TEDGlobal 2017
Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes
Fredros Okumu: Derfor forsker jeg i verdens farligste dyr - myggen
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
1,191,616 views
Hvad ved vi egentlig om myg? Fredros Okumu lever af at fange og undersøge disse sygdomsbærende insekter i håb om at udslette dem. Hør om det nyeste i myggeforskning og de ukonventionelle metoder, hans gruppe på Ifakara Health Institute i Tanzania har udviklet, målrettet dyr, der beskrives som de farligste i verden.
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I guess because I'm from Tanzania
0
960
1616
Da Tanzania er mit hjemland
00:14
I have a responsibility
to welcome all of you once again.
to welcome all of you once again.
1
2600
2680
bør jeg byde Jer velkommen igen.
00:18
Thank you for coming.
2
6360
1376
Tak, fordi I kom.
00:19
So, first of all, before we start,
3
7760
1656
Før vi begynder -
00:21
how many of you in the audience
4
9440
1496
hvor mange af jer
00:22
have been in the past
a victim of this bug here?
a victim of this bug here?
5
10960
2760
har været ofre for insektet her?
00:28
We apologize on behalf
of all the mosquito catchers.
of all the mosquito catchers.
6
16120
3096
Undskyld på vegne af alle myggefangere.
00:31
(Laughter)
7
19240
1816
(Latter)
00:33
Ladies and gentlemen,
8
21080
1256
Mine damer og herrer,
00:34
imagine getting seven infectious
mosquito bites every day.
mosquito bites every day.
9
22360
3600
forestil jer at blive bidt af
syv inficerede myg om dagen.
syv inficerede myg om dagen.
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.
10
27000
4400
Det er 2.555 inficerede myggebid årligt.
00:44
When I was in college,
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
11
32360
3616
Da jeg gik på universitetet,
flyttede jeg til Kilombero floddalen
flyttede jeg til Kilombero floddalen
00:48
in the southeastern part of Tanzania.
12
36000
2656
i den sydøstlige del af Tanzania.
00:50
This is historically
one of the most malarious zones
one of the most malarious zones
13
38680
3136
Det var historisk et af de mest
malariainficerede områder
malariainficerede områder
00:53
in the world at that time.
14
41840
1696
i verden dengang.
00:55
Life here was difficult.
15
43560
2440
Livet var svært der.
00:58
In its later stages
16
46920
1856
I de sene stadier
01:00
malaria manifested with extreme seizures
locally known as degedege.
locally known as degedege.
17
48800
3800
viser malaria sig som ekstreme anfald,
der lokalt kaldes "degedege".
der lokalt kaldes "degedege".
01:05
It's killed both women and men,
adults and children,
adults and children,
18
53360
2696
Det har dræbt både kvinder og mænd,
voksne og børn,
voksne og børn,
01:08
without mercy.
19
56080
1776
uden nåde.
01:09
My home institution,
Ifakara Health Institute,
Ifakara Health Institute,
20
57880
2296
Min institution, Ifakara Health Institute,
01:12
began in this valley in the 1950s
21
60200
1976
blev grundlagt i denne dal i 1950'erne
01:14
to address priority health needs
for the local communities.
for the local communities.
22
62200
3080
for at afhjælpe presserende
helbredsbehov i lokalsamfundene.
helbredsbehov i lokalsamfundene.
01:17
In fact, the name Ifakara
refers to a place you go to die,
refers to a place you go to die,
23
65960
3520
Faktisk er "Ifakara" navnet på et sted,
hvor man går hen for at dø,
hvor man går hen for at dø,
01:22
which is a reflection
of what life used to be here
of what life used to be here
24
70280
2416
og det afspejler, hvordan
livet plejede at være her
livet plejede at være her
01:24
in the days before
organized public health care.
organized public health care.
25
72720
2600
i dagene før et organiseret
offentligt sundhedsvæsen.
offentligt sundhedsvæsen.
01:28
When I first moved here,
26
76240
1256
Da jeg flyttede hertil
01:29
my primary role was to estimate
27
77520
1496
var min primære rolle at anslå,
01:31
how much malaria transmission
was going on across the villages
was going on across the villages
28
79040
3520
hvor ofte malaria blev
overført mellem landsbyerne,
overført mellem landsbyerne,
01:35
and which mosquitoes
were transmitting the disease.
were transmitting the disease.
29
83160
2760
og hvilke myg, der bar sygdommen.
01:38
So my colleague and myself came
30
86800
2296
Min kollega og jeg rejste
01:41
30 kilometers south
of Ifakara town across the river.
of Ifakara town across the river.
31
89120
3080
30 km syd for Ifakara by, over floden.
01:44
Every evening we went into the villages
with flashlights and siphons.
with flashlights and siphons.
32
92560
4576
Hver aften tog vi ind til landsbyerne
med lommelygter og hæverter.
med lommelygter og hæverter.
01:49
We rolled up our trousers,
33
97160
1560
Vi rullede buksebenene op
01:51
and waited for mosquitoes
that were coming to bite us
that were coming to bite us
34
99520
3176
og ventede på de myg,
der kom for at bide os,
der kom for at bide os,
01:54
so we could collect them
35
102720
1576
så vi kunne indsamle dem
01:56
to check if they were carrying malaria.
36
104320
1858
for at se, om de var malariabærere.
01:58
(Laughter)
37
106202
1014
(Latter)
01:59
My colleague and myself
selected a household,
selected a household,
38
107240
2176
Min kollega og jeg
udvalgte et hus.
udvalgte et hus.
02:01
and we started inside and outside,
swapping positions every half hour.
swapping positions every half hour.
39
109440
3840
Vi var både inde og ude
og byttede position hver halve time
og byttede position hver halve time
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours every night
for 24 consecutive nights.
for 24 consecutive nights.
40
114440
3760
Dét gjorde vi i 12 timer hver nat
24 nætter i træk.
24 nætter i træk.
02:11
We slept for four hours every morning
41
119160
2416
Vi sov fire timer hver morgen,
02:13
and worked the rest of the day,
42
121600
1496
og arbejdede resten af dagen
02:15
sorting mosquitoes, identifying them
and chopping off their heads
and chopping off their heads
43
123120
3016
med at sortere myg, bestemme dem
og kappe hovederne af dem,
og kappe hovederne af dem,
02:18
so they could be analyzed in the lab
44
126160
1736
så laboratoriet kunne analysere dem
02:19
to check if they were
carrying malaria parasites
carrying malaria parasites
45
127920
2255
for tegn på, at de bar malariaparasitter
02:22
in their blood mouthparts.
46
130199
1577
i munddelene.
02:23
This way we were able to not only know
how much malaria was going on here
how much malaria was going on here
47
131800
3976
Herved fandt vi ikke bare ud af,
hvor udbredt malaria var,
hvor udbredt malaria var,
02:27
but also which mosquitoes
were carrying this malaria.
were carrying this malaria.
48
135800
2896
men også hvilke myg, der bar malariaen.
02:30
We were also able to know
49
138720
1256
Vi fandt også ud af,
02:32
whether malaria was mostly
inside houses or outside houses.
inside houses or outside houses.
50
140000
3776
om malariaen mest var
inden for eller uden for husene.
inden for eller uden for husene.
02:35
Today, ladies and gentlemen,
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
51
143800
3160
Mine damer og herrer, jeg lever
stadig af at fange myg.
stadig af at fange myg.
02:39
But I do this mostly to improve
people's lives and well-being.
people's lives and well-being.
52
147720
3640
Jeg gør det mest for at
forbedre folks tilværelse
forbedre folks tilværelse
02:44
This has been called by some people
the most dangerous animal on earth --
the most dangerous animal on earth --
53
152280
4296
Nogen kalder den
verdens farligste dyr
verdens farligste dyr
02:48
which unfortunately is true.
54
156600
2056
hvilket desværre er sandt.
02:50
But what do we really
know about mosquitoes?
know about mosquitoes?
55
158680
2560
Men hvad ved vi egentlig om myg?
02:54
It turns out we actually know very little.
56
162360
2400
Det viser sig at være meget lidt.
02:58
Consider the fact that at the moment
our best practice against malaria
our best practice against malaria
57
166080
4336
Det bedste værn vi vi øjeblikket
har mod malaria
har mod malaria
03:02
are bednets --
insecticide treated bednets.
insecticide treated bednets.
58
170440
2776
er giftbehandlede sengenet.
03:05
We know now that across Africa
59
173240
1576
Vi ved nu, at der i hele Afrika
03:06
you have widespread resistance
to insecticides.
to insecticides.
60
174840
2936
er udbredt resistens mod insektgifte.
03:09
And these are the same insecticides,
61
177800
1736
Disse insektgifte,
03:11
the pyrethroid class,
that are put on these bednets.
that are put on these bednets.
62
179560
2440
af typen "pyrethroider",
bruges på sengenettene.
bruges på sengenettene.
03:14
We know now that these bednets
protect you from bites
protect you from bites
63
182560
3096
Vi ved nu, at sengenettene
beskytter mod bid,
beskytter mod bid,
03:17
but only minimally kill
the mosquitoes that they should.
the mosquitoes that they should.
64
185680
2880
men kun dræber en brøkdel
af de myg, de burde.
af de myg, de burde.
03:21
What it means is that we've got to do more
to be able to get to zero.
to be able to get to zero.
65
189560
3656
Det betyder, at vi skal
gøre mere for at nå nulpunktet
gøre mere for at nå nulpunktet
03:25
And that's part of our duty.
66
193240
1520
Det er vores ansvar.
03:28
At Ifakara Health Institute
67
196920
1336
På Ifakara Health Institute
03:30
we focus very much
on the biology of the mosquito,
on the biology of the mosquito,
68
198280
3176
fokuserer vi på myggens biologi
03:33
and we try to do this
so we can identify new opportunities.
so we can identify new opportunities.
69
201480
3696
for at finde nye muligheder.
03:37
A new approach.
70
205200
1336
Nye tilgange.
03:38
New ways to try and get new options
71
206560
2856
Nye måder at udvikle nye løsninger,
03:41
that we can use together
with things such as bednets
with things such as bednets
72
209440
2496
som f.eks. kan bruges
sammen med sengenettene
sammen med sengenettene
03:43
to be able to get to zero.
73
211960
1296
for at nå til nul.
03:45
And I'm going to share
with you a few examples
with you a few examples
74
213280
2176
Jeg viser et par eksempler på
03:47
of the things that
my colleagues and myself do.
my colleagues and myself do.
75
215480
2200
ting, mine kolleger
og jeg arbejder med.
og jeg arbejder med.
03:50
Take this, for example.
76
218600
1616
For eksempel:
03:52
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.
77
220240
2840
Myg yngler i små vandpytter,
03:56
Not all of them are easy to find --
78
224320
1696
som er svære at finde -
03:58
they can be scattered across villages,
79
226040
2256
de kan være spredt i landsbyerne,
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints.
80
228320
2520
og kan være så små som hovspor.
04:03
They can be behind your house
or far from your house.
or far from your house.
81
231720
2896
De kan være lige bag dit hus,
eller langt derfra.
eller langt derfra.
04:06
And so, if you wanted
to control mosquito larvae,
to control mosquito larvae,
82
234640
2576
Hvis man vil kontrollere
antallet af myggelarver,
antallet af myggelarver,
04:09
it can actually be
quite difficult to get them.
quite difficult to get them.
83
237240
2400
kan det være temmelig svært at finde dem.
04:12
What my colleagues
and I have decided to do
and I have decided to do
84
240520
2240
Det, mine kolleger og jeg vil gøre,
04:15
is to think about what if
we used mosquitoes themselves
we used mosquitoes themselves
85
243600
2616
er et forsøg på at bruge myggene
04:18
to carry the insecticides
from a place of our choice
from a place of our choice
86
246240
3096
til at bære insektgiftene
fra et bestemt sted
fra et bestemt sted
04:21
to their own breeding habitats
87
249360
1896
til deres ynglepladser
04:23
so that whichever eggs
they lay there shall not survive.
they lay there shall not survive.
88
251280
3600
så æggene ikke overlever.
04:28
This is Dickson Lwetoijera.
89
256160
1895
Dette er Dickson Lwetoijera.
04:30
This is my colleague
who runs this show at Ifakara.
who runs this show at Ifakara.
90
258079
2697
Han er min kollega, der
styrer dette tiltag i Ifakara.
styrer dette tiltag i Ifakara.
04:32
And he has demonstrated cleverly
that you can actually get mosquitoes
that you can actually get mosquitoes
91
260800
3256
Han har vist hvordan man
lokker myggene
lokker myggene
04:36
to come to the place
where they normally come to get blood
where they normally come to get blood
92
264080
2736
til det sted de normalt
suger blod
suger blod
04:38
to pick up a dose
of sterilants or insecticide,
of sterilants or insecticide,
93
266840
4056
Her får de en dosis
sterilisation eller gift,
sterilisation eller gift,
04:42
carry this back
to their own breeding habitat
to their own breeding habitat
94
270920
2136
som bæres med
retur til ynglestedet
retur til ynglestedet
04:45
and kill all their progeny.
95
273080
1600
og dræber afkommet.
04:48
And we have demonstrated
that you can do this
that you can do this
96
276000
2136
Vi har vist, at det fungerer
04:50
and crush populations very, very rapidly.
97
278160
2280
og dræber bestande
meget hurtigt.
meget hurtigt.
04:53
This is beautiful.
98
281440
1720
Det er smukt.
04:56
This is our mosquito city.
99
284160
1560
Dette er vores mygge-by.
04:58
It is the largest mosquito farm
100
286560
2696
Det er den største myggefarm
05:01
available in the world
for malaria research.
for malaria research.
101
289280
2280
i verden, til brug for
malariaforskning.
malariaforskning.
05:04
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
102
292720
4336
Her har vi store selvbærende
kolonier af malariamyg
kolonier af malariamyg
05:09
that we rear in these facilities.
103
297080
1616
som vi opretholder.
05:10
Of course, they are disease-free.
104
298720
1816
De er naturligvis ikke smittebærere.
05:12
But what these systems allow us to do
105
300560
1816
De tillader os at
05:14
is to introduce new tools
and test them immediately,
and test them immediately,
106
302400
3656
afprøve nye metoder
og øjeblikkeligt teste dem,
og øjeblikkeligt teste dem,
05:18
very quickly,
107
306080
1216
hurtigt,
05:19
and see if we can crush these populations
or control them in some way.
or control them in some way.
108
307320
3320
og se, om vi kan dræbe
eller kontrollere bestandene.
eller kontrollere bestandene.
05:23
And my colleagues have demonstrated
109
311080
1696
Mine kolleger har påvist,
05:24
that if you just put
two or three positions
two or three positions
110
312800
2176
at hvis vi blot har to-tre steder,
05:27
where mosquitoes can go
pick up these lethal substances,
pick up these lethal substances,
111
315000
2936
hvorfra myggene kan hente
disse giftige væsker,
disse giftige væsker,
05:29
we can crush these colonies
in just three months.
in just three months.
112
317960
2440
så kan vi dræbe kolonierne
på kun tre måneder.
på kun tre måneder.
05:33
That's autodissemination, as we call it.
113
321520
1960
Vi kalder det "autodisseminering".
05:36
But what if we could use
114
324400
1560
Men tænk, hvis vi kunne bruge
05:38
the mosquitoes' sexual behavior
115
326920
1920
myggenes forplantning
05:42
to also control them?
116
330040
1776
til at kontrollere dem?
05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
117
331840
1976
Først må jeg fortælle,
05:45
that actually mosquitoes mate
in what we call swarms.
in what we call swarms.
118
333840
3240
at myg normalt yngler i sværme.
05:49
Male mosquitoes usually congregate
119
337560
2296
Han-myg samles normalt
05:51
in clusters around the horizon,
usually after sunset.
usually after sunset.
120
339880
3200
gruppevis i horisonten
efter solnedgang.
efter solnedgang.
05:55
The males go there for a dance,
121
343640
1976
Hannerne danser
05:57
the females fly into that dance
122
345640
1656
og hunnerne flyver ind i dansen
05:59
and select a male mosquito
of their choice,
of their choice,
123
347320
2736
og vælger en han-myg,
06:02
usually the best-looking
male in their view.
male in their view.
124
350080
2776
som regel ham, de synes er flottest.
06:04
They clump together
and fall down onto the floor.
and fall down onto the floor.
125
352880
2376
De klumper sig sammen
og falder til jorden.
og falder til jorden.
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful.
126
355280
1656
Hvis man ser dette, er det smukt.
06:08
It's a fantastic phenomenon.
127
356960
2016
Det er et fantastisk fænomen.
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching
work gets really interesting.
work gets really interesting.
128
359000
4216
Her bliver vores
mygge-indsamling spændende.
mygge-indsamling spændende.
06:15
What we have seen, when we go
swamp hunting in the villages,
swamp hunting in the villages,
129
363240
3696
Når vi går på rov i sumpe
ved landsbyerne ser vi,
ved landsbyerne ser vi,
06:18
is that these swamp locations
tend to be at exactly the same location
tend to be at exactly the same location
130
366960
3536
at vandet ofte samler sig de samme steder
06:22
every day, every week, every month,
131
370520
2456
dagligt, ugentligt, månedligt,
06:25
year in, year out.
132
373000
1536
år efter år.
06:26
They start at exactly
the same time of the evening,
the same time of the evening,
133
374560
3176
Myggene begynder på det samme tidspunkt,
06:29
and they are at exactly
the same locations.
the same locations.
134
377760
2416
på de samme steder.
06:32
What does this tell us?
135
380200
1256
Hvad betyder det?
06:33
It means that if we can map
all these locations across villages,
all these locations across villages,
136
381480
3256
Det betyder, at hvis vi kortlægger
disse steder i landsbyerne,
disse steder i landsbyerne,
06:36
we could actually
137
384760
1616
kan vi faktisk
06:38
crush these populations
by just a single blow.
by just a single blow.
138
386400
3136
udrydde disse bestande med ét slag.
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them
or nuke them out.
or nuke them out.
139
389560
2960
Sådan, bombesprøjte
eller tilintetgøre dem.
eller tilintetgøre dem.
06:45
And that is what we try to do
with young men and women
with young men and women
140
393440
2576
Det forsøger vi at gøre
gennem unge mænd og kvinder
gennem unge mænd og kvinder
06:48
across the villages.
141
396040
1216
i landsbyerne.
06:49
We organize these crews, teach them
how to identify the swarms,
how to identify the swarms,
142
397280
3200
Vi organiserer grupperne,
lærer dem at identificere sværmene,
lærer dem at identificere sværmene,
06:53
and spray them out.
143
401360
1376
og sprøjte dem ihjel.
06:54
My colleagues and I believe
we have a new window
we have a new window
144
402760
2616
Mine kolleger og jeg mener,
at vi har en ny mulighed
at vi har en ny mulighed
06:57
to get mosquitoes out of the valley.
145
405400
1920
for at fjerne myg fra dalen.
07:01
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes
eat blood, human blood,
eat blood, human blood,
146
409120
3680
Men det, at myg suger menneskeblod
07:05
is the reason they are
the most dangerous animal on earth.
the most dangerous animal on earth.
147
413520
2960
gør dem til verdens
farligste dyr.
farligste dyr.
07:09
But think about it this way --
148
417760
1456
Der foregår således:
07:11
mosquitoes actually smell you.
149
419240
1720
Myg kan lugte dig.
07:14
And they have developed
150
422200
2056
De har udviklet
07:16
incredible sensory organs.
151
424280
2040
utrolige sanseorganer.
07:19
They can smell from as far
sometimes as 100 meters away.
sometimes as 100 meters away.
152
427760
3680
De kan lugte op til 100m.
07:24
And when they get closer,
153
432040
1256
Og når de nærmer sig,
07:25
they can even tell the difference
between two family members.
between two family members.
154
433320
2976
kan de kende forskel
på to familiemedlemmer.
på to familiemedlemmer.
07:28
They know who you are
based on what you produce
based on what you produce
155
436320
2216
De ved hvem du er,
baseret på det, du udskiller
baseret på det, du udskiller
07:30
from your breath, skin,
sweat and body odor.
sweat and body odor.
156
438560
3200
med din ånde, hud, sved og lugt.
07:34
What we have done at Ifakara
157
442400
1376
I Ifakara har vi
07:35
is to identify what it is in your skin,
your body, your sweat or your breath
your body, your sweat or your breath
158
443800
3656
fundet ud af hvad det er ved
din hud, krop, sved eller ånde,
din hud, krop, sved eller ånde,
07:39
that these mosquitoes like.
159
447480
1286
som myggene synes om.
07:41
Once we identified these substances,
we created a concoction,
we created a concoction,
160
449120
3216
Da vi havde fundet ud af
det, blandede vi en væske,
det, blandede vi en væske,
07:44
kind of a mixture,
a blend of synthetic substances
a blend of synthetic substances
161
452360
3136
en blanding af kunstige stoffer
07:47
that are reminiscent
of what you produce from your body.
of what you produce from your body.
162
455520
2656
som minder om det, din krop udskiller.
07:50
And we made a synthetic blend
163
458200
2176
Vi lavede en syntetisk blanding,
07:52
that was attracting three to five times
more mosquitoes than a human being.
more mosquitoes than a human being.
164
460400
4080
der tiltrak 3-5 gange flere myg,
end mennesker gør.
end mennesker gør.
07:57
What can you do with this?
165
465440
1256
Hvad kan dette bruges til?
07:58
You put in a trap, lure a lot
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
166
466720
3256
Man sætter en fælde,
lokker myg til, og dræber dem.
lokker myg til, og dræber dem.
08:02
And of course, you can also
use it for surveillance.
use it for surveillance.
167
470000
2456
Man kan også bruge det til overvågning.
08:04
At Ifakara
168
472480
1776
På Ifakara
08:06
we wish to expand our knowledge
on the biology of the mosquito;
on the biology of the mosquito;
169
474280
4080
ønsker vi at vide mere om myggens biologi
08:11
to control many other diseases,
including, of course, the malaria,
including, of course, the malaria,
170
479120
3096
for at kontrollere de
sygdomme foruden malaria,
sygdomme foruden malaria,
08:14
but also those other diseases
that mosquitoes transmit
that mosquitoes transmit
171
482240
2576
som myg er bærere af.
08:16
like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.
172
484840
2200
For eksempel dengue feber,
chikungunya og zika virus.
chikungunya og zika virus.
08:19
And this is why my colleagues,
for example --
for example --
173
487800
2136
Derfor har mine kolleger f.eks.
08:21
we have looked at the fact
174
489960
1256
set på det faktum
08:23
that some mosquitoes
like to bite you on the leg region.
like to bite you on the leg region.
175
491240
3576
at nogle myg helst
stikker i benene.
stikker i benene.
08:26
And we've now created
these mosquito repellent sandals
these mosquito repellent sandals
176
494840
2960
Vi har derfor udviklet
sandaler med myggebalsam,
sandaler med myggebalsam,
08:30
that tourists and locals can wear
when they're coming.
when they're coming.
177
498240
2720
som turister og lokale kan have på.
08:33
And you don't get bitten --
178
501560
1336
Så bliver man ikke bidt,
08:34
this gives you 'round the clock protection
179
502920
2000
men har konstant beskyttelse,
08:36
until the time you go under your bednet.
180
504944
2152
indtil du kravler under dit sengenet.
08:39
(Applause)
181
507120
1856
(Klapsalve)
08:41
My love-hate relationship
with mosquitoes continues.
with mosquitoes continues.
182
509000
2576
Mit had-kærlighedsforhold
til myg fortsætter.
til myg fortsætter.
08:43
(Laughter)
183
511600
1096
(Latter)
08:44
And it's going to go
a long way, I can see.
a long way, I can see.
184
512720
2496
Og det vil sandsynligvis
fortsætte længe endnu.
fortsætte længe endnu.
08:47
But that's OK.
185
515240
1456
Det er OK.
08:48
WHO has set a goal of 2030
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
186
516720
5136
Verdenssundhedsorganisationen (WHO)
har som mål at udrydde malaria i 35 lande.
har som mål at udrydde malaria i 35 lande.
08:53
The African Union has set a goal
187
521880
1576
Den afrikanske Union har som mål
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate malaria
from the continent.
from the continent.
188
523480
3136
at udslette malaria fra
kontinentet inden 2013.
kontinentet inden 2013.
08:58
At Ifakara we are firmly
behind these goals.
behind these goals.
189
526640
2616
På Ifakara står vi bag disse målsætninger.
09:01
And we've put together
a cohort of young scientists,
a cohort of young scientists,
190
529280
3336
Vi har samlet en gruppe unge forskere,
09:04
male and female,
191
532640
1536
mænd og kvinder,
09:06
who are champions,
192
534200
1216
som kæmper for målene,
09:07
who are interested in coming together
to make this vision come true.
to make this vision come true.
193
535440
3440
og som ønsker at samarbejde for at nå dem.
09:11
They do what they can
194
539760
1936
De gør, hvad de kan
09:13
to make it work.
195
541720
1280
for at få det til at lykkes.
09:16
And we are supporting them.
196
544640
1856
Og vi støtter dem.
09:18
We are here to make sure
that these dreams come true.
that these dreams come true.
197
546520
2936
Vi er her for at sikre, at disse
drømme opfyldes.
drømme opfyldes.
09:21
Ladies and gentlemen,
198
549480
1696
Mine damer og herrer,
09:23
even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,
199
551200
2840
selv om det ikke sker i vores levetid,
09:27
even if it doesn't happen
200
555120
1440
selv om det ikke sker
09:29
before you and me go away,
201
557400
1856
før du og jeg går bort,
09:31
I believe that your child and my child
202
559280
2560
er jeg sikker på at vore børn
09:34
shall inherit a world
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
203
562600
3256
arver en verden fri for malariabærende myg
09:37
and free of malaria.
204
565880
1216
og fri for malaria.
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
205
567120
2016
Mange tak, mine damer og herrer.
09:41
(Applause)
206
569160
3896
(Klapsalve)
09:45
Thank you.
207
573080
1256
Mange tak.
09:46
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.
208
574360
1360
Kelo Kubu: Godt, Fredros.
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.
209
576560
2056
Lad os tale om CRISPR et øjeblik.
09:50
(Laughter)
210
578640
1416
(Latter)
09:52
It's taken the world by storm,
211
580080
2256
Det har taget verden med storm,
09:54
it promises to do amazing things.
212
582360
3000
og lover at udrette utrolige ting.
09:58
What do you think of scientists
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
213
586200
4640
Hvad synes du om, at forskere
bruger CRISPR til at dræbe myg?
bruger CRISPR til at dræbe myg?
10:03
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question,
let's start from what the problem is.
let's start from what the problem is.
214
591520
3640
Fredros Okumu:
Lad os begynde med, hvad problemet er.
Lad os begynde med, hvad problemet er.
10:08
First of all, we're talking
about a disease that still kills --
about a disease that still kills --
215
596760
3496
For det første taler vi om en sygdom,
der stadig dræber;
der stadig dræber;
10:12
according to the latest figures
we have from WHO --
we have from WHO --
216
600280
2416
det nyeste tal fra Verdenssudhedsorganisationen er
10:14
429,000 people.
217
602720
2216
429.000 mennesker.
10:16
Most of these are African children.
218
604960
1760
De fleste er afrikanske børn.
10:19
Of course, we've made progress,
219
607600
1496
Vi har selvfølgelig gjort fremskridt,
10:21
there are countries that have achieved
220
609120
1856
der er lande, der har opnået
10:23
up to 50-60 percent reduction
in malaria burden.
in malaria burden.
221
611000
3600
50-60% mindre malaria.
10:26
But we still have to do more
to get to zero.
to get to zero.
222
614920
2080
Men vi er nødt til at gøre
mere for at nå til nul.
mere for at nå til nul.
Man har allerede bevist
princippet bag teknikker
princippet bag teknikker
10:29
There is already proof of principle
223
617360
2176
10:31
that gene-editing techniques,
such as CRISPR,
such as CRISPR,
224
619560
3216
for genetiske ændringer - såsom CRISPR -
10:34
can be used effectively
225
622800
2616
og deres brug til effektivt
10:37
to transform mosquitoes so that
either they do not transmit malaria --
either they do not transmit malaria --
226
625440
3600
at ændre myg, så de enten
ikke bærer malaria -
ikke bærer malaria -
10:41
we call this population alteration --
227
629800
1976
hvilket kaldes populationsændringer -
10:43
or that they no longer exist,
228
631800
2080
eller udryddes,
10:46
population suppression.
229
634760
1736
kaldet populationshæmning.
10:48
This is already proven in the lab.
230
636520
1896
Dette er bevist i laboratorier.
10:50
There is also modeling work
231
638440
2416
Der er også modeller,
10:52
that has demonstrated
that even if you were to release
that even if you were to release
232
640880
2576
der viser, at selv om man udsætter
10:55
just a small number of these
genetically modified mosquitoes,
genetically modified mosquitoes,
233
643480
3096
bare et lille antal genetisk ændrede myg,
10:58
that you can actually achieve
elimination very, very quickly.
elimination very, very quickly.
234
646600
3296
så vil man meget hurtigt opnå udslettelse.
11:01
So, CRISPR and tools like this
offer us some real opportunities --
offer us some real opportunities --
235
649920
3936
Redskaber som CRISPR er reelle muligheder
11:05
real-life opportunities
to have high-impact interventions
to have high-impact interventions
236
653880
3976
- gode muligheder for
meget virksomme indsatser -
meget virksomme indsatser -
11:09
that we can use
in addition to what we have now
in addition to what we have now
237
657880
2696
som kan bruges i tilgift
til vores andre redskaber
til vores andre redskaber
11:12
to eventually go to zero.
238
660600
1656
for at nå til nul.
11:14
This is important.
239
662280
1656
Det er vigtigt.
11:15
Now, of course people always ask us --
240
663960
2976
Folk spørger os altid -
11:18
which is a common question,
241
666960
1336
det er et almindeligt spørgsmål,
11:20
I guess you're going
to ask this as well --
to ask this as well --
242
668320
2056
så du stiller det sikkert også -
11:22
"What happens if you
eliminate mosquitoes?"
eliminate mosquitoes?"
243
670400
2056
"Hvad så, hvis vi udsletter myg?"
11:24
KK: I won't ask then, you answer.
244
672480
1616
KK:
Så spørger jeg ikke, svar bare.
Så spørger jeg ikke, svar bare.
11:26
FO: OK. In respect to this,
I would just like to remind my colleagues
I would just like to remind my colleagues
245
674120
4056
FO:
OK. Jeg vil blot minde mine kolleger om,
OK. Jeg vil blot minde mine kolleger om,
11:30
that we have 3,500
mosquito species in this world.
mosquito species in this world.
246
678200
4416
at vi har 3.500 myggearter i verden.
11:34
Maybe more than that.
247
682640
1296
Måske flere.
11:35
About 400 of these are Anophelenes,
248
683960
2016
Cirka 400 af dem er Anopheles,
11:38
and only about 70 of them
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
249
686000
3856
og kun cirka 70 af disse
kan bære malaria.
kan bære malaria.
11:41
In Africa, we're having to deal with
three or four of these as the major guys.
three or four of these as the major guys.
250
689880
3776
I Afrika skal vi håndtere 3-4 af disse,
11:45
They carry most -- like 99 percent
of all the malaria we have.
of all the malaria we have.
251
693680
3816
som bærer cika 99% af al malaria.
11:49
If we were to go out
with gene editing like CRISPR,
with gene editing like CRISPR,
252
697520
2896
Hvis vi anvendte genetiske ændringer
såsom CRISPR,
såsom CRISPR,
11:52
if we were to go out
with gene drives to control malaria,
with gene drives to control malaria,
253
700440
2696
hvis vi brugte genændringer
til at kontrollere malaria,
til at kontrollere malaria,
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
254
703160
2096
ville vi kun rette det mod 1-2 arter.
11:57
I don't see a diversity problem with that.
255
705280
2496
Det ser jeg intet diversitetsproblem ved.
11:59
But that's personal view.
256
707800
1376
Det er min personlige holdning.
12:01
I think it's OK.
257
709200
1216
Det synes jeg er i orden.
12:02
And remember, by the way,
258
710440
1256
Husk, i øvrigt,
12:03
all these years we've been trying
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
259
711720
3696
at i alle årene, hvor vi har
forsøgt at udrydde disse myg
forsøgt at udrydde disse myg
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues
in America have sprayed with --
in America have sprayed with --
260
715440
4056
ved at sprøjte dem - vores
kolleger i Amerika har sprøjtet dem -
kolleger i Amerika har sprøjtet dem -
12:11
really bomb-spraying
these insects out of the villages.
these insects out of the villages.
261
719520
2616
virkelig sprøjtebombet for at
fjerne dem fra landsbyerne.
fjerne dem fra landsbyerne.
12:14
In Africa we do a lot
of household spraying.
of household spraying.
262
722160
2936
I Afrika sprøjter vi mest i husholdningen.
12:17
All these are aimed
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
263
725120
2680
Alt dette er for at dræbe myg.
12:20
So there's really no problem
if we had a new tool.
if we had a new tool.
264
728280
2496
Så det er intet problem
at have et nyt redskab.
at have et nyt redskab.
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
265
730800
1696
Alligevel må jeg sige,
12:24
we also have to be
very, very responsible here.
very, very responsible here.
266
732520
2296
at vi skal udvise stor ansvarlighed.
12:26
So there's the regulatory side,
and we have to partner with our regulators
and we have to partner with our regulators
267
734840
3456
Der er reguleringer og vi må
samarbejde med myndighederne
samarbejde med myndighederne
12:30
and make sure that everything
that we do is done correctly,
that we do is done correctly,
268
738320
2976
og sikre, at alt bliver gjort rigtigt,
12:33
is done responsibly
269
741320
1616
ansvarligt,
12:34
and that we also have to do
independent risk assessments,
independent risk assessments,
270
742960
2696
og vi må foretage
uafhængige risikovurderinger
uafhængige risikovurderinger
12:37
to just make sure
271
745680
1256
for at sikre,
12:38
that all these processes
do not fall into the wrong hands.
do not fall into the wrong hands.
272
746960
3256
at alle disse processer ikke falder
i de forkerte hænder.
i de forkerte hænder.
12:42
Thank you very much.
273
750240
1216
Mange tak.
12:43
KK: Thank you.
274
751480
1216
KK: Mange tak.
12:44
(Applause)
275
752720
3360
(Klapsalve)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientistFredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.
Why you should listen
Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.
Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com