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že ak je cieľom právnej hranice
zotročenie autonómnych bytostí,
zotročenie autonómnych bytostí,
09:45
like you're seeing behind me,
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ktoré vidíte za mnou,
09:47
that that's a violation of equality.
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ide o porušenie princípu rovnosti.
09:51
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
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Prehľadali sme 80 jurisdikcií
09:53
it took us seven years,
to find the jurisdiction
to find the jurisdiction
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a trvalo nám 7 rokov, kým sme našli súd,
09:56
where we wanted to begin
filing our first suit.
filing our first suit.
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na ktorý podať našu prvú žalobu.
09:58
We chose the state of New York.
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Vybrali sme štát New York.
09:59
Then we decided upon
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
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Potom sme sa rozhodovali,
kto bude žalobcom.
kto bude žalobcom.
10:02
We decided upon chimpanzees,
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Rozhodnutie padlo na šimpanzy,
10:04
not just because Jane Goodall
was on our board of directors,
was on our board of directors,
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nielen preto, že Jane Goodall
sedí v našom predstavenstve,
sedí v našom predstavenstve,
10:07
but because they, Jane and others,
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ale aj preto, že Jane a ďalší
intenzívne skúmali šimpanzy
intenzívne skúmali šimpanzy
10:10
have studied chimpanzees
intensively for decades.
intensively for decades.
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po celé desaťročia.
10:13
We know the extraordinary
cognitive capabilities that they have,
cognitive capabilities that they have,
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Poznáme ich výnimočné duševné schopnosti,
10:17
and they also resemble the kind
that human beings have.
that human beings have.
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podobné našim ľudským.
10:20
And so we chose chimpanzees,
and we began to then canvass the world
and we began to then canvass the world
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Zvolili sme teda šimpanzy
a začali sme po svete hľadať
odborníkov na ich psychológiu.
odborníkov na ich psychológiu.
10:25
to find the experts
in chimpanzee cognition.
in chimpanzee cognition.
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10:28
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,
Scotland, England and the United States,
Scotland, England and the United States,
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Našli sme ich v Japonsku, Švédsku,
Nemecku, Anglicku a USA.
Nemecku, Anglicku a USA.
10:32
and amongst them, they wrote
100 pages of affidavits
100 pages of affidavits
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Napísali dokopy 100 strán
odborných stanovísk,
odborných stanovísk,
10:35
in which they set out more than 40 ways
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v ktorých uviedli
vyše 40 argumentov za to,
vyše 40 argumentov za to,
10:38
in which their complex
cognitive capability,
cognitive capability,
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že komplexné duševné schopnosti šimpanzov,
10:41
either individually or together,
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2020
či už individuálne alebo spoločne,
10:43
all added up to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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svedčia o ich autonómii a sebaurčení.
10:47
Now, these included, for example,
that they were conscious.
that they were conscious.
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Medzi nimi bola napríklad skutočnosť,
že šimpanzy majú vedomie.
že šimpanzy majú vedomie.
10:50
But they're also conscious
that they're conscious.
that they're conscious.
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Sú si toho, že majú vedomie, aj vedomé.
10:53
They know they have a mind.
They know that others have minds.
They know that others have minds.
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Vedia, že majú myseľ.
Vedia, že ju majú aj druhí.
Vedia, že ju majú aj druhí.
10:56
They know they're individuals,
and that they can live.
and that they can live.
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Uvedomujú si svoju individualitu
a aj to, že sú živé.
a aj to, že sú živé.
10:58
They understand that they lived yesterday
and they will live tomorrow.
and they will live tomorrow.
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Vedia, že žili včera a budú žiť aj zajtra.
11:01
They engage in mental time travel.
They remember what happened yesterday.
They remember what happened yesterday.
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Dokážu v duchu cestovať v čase.
Pamätajú si, čo sa stalo včera.
Pamätajú si, čo sa stalo včera.
11:05
They can anticipate tomorrow,
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Očakávajú zajtrajšie udalosti.
11:06
which is why it's so terrible to imprison
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
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Preto je také strašné uväzniť šimpanza,
hlavne osamote.
hlavne osamote.
11:11
It's the thing that we do
to our worst criminals,
to our worst criminals,
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Tak zaobchádzame s najhoršími zločincami.
11:14
and we do that to chimpanzees
without even thinking about it.
without even thinking about it.
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A šimpanzom to spravíme bez mihnutia oka.
11:19
They have some kind of moral capacity.
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Poznajú aj morálku.
11:22
When they play economic games
with human beings,
with human beings,
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Keď s ľuďmi hrajú ekonomické hry,
11:25
they'll spontaneously make fair offers,
even when they're not required to do so.
even when they're not required to do so.
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samé od seba sa chovajú férovo,
a to aj keď nemusia.
a to aj keď nemusia.
11:29
They are numerate.
They understand numbers.
They understand numbers.
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Vedia počítať. Rozumejú číslam.
11:31
They can do some simple math.
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Zvládnu jednoduchú matematiku.
11:32
They can engage in language --
or to stay out of the language wars,
or to stay out of the language wars,
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4064
Majú svoj jazyk...
aby sme sa vyhli sporu o jazyk,
aby sme sa vyhli sporu o jazyk,
11:36
they're involved in intentional
and referential communication
and referential communication
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radšej to nazvime vedomou
zmysluplnou komunikáciou,
zmysluplnou komunikáciou,
11:40
in which they pay attention
to the attitudes of those
to the attitudes of those
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pri ktorej vnímajú názory druhých.
11:42
with whom they are speaking.
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11:44
They have culture.
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1458
Majú kultúru.
11:45
They have a material culture,
a social culture.
a social culture.
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Materiálnu aj sociálnu.
11:48
They have a symbolic culture.
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2415
Dokonca aj symbolickú.
11:50
Scientists in the Taï Forests
in the Ivory Coast
in the Ivory Coast
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Vedci z Taï Forests na Pobreží Slonoviny
11:54
found chimpanzees who were using
these rocks to smash open
these rocks to smash open
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našli šimpanzy používajúce kamene
na otváranie veľmi tvrdých orechov.
11:58
the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
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12:01
It takes a long time
to learn how to do that,
to learn how to do that,
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Naučiť sa to zaberie kus času.
12:03
and they excavated the area
and they found
and they found
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Pri vykopávkach na tom území sa zistilo,
12:05
that this material culture,
this way of doing it,
this way of doing it,
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že táto materiálna kultúra,
toto otváranie orechov kameňmi,
toto otváranie orechov kameňmi,
12:08
these rocks, had passed down
for at least 4,300 years
for at least 4,300 years
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siaha 4300 rokov do minulosti.
12:11
through 225 chimpanzee generations.
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To je 225 generácií šimpanzov.
12:16
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
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Potom sme potrebovali v štáte New York
nájsť nášho šimpanza.
nájsť nášho šimpanza.
12:19
Our chimpanzee,
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Našli sme hneď dvoch.
12:22
first we found two of them
in the state of New York.
in the state of New York.
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12:25
Both of them would die before
we could even get our suits filed.
we could even get our suits filed.
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Obaja však zomreli skôr, než proces začal.
12:28
Then we found Tommy.
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Potom sme našli Tommyho.
12:30
Tommy is a chimpanzee.
You see him behind me.
You see him behind me.
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Tommy je šimpanz, ktorého vidíte za mnou.
12:33
Tommy was a chimpanzee.
We found him in that cage.
We found him in that cage.
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Našli sme ho v klietke,
12:35
We found him in a small room
that was filled with cages
that was filled with cages
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v malej miestnosti plnej klietok
12:39
in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York.
trailer lot in central New York.
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5186
vo veľkom sklade na bývalom parkovisku
prívesov v centrálnom New Yorku.
prívesov v centrálnom New Yorku.
12:44
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
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Našli sme Kika, čiastočne hluchého.
12:46
Kiko was in the back of a cement
storefront in western Massachusetts.
storefront in western Massachusetts.
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Kika držali v presklenej klietke
na západe Massachusets.
na západe Massachusets.
12:52
And we found Hercules and Leo.
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Našli sme Herkula a Lea.
12:54
They're two young male chimpanzees
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Týchto dvoch mladých šimpanzov
12:55
who are being used for biomedical,
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
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používali na biomedicínsky
anatomický výskum v Stony Brook.
anatomický výskum v Stony Brook.
12:59
We found them.
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Vypátrali sme ich.
13:00
And so on the last week of December 2013,
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A v posledný decembrový týždeň roku 2013
13:03
the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three
suits all across the state of New York
suits all across the state of New York
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začalo naše združenie tri súdne spory
na rôznych súdoch štátu New York.
na rôznych súdoch štátu New York.
13:07
using the same common law
writ of habeus corpus argument
writ of habeus corpus argument
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Dovolávali sme sa príkazu habeas corpus,
13:10
that had been used with James Somerset,
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ktorý oslobodil Jamesa Somerseta.
13:13
and we demanded that the judges issue
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
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Žiadali sme sudcov,
aby tento príkaz vydali.
aby tento príkaz vydali.
13:18
We wanted the chimpanzees out,
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Žiadali sme o prepustenie našich šimpanzov
13:20
and we wanted them brought
to Save the Chimps,
to Save the Chimps,
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2786
a o ich umiestnenie v Save the Chimps,
13:23
a tremendous chimpanzee
sanctuary in South Florida
sanctuary in South Florida
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obrovskej záchrannej stanici
na Južnej Floride,
na Južnej Floride,
13:27
which involves an artificial lake
with 12 or 13 islands --
with 12 or 13 islands --
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5087
kde pre šimpanzy vytvorili
umelé jazero s 12 alebo 13 ostrovmi.
umelé jazero s 12 alebo 13 ostrovmi.
13:32
there are two or three acres
where two dozen chimpanzees live
where two dozen chimpanzees live
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Každý ostrov má rozlohu asi hektár
a žijú na ňom dva tucty šimpanzov.
a žijú na ňom dva tucty šimpanzov.
13:35
on each of them.
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1160
13:36
And these chimpanzees would then live
the life of a chimpanzee,
the life of a chimpanzee,
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Tam by naše šimpanzy
mohli žiť život šimpanza
mohli žiť život šimpanza
13:39
with other chimpanzees in an environment
that was as close to Africa as possible.
that was as close to Africa as possible.
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v spoločnosti iných šimpanzov
v prostredí podobnom Afrike.
v prostredí podobnom Afrike.
13:43
Now, all these cases are still going on.
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Žiaden z týchto súdnych sporov
ešte nie je uzavrený.
ešte nie je uzavrený.
13:48
We have not yet run into
our Lord Mansfield.
our Lord Mansfield.
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3082
Ešte sme nenarazili
na nášho Lorda Mansfielda.
na nášho Lorda Mansfielda.
13:52
We shall. We shall.
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1608
Ale on raz príde.
13:54
This is a long-term strategic
litigation campaign. We shall.
litigation campaign. We shall.
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Toto je dlhodobý strategický boj.
On raz príde.
On raz príde.
13:58
And to quote Winston Churchill,
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Spolu s Winstonom Churchillom hovoríme,
14:00
the way we view our cases
is that they're not the end,
is that they're not the end,
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4168
že tieto súdne spory nie sú koncom,
14:04
they're not even the beginning of the end,
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nie sú ani začiatkom konca,
14:06
but they are perhaps
the end of the beginning.
the end of the beginning.
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ale možno sú koncom začiatku.
14:10
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
14:12
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyerBy challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights.
Why you should listen
Using a long-term litigation campaign based on existing habeas corpus law, Steven Wise and the Nonhuman Rights Project are redefining the playing field for animal rights law. While the high-profile New York lawsuits Wise has initiated on behalf of captive chimpanzees have yet to bear fruit, they’re only the first stage of a strategy that is changing the conversation about animal rights.
Wise’s work with the Nonhuman Rights Project is the subject of Unlocking the Cage, a forthcoming film by Chris Hegedus and D.A. Pennebaker.
Steven Wise | Speaker | TED.com