Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes
فردروس اکومو: چرا خطرناک ترین حیوانات روی زمین -- پشهها را مطالعه میکنم
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
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to welcome all of you once again.
قبل از اینکه شروع کنیم،
a victim of this bug here?
of all the mosquito catchers.
از شما عذرخواهی میکنیم.
mosquito bites every day.
هر روز هفت بار نیش عفونی بزند.
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
به جلگه رود کیلومبرو نقل مکان کردم
one of the most malarious zones
locally known as degedege.
محلی دگهدگه میشناسند، ظاهر میشود.
adults and children,
Ifakara Health Institute,
موسسه سلامت ایفاکارا،
شروع به کار کرد
for the local communities.
برای جوامع محلی رفع کند.
refers to a place you go to die,
که برای مردن میروی اشاره میکند،
of what life used to be here
organized public health care.
was going on across the villages
were transmitting the disease.
بیماری را منتقل میکردند.
of Ifakara town across the river.
به سمت جنوب ایفاکارا رفتیم.
with flashlights and siphons.
و سیفون به روستاها میرفتیم.
that were coming to bite us
نیش زدن ما میآمدند منتظر میماندیم
selected a household,
swapping positions every half hour.
جایمان را عوض میکردیم.
for 24 consecutive nights.
و هر شب ۱۲ ساعت این کار را انجام میدادیم.
and chopping off their heads
و سرشان را جدا میکردیم.
تجزیه و تحلیل شوند،
carrying malaria parasites
که آیا خون دهانشان
how much malaria was going on here
که چقدر مالاریا اینجا بود
were carrying this malaria.
کدام پشه ها ناقل مالاریا بودند.
inside houses or outside houses.
یا بیرون از آن.
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
شغل من هنوز گرفتن حشرات است.
people's lives and well-being.
و سلامت مردم انجام میدهم.
the most dangerous animal on earth --
خطرناکترین حیوان زمین مینامند --
know about mosquitoes?
our best practice against malaria
بهترین عمل ما در برابر مالاریا
insecticide treated bednets.
پشهبندهای آغشته به حشرهکش.
to insecticides.
that are put on these bednets.
بندها قرار می گیرند
protect you from bites
از نیش در امان نگه می دارند
the mosquitoes that they should.
می کشد.
to be able to get to zero.
بتوانیم آن را به صفر برسانیم.
on the biology of the mosquito,
so we can identify new opportunities.
می توانیم فرصت های جدید را شناسایی کنیم.
میکنیم که
with things such as bednets
پشهبندها
with you a few examples
چیزهایی
my colleagues and myself do.
بگذارم.
باشند،
باشند.
or far from your house.
خانه شما باشند.
to control mosquito larvae,
quite difficult to get them.
باشد.
and I have decided to do
گرفتیم
we used mosquitoes themselves
خود پشهها برای
from a place of our choice
زیستگاههای
they lay there shall not survive.
باقی نماند.
who runs this show at Ifakara.
اجرا کرد
that you can actually get mosquitoes
پشهها را
where they normally come to get blood
آورد
of sterilants or insecticide,
را بردارد،
to their own breeding habitat
that you can do this
انجام دهید
for malaria research.
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
پشههای مالاریا داریم که
and test them immediately,
آزمایش بلافاصله آنها است،
or control them in some way.
را کنترل کنیم یا از بین ببریم
two or three positions
pick up these lethal substances,
مرگبار را بردارند،
in just three months.
۳ ماه از بین ببریم.
in what we call swarms.
مینامیم جفتگیری میکنند.
usually after sunset.
of their choice,
male in their view.
انتخاب میکنند.
and fall down onto the floor.
زمین میافتند.
work gets really interesting.
میشود.
swamp hunting in the villages,
میرویم دیدهایم،
tend to be at exactly the same location
بودن در مکان دقیقا مشابه دارند
the same time of the evening,
میکنند،
the same locations.
all these locations across villages,
مکانها را در سرتاسر روستاها ترسیم کنیم
by just a single blow.
از بین ببریم.
or nuke them out.
یا حملههایی از بین ببریم
with young men and women
زنان و مردان
how to identify the swarms,
چگونگی شناسایی دستهها را
we have a new window
eat blood, human blood,
خون انسانها،
the most dangerous animal on earth.
روی زمین هستند.
sometimes as 100 meters away.
بو بکشند.
between two family members.
را تشخیص بدهند.
based on what you produce
از طریق
sweat and body odor.
بفهمند چه کسی هستید.
your body, your sweat or your breath
نفسهایتان وجود دارد و این پشه ها آن را
we created a concoction,
یک معجون دست کردیم،
a blend of synthetic substances
که یادآور
of what you produce from your body.
more mosquitoes than a human being.
پشهها را جذب میکرد.
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
اغوا میکنید و میکشید، درسته؟
use it for surveillance.
استفاده کنید.
on the biology of the mosquito;
میدهیم،
including, of course, the malaria,
که البته شامل مالاریا،
that mosquitoes transmit
میدهند
for example --
برای مثال --
like to bite you on the leg region.
را نیش بزنند.
these mosquito repellent sandals
درست کردیم
when they're coming.
آمدن بپوشند.
with mosquitoes continues.
ادامه خواهد داشت.
a long way, I can see.
میتوانم ببینم.
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
کرده که مالاریا را در ۳۵ کشور از بین ببرد.
from the continent.
ببرد.
behind these goals.
a cohort of young scientists,
تشکیل دادهایم،
to make this vision come true.
رویا دارند.
that these dreams come true.
رویاها به حقیقت می پیوندند.
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
منتقل کننده مالاریا
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
برای کشتن پشهها چیست؟
let's start from what the problem is.
این که مشکل چیست شروع کنیم.
about a disease that still kills --
که هنوز قربانی میدهد --
we have from WHO --
داریم --
in malaria burden.
دست یافته اند.
to get to zero.
بیشتر تلاش کنیم
such as CRISPR,
either they do not transmit malaria --
نمیشوند، استفاده کرد --
that even if you were to release
genetically modified mosquitoes,
elimination very, very quickly.
دست پیدا کنید.
offer us some real opportunities --
فرصتهایی را به ما عرضه میکنند --
to have high-impact interventions
با تاثیراتی بالا
in addition to what we have now
که اکنون داریم
to ask this as well --
eliminate mosquitoes?"
ببرید؟
I would just like to remind my colleagues
همکارانم یادآوری کنم که
mosquito species in this world.
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
مالاریا دارند.
three or four of these as the major guys.
به عنوان مهمترینها کنار بیاییم دوستان.
of all the malaria we have.
را جابجا میکنند.
with gene editing like CRISPR,
کار را خاتمه بدهیم،
with gene drives to control malaria,
کنترل میکردیم،
میرفتیم
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
تا مالاریا را به طور موثری از طریق
in America have sprayed with --
به وسیله سمپاشیهای بمبی این پشه ها را از
these insects out of the villages.
of household spraying.
کردهایم.
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
if we had a new tool.
داشته باشیم.
very, very responsible here.
باشیم.
and we have to partner with our regulators
با تنظیم کنندههایمان همکاری کنیم
that we do is done correctly,
به درستی انجام شده باشد،
independent risk assessments,
انجام دهیم،
do not fall into the wrong hands.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientistFredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.
Why you should listen
Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.
Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com