TEDGlobal 2017
Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes
फ्रेद्रोस ओकुमु: क्यूँ मैं दुनिया के सबसे खतरनाक जानवर (मच्छर) का अध्ययन करता हूँ
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हम मच्छरों के बारे में क्या जानते हैं? फ्रेद्रोस ओकुमु इन बीमारी फैलाने वाले कीटों को पकड़ते हैं और उनका अध्ययन करते हैं - इस आशा से कि उनकी जनसँख्या में भरी गिरावट लाई जा सके. ओकुमु से जुड़िये और जानिए की इस शोध में तंज़ानिया के इफकारा हेल्थ इंस्टिट्यूट की उनकी टीम ने किन अपरंपरागत तरीकों को विकसित किया है, इस धरती के खतरनाक जानवर को निशाना बनाया जा सके.
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I guess because I'm from Tanzania
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मैं तंज़ानिया से हूँ इसलिए
00:14
I have a responsibility
to welcome all of you once again.
to welcome all of you once again.
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मैं आप सबका दोबारा स्वागत करता हूँ.
00:18
Thank you for coming.
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पधारने के लिए धन्यवाद.
00:19
So, first of all, before we start,
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शुरू करने से पहले, आप में से
00:21
how many of you in the audience
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कितने लोग इस कीड़े
00:22
have been in the past
a victim of this bug here?
a victim of this bug here?
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के शिकार हुए हैं?
00:28
We apologize on behalf
of all the mosquito catchers.
of all the mosquito catchers.
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हम सभी मच्छर पकड़ने वालो कि ओर से
माफ़ी चाहते हैं.
(हँसी)
(हँसी)
00:31
(Laughter)
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00:33
Ladies and gentlemen,
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देवियों और सज्जनों
00:34
imagine getting seven infectious
mosquito bites every day.
mosquito bites every day.
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सोचिये हर रोज़ संक्रामक मच्छर के 7 डंक होना
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.
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इस हिसाब से साल में 2,555 बार मच्छर काटना
00:44
When I was in college,
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
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मैं कॉलेज के लिए किलोम्बेरो रिवर वैली, जो
00:48
in the southeastern part of Tanzania.
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तंज़ानिया के दक्षिण-पूर्व में हैं, में आया.
00:50
This is historically
one of the most malarious zones
one of the most malarious zones
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यह ऐतिहासिक तौर पर दुनिया का सबसे ज्यादा
00:53
in the world at that time.
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मलेरिया ग्रसित क्षेत्र है
00:55
Life here was difficult.
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यहाँ जीवन कठिन है
00:58
In its later stages
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मलेरिया के उत्तरार्ध में दौरे पड़ते हैं
01:00
malaria manifested with extreme seizures
locally known as degedege.
locally known as degedege.
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जो स्थानीय भाषा में देगेदेगे कहलाते हैं
01:05
It's killed both women and men,
adults and children,
adults and children,
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ये आदमी, औरत, बड़े और बच्चे
01:08
without mercy.
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सबको बिना दया के मारता है
01:09
My home institution,
Ifakara Health Institute,
Ifakara Health Institute,
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मेरा कॉलेज, इफाकारा हेल्थ इंस्टिट्यूट
01:12
began in this valley in the 1950s
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इस घाटी में 1950 के दशक में स्थापित हुआ
01:14
to address priority health needs
for the local communities.
for the local communities.
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स्थानीय लोगों की स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं केलिए.
01:17
In fact, the name Ifakara
refers to a place you go to die,
refers to a place you go to die,
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इफाकारा का मतलब है मरने की जगह
01:22
which is a reflection
of what life used to be here
of what life used to be here
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जो यहाँ के जीवनस्थिति को दर्शाता है
01:24
in the days before
organized public health care.
organized public health care.
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जब यहाँ हेल्थ सेवाएँ उपलब्ध नहीं थीं.
01:28
When I first moved here,
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यहाँ मेरा पहला काम था
01:29
my primary role was to estimate
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पता लगाना कि आस पास के
01:31
how much malaria transmission
was going on across the villages
was going on across the villages
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गांवों में मलेरिया का संक्रमण कितना है
01:35
and which mosquitoes
were transmitting the disease.
were transmitting the disease.
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और कौन से मच्छर इसे फैला रहे हैं
01:38
So my colleague and myself came
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मैं और मेरे सहकर्मी
01:41
30 kilometers south
of Ifakara town across the river.
of Ifakara town across the river.
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इफाकारा से 30 किमी दूर नदी के पार आये
01:44
Every evening we went into the villages
with flashlights and siphons.
with flashlights and siphons.
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हरशाम हम गांवोंमें टॉर्च और यन्त्र लेकरआते
01:49
We rolled up our trousers,
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अपनी पैन्ट्स ऊपर करते
01:51
and waited for mosquitoes
that were coming to bite us
that were coming to bite us
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और मच्छरों के काटने का इंतज़ार करते
01:54
so we could collect them
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ताकि उनको पकड़ सकें ये देखने
01:56
to check if they were carrying malaria.
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के लिए कि क्या ये मलेरिया फैला रहे हैं?
01:58
(Laughter)
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(दर्शकों की हँसी)
01:59
My colleague and myself
selected a household,
selected a household,
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हमने एक घर को चुनते और उसके अन्दर और बाहर
02:01
and we started inside and outside,
swapping positions every half hour.
swapping positions every half hour.
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खड़े रहते, और आधे घंटे बाद अपनी जगह बदलते.
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours every night
for 24 consecutive nights.
for 24 consecutive nights.
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ऐसा हमने 24 रात रोज 12 घंटे तक किया.
02:11
We slept for four hours every morning
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सुबह 4 घंटे सोते और
02:13
and worked the rest of the day,
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बाकी दिनभर काम करते
02:15
sorting mosquitoes, identifying them
and chopping off their heads
and chopping off their heads
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मच्छरो को छंटनी करना, पहचान करना, और उनके
02:18
so they could be analyzed in the lab
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सर काट कर लैब में जांच करना
02:19
to check if they were
carrying malaria parasites
carrying malaria parasites
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कि क्या उनमे मलेरिया के
02:22
in their blood mouthparts.
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जीवाणु तो नहीं?
02:23
This way we were able to not only know
how much malaria was going on here
how much malaria was going on here
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इससे पता चला की मलेरिया का फैलाव कितना है
02:27
but also which mosquitoes
were carrying this malaria.
were carrying this malaria.
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, और कौन से मच्छर इसे फैला रहे हैं.
02:30
We were also able to know
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ये भी पता चला कि मलेरिया
02:32
whether malaria was mostly
inside houses or outside houses.
inside houses or outside houses.
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घरों के अन्दर ज्यादा है या बाहर
02:35
Today, ladies and gentlemen,
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
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मैं आज भी जीवनयापन के लिए मच्छर पकड़ता हूँ.
02:39
But I do this mostly to improve
people's lives and well-being.
people's lives and well-being.
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पर लोगों के जीवन में सुधार लाने के लिए.
02:44
This has been called by some people
the most dangerous animal on earth --
the most dangerous animal on earth --
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इनको दुनियाका सबसे खतरनाक
प्राणी कहा गया है.
प्राणी कहा गया है.
02:48
which unfortunately is true.
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जो एक दुखद सत्य है
02:50
But what do we really
know about mosquitoes?
know about mosquitoes?
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पर हम मच्छरों के बारे में क्या जानते हैं?
02:54
It turns out we actually know very little.
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सच में, बहुत ही कम.
02:58
Consider the fact that at the moment
our best practice against malaria
our best practice against malaria
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हमारा मलेरिया से बचने का सबसे उत्तम उपाय
03:02
are bednets --
insecticide treated bednets.
insecticide treated bednets.
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है - कीटनाशक लगायी हुई मच्छरदानी
सबको ज्ञात है
सबको ज्ञात है
03:05
We know now that across Africa
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कि अफ्रीका में कीटनाशक
03:06
you have widespread resistance
to insecticides.
to insecticides.
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की मारक क्षमता कम हो चुकी है.
03:09
And these are the same insecticides,
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इन्ही कीटनाशकों को
03:11
the pyrethroid class,
that are put on these bednets.
that are put on these bednets.
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इन मच्छरदानियों में लगाया जाता है
03:14
We know now that these bednets
protect you from bites
protect you from bites
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ये आपको मच्छर के डंक से बचाती हैं
03:17
but only minimally kill
the mosquitoes that they should.
the mosquitoes that they should.
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लेकिन उनको मारने में सफल नहीं हैं.
03:21
What it means is that we've got to do more
to be able to get to zero.
to be able to get to zero.
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हमें मच्छरों कि संख्या को 0 करने के लिए
बहुत कुछ करना पड़ेगा
बहुत कुछ करना पड़ेगा
03:25
And that's part of our duty.
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और ये हमारा कर्त्तव्य है.
03:28
At Ifakara Health Institute
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इफाकारा हेल्थ इंस्टिट्यूट
03:30
we focus very much
on the biology of the mosquito,
on the biology of the mosquito,
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में हम मच्छरों को समझ कर नए
03:33
and we try to do this
so we can identify new opportunities.
so we can identify new opportunities.
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अवसर खोजने की कोशिश में हैं.
03:37
A new approach.
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एक नयी पद्धती
03:38
New ways to try and get new options
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नए तरीके जिनको हम
03:41
that we can use together
with things such as bednets
with things such as bednets
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मच्छरदानियों के साथ इस्तेमाल कर सकें
03:43
to be able to get to zero.
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और इनकी संख्या को ० कर सकें
03:45
And I'm going to share
with you a few examples
with you a few examples
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मैं कुछ उदहारण पेश करूँगा
03:47
of the things that
my colleagues and myself do.
my colleagues and myself do.
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जो हम यहाँ पर करते हैं.
03:50
Take this, for example.
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इस उदाहरण को देखिये
03:52
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.
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मच्छर जमे पानी में पलते हैं.
03:56
Not all of them are easy to find --
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जमे पानी को ढूंढना आसान नहीं है
03:58
they can be scattered across villages,
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वे कई गांवों में फैले होते हैं,
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints.
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बहुत छोटे भी हो सकते हैं.
04:03
They can be behind your house
or far from your house.
or far from your house.
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आपके घर के पीछे हो सकते हैं या बहुत दूर भी
04:06
And so, if you wanted
to control mosquito larvae,
to control mosquito larvae,
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अगर आपको मच्छरों का प्रजनन रोकना है
04:09
it can actually be
quite difficult to get them.
quite difficult to get them.
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तो उन तक पहुंचना ही मुश्किल हो सकता है
04:12
What my colleagues
and I have decided to do
and I have decided to do
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हमने सोचा कि
04:15
is to think about what if
we used mosquitoes themselves
we used mosquitoes themselves
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क्यों न हम इन मच्छरों का इस्तेमाल
04:18
to carry the insecticides
from a place of our choice
from a place of our choice
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कीटनाशक को इनकी प्रजनन की
04:21
to their own breeding habitats
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जगह पर भेजने में करें
04:23
so that whichever eggs
they lay there shall not survive.
they lay there shall not survive.
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ताकि उनके दिए हुए कोई भी अंडे बच न सकें
04:28
This is Dickson Lwetoijera.
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ये है डिकसन ल्वेतोइजेरा
04:30
This is my colleague
who runs this show at Ifakara.
who runs this show at Ifakara.
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इफाकारा में यह काम इसकी देखरेख में होता है
04:32
And he has demonstrated cleverly
that you can actually get mosquitoes
that you can actually get mosquitoes
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उसने ये दिखाया है कि मच्छरों को
04:36
to come to the place
where they normally come to get blood
where they normally come to get blood
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खून की तलाश में घुमते वक़्त, कीटनाशक की डोस
04:38
to pick up a dose
of sterilants or insecticide,
of sterilants or insecticide,
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दी जा सकती है, जिसको वे अपने साथ
04:42
carry this back
to their own breeding habitat
to their own breeding habitat
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ले जाते हैं और स्वतः
04:45
and kill all their progeny.
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अंडों को नष्ट करते हैं
04:48
And we have demonstrated
that you can do this
that you can do this
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हमने देखा है कि ऐसा करने से इनकी संख्या
04:50
and crush populations very, very rapidly.
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बड़ी तेजी से घटाई जा सकती है
04:53
This is beautiful.
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ये अत्यंत सुन्दर है
04:56
This is our mosquito city.
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ये हमारा मच्छरों का शहर है
04:58
It is the largest mosquito farm
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ये विश्व का सबसे बड़ा मच्छर-पालन केंद्र है
05:01
available in the world
for malaria research.
for malaria research.
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जहाँ मलेरिया से जुड़ी शोध की जाती है
05:04
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
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यहाँ मलेरिया के मच्छरों की
05:09
that we rear in these facilities.
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बड़ी बड़ी कॉलोनियाँ हैं
05:10
Of course, they are disease-free.
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ये यहाँ मलेरिया मुक्त हैं
05:12
But what these systems allow us to do
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ये हमें सुविधा प्रदान करता है
05:14
is to introduce new tools
and test them immediately,
and test them immediately,
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नए तरीकों को तुरंत टेस्ट करने में
05:18
very quickly,
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और जल्द ही समझने में
05:19
and see if we can crush these populations
or control them in some way.
or control them in some way.
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कि मच्छरों की संख्या को कैसे घटाया जाए
या नियंत्रित किया जाए
या नियंत्रित किया जाए
05:23
And my colleagues have demonstrated
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मेरे सहकर्मियों ने दिखाया है कि अगर
05:24
that if you just put
two or three positions
two or three positions
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2-3 जगहों पर इन मारक दवाइयों को रखें
05:27
where mosquitoes can go
pick up these lethal substances,
pick up these lethal substances,
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जहाँ से मच्छर इनको उठाकर ले जाएँ तो इनकी
05:29
we can crush these colonies
in just three months.
in just three months.
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संख्या 3 महीने में तेजी से कम हो सकती है
05:33
That's autodissemination, as we call it.
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इसे ऑटो-डीसीमीनेशन कहते हैं
05:36
But what if we could use
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लेकिन क्या हम मच्छरों के
05:38
the mosquitoes' sexual behavior
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यौन-व्यवहार को उनकी संख्या को नियंत्रित
05:42
to also control them?
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करने में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं?
05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
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पहले मैं ये बताना चाहूँगा कि
05:45
that actually mosquitoes mate
in what we call swarms.
in what we call swarms.
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मच्छर झुंड में यौन-क्रिया करते हैं
05:49
Male mosquitoes usually congregate
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नर सूर्यास्त के बाद समूह में
05:51
in clusters around the horizon,
usually after sunset.
usually after sunset.
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इकट्ठा होते हैं
05:55
The males go there for a dance,
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नर नाचने के लिए इकट्ठा होते हैं
05:57
the females fly into that dance
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और मादा उड़कर बाद में वहां आती हैं
05:59
and select a male mosquito
of their choice,
of their choice,
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और एक नर को चुनती हैं
06:02
usually the best-looking
male in their view.
male in their view.
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जो कि सबसे सुन्दर नर होता है
06:04
They clump together
and fall down onto the floor.
and fall down onto the floor.
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वे गुच्छा होकर जमीन पर गिरते हैं
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful.
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यह बहुत सुन्दर दृश्य होता है.
06:08
It's a fantastic phenomenon.
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एक अभूतपूर्व घटना.
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching
work gets really interesting.
work gets really interesting.
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यहीं से हमारा काम रोचक होता है
06:15
What we have seen, when we go
swamp hunting in the villages,
swamp hunting in the villages,
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हमने ये देखा हैं कि ये गीली
कीचड़ वाली जगहें
कीचड़ वाली जगहें
06:18
is that these swamp locations
tend to be at exactly the same location
tend to be at exactly the same location
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हमेशा उसी जगह होती हैं,
06:22
every day, every week, every month,
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हर रोज, हर हफ्ते, हर महीने
06:25
year in, year out.
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और हर साल.
06:26
They start at exactly
the same time of the evening,
the same time of the evening,
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वो हर शाम ठीक उसी समय शुरू होते हैं
06:29
and they are at exactly
the same locations.
the same locations.
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और ठीक उसी जगह मिलते हैं.
06:32
What does this tell us?
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यह हमें क्या बतलाता है?
06:33
It means that if we can map
all these locations across villages,
all these locations across villages,
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अगर हम इन लोकेशंस का पता लगा ले
06:36
we could actually
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तो हम उनकी संख्या को
06:38
crush these populations
by just a single blow.
by just a single blow.
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एक ही तगड़ी मार से खत्म कर सकते हैं.
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them
or nuke them out.
or nuke them out.
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जैसे न्यूक्लीयर बम गिरा दिया हो.
06:45
And that is what we try to do
with young men and women
with young men and women
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हम यही प्रक्रिया गांवों में लड़के लडकियों
06:48
across the villages.
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की मदद से कर रहे हैं
06:49
We organize these crews, teach them
how to identify the swarms,
how to identify the swarms,
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हम इनकी टीमों को इन झुंडों को ढूंढकर
06:53
and spray them out.
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उनको स्प्रे करना सिखाते हैं
06:54
My colleagues and I believe
we have a new window
we have a new window
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हमें यकीन है कि इस नए तरीके से हमें इस
06:57
to get mosquitoes out of the valley.
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घाटी को मच्छर-मुक्त कर पाएंगे.
07:01
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes
eat blood, human blood,
eat blood, human blood,
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क्यूँकि मच्छर मनुष्य के खून पर जीते हैं,
07:05
is the reason they are
the most dangerous animal on earth.
the most dangerous animal on earth.
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वे दुनिया के सबसे खतरनाक प्राणी हैं.
07:09
But think about it this way --
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सोच कर देखिये -
07:11
mosquitoes actually smell you.
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मच्छर आपकी गंध से आपको पहचानते हैं.
07:14
And they have developed
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उन्होंने अपनी इस क्षमता को
07:16
incredible sensory organs.
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अत्यंत विलक्षण कर लिया है.
07:19
They can smell from as far
sometimes as 100 meters away.
sometimes as 100 meters away.
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वे 100 मीटर दूर से आपकी गंध ले सकते हैं.
07:24
And when they get closer,
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और पास आने पर वे
07:25
they can even tell the difference
between two family members.
between two family members.
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परिवार के दो सदस्यों में भेद कर सकते हैं.
07:28
They know who you are
based on what you produce
based on what you produce
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वे पहचान कर सकते हैं
07:30
from your breath, skin,
sweat and body odor.
sweat and body odor.
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आपकी सांस, चमड़ी, पसीना और शरीर की गंध से.
07:34
What we have done at Ifakara
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हमने इफाकारा में ये पता किया
07:35
is to identify what it is in your skin,
your body, your sweat or your breath
your body, your sweat or your breath
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कि मच्छरों को आपके शरीर, चमड़ी, पसीने में
07:39
that these mosquitoes like.
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क्या पसंद आता है.
07:41
Once we identified these substances,
we created a concoction,
we created a concoction,
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इन तत्वों को समझ कर हमने
07:44
kind of a mixture,
a blend of synthetic substances
a blend of synthetic substances
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एक मिश्रण तैयार किया है जो
07:47
that are reminiscent
of what you produce from your body.
of what you produce from your body.
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शरीर से पैदा होने वाली विभिन्न चीज़ों का
07:50
And we made a synthetic blend
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कृत्रिम स्वरुप है और ये मनुष्य से
07:52
that was attracting three to five times
more mosquitoes than a human being.
more mosquitoes than a human being.
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3-5 गुना ज्यादा मच्छर आकर्षित करता है.
07:57
What can you do with this?
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इससे क्या किया जा सकता है?
07:58
You put in a trap, lure a lot
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
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जाल बिछा कर कई मच्छरों को मारा जा सकता है?
08:02
And of course, you can also
use it for surveillance.
use it for surveillance.
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और चौकसी रखने में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं.
08:04
At Ifakara
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इफाकारा में हम
08:06
we wish to expand our knowledge
on the biology of the mosquito;
on the biology of the mosquito;
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मच्छरों के बारे में अपने ज्ञान में वृद्धि
08:11
to control many other diseases,
including, of course, the malaria,
including, of course, the malaria,
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करके बीमारियों को नियंत्रित करते हैं,
08:14
but also those other diseases
that mosquitoes transmit
that mosquitoes transmit
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फिर मलेरिया हो या और कोई जैसे
08:16
like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.
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डेंगू, चिकनगुन्या, या ज़ीका.
08:19
And this is why my colleagues,
for example --
for example --
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मैंने और मेरे सहकर्मियों
08:21
we have looked at the fact
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ने ये देखा है कि
08:23
that some mosquitoes
like to bite you on the leg region.
like to bite you on the leg region.
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मच्छर आपको पैरो पर काटते हैं.
08:26
And we've now created
these mosquito repellent sandals
these mosquito repellent sandals
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तो हमने ये ख़ास सैंडल बनाये हैं
08:30
that tourists and locals can wear
when they're coming.
when they're coming.
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जिनको पर्यटक और अन्य लोग पहन सकते हैं.
08:33
And you don't get bitten --
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इनसे आपको मच्छर नहीं काटेंगे
08:34
this gives you 'round the clock protection
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ये तब तक सुरक्षा प्रदान करते हैं
08:36
until the time you go under your bednet.
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जब तक आप मच्छरदानी में नही जाते.
08:39
(Applause)
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(तालियाँ और प्रशंसा)
08:41
My love-hate relationship
with mosquitoes continues.
with mosquitoes continues.
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मच्छरों केसाथ मेरा प्रेम-द्वेषका रिश्ता है
08:43
(Laughter)
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(हँसी)
08:44
And it's going to go
a long way, I can see.
a long way, I can see.
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और यह बहुत समय तक चलेगा.
08:47
But that's OK.
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कोई बात नहीं.
08:48
WHO has set a goal of 2030
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
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WHO 2030 तक 35 देश मलेरिया मुक्त चाहता है
08:53
The African Union has set a goal
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अफ्रीकन यूनियन ने भी 2030 तक
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate malaria
from the continent.
from the continent.
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मलेरिया को खत्म करने का लक्ष्य रखा है
08:58
At Ifakara we are firmly
behind these goals.
behind these goals.
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इफाकारा में भी हमारा यही लक्ष्य है
09:01
And we've put together
a cohort of young scientists,
a cohort of young scientists,
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हमने वैज्ञानिको का एक दल तैयार किया है
09:04
male and female,
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आदमी एवं औरतें
09:06
who are champions,
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जो सर्वोत्तम हैं
09:07
who are interested in coming together
to make this vision come true.
to make this vision come true.
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और साथ मिलकर इस लक्ष्य को साधना चाहते हैं.
09:11
They do what they can
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वो इसको सत्य करने के लिए हर
09:13
to make it work.
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प्रयत्न करने को तैयार हैं
09:16
And we are supporting them.
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और हम उनकी सहायता करते हैं.
09:18
We are here to make sure
that these dreams come true.
that these dreams come true.
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हम चाहते हैं कि ये सपना पूरा हो.
09:21
Ladies and gentlemen,
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देवियों और सज्जनों,
09:23
even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,
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अगर ये हमारे जीवनकाल में नहीं होता,
09:27
even if it doesn't happen
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अगर ये मेरे-आपके रहते
09:29
before you and me go away,
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हुए नहीं होता
09:31
I believe that your child and my child
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मुझे यकीन है की हमारे बच्चे ऐसे विश्व में
09:34
shall inherit a world
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
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रहेंगे, जो मलेरिया के मच्छर से मुक्त होगा.
09:37
and free of malaria.
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और मलेरिया मुक्त होगा.
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
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देवियों और सज्जनों, बहुत बहुत धयवाद.
09:41
(Applause)
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(तालियाँ और प्रशंसा)
09:45
Thank you.
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धन्यवाद.
09:46
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.
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केलो कुबु: OK, फ्रेद्रोस.
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.
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CRISPR के बारे में बताइए
09:50
(Laughter)
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(हँसी)
09:52
It's taken the world by storm,
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ये विश्व को अचंभित करता है
09:54
it promises to do amazing things.
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और कई अचम्भे करने में सक्षम है.
09:58
What do you think of scientists
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
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वैज्ञानिक CRISPR से मच्छर कैसे माररहे हैं?
10:03
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question,
let's start from what the problem is.
let's start from what the problem is.
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फ्रेद्रोस: समझते हैं कि समस्या क्या है
10:08
First of all, we're talking
about a disease that still kills --
about a disease that still kills --
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ये वो बीमारी है, जो मारक क्षमता रखती है.
10:12
according to the latest figures
we have from WHO --
we have from WHO --
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WHO के अनुसार
10:14
429,000 people.
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429,000 मौतें.
10:16
Most of these are African children.
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ज्यादातर अफ़्रीकी बच्चे हैं.
10:19
Of course, we've made progress,
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कई देश मलेरिया से होने
10:21
there are countries that have achieved
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वाली मौतों में 50-60% गिरावट
10:23
up to 50-60 percent reduction
in malaria burden.
in malaria burden.
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लाने में सफल हुए है.
10:26
But we still have to do more
to get to zero.
to get to zero.
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पर इसको 0 करने के लिए हमें कुछ करना होगा.
10:29
There is already proof of principle
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यह देखा गया है कि
10:31
that gene-editing techniques,
such as CRISPR,
such as CRISPR,
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जीन-एडिटिंग तकनीक (जैसे CRISPR)
10:34
can be used effectively
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का इस्तेमाल मच्छरों को बदलने में
10:37
to transform mosquitoes so that
either they do not transmit malaria --
either they do not transmit malaria --
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कारगर है, ताकि वे मलेरिया न फैला पाएं
10:41
we call this population alteration --
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इसे जनसंख्या परिवर्तन कहते हैं
10:43
or that they no longer exist,
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या उनको खत्म किया जा सकता है
10:46
population suppression.
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जिसे जनसंख्या दमन कहते हैं.
10:48
This is already proven in the lab.
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यह लैब में किया जा चुका है.
10:50
There is also modeling work
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अगर इन जीन परिवर्तित
10:52
that has demonstrated
that even if you were to release
that even if you were to release
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मच्छरों की छोटी संख्या को वातावरण में
10:55
just a small number of these
genetically modified mosquitoes,
genetically modified mosquitoes,
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छोड़ा जाए तो, मच्छरों को बहुत ही
10:58
that you can actually achieve
elimination very, very quickly.
elimination very, very quickly.
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कम समय में खत्म किया जा सकता है.
11:01
So, CRISPR and tools like this
offer us some real opportunities --
offer us some real opportunities --
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CRISPR जैसे तरीके हमें अवसर प्रदान करते
11:05
real-life opportunities
to have high-impact interventions
to have high-impact interventions
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हैं कि हम कुछ प्रभावशील कर सकें,
11:09
that we can use
in addition to what we have now
in addition to what we have now
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बाकी तरीकों के अलावा, जो हमें 0 तक
11:12
to eventually go to zero.
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पहुचने में मदद करे.
11:14
This is important.
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यह महत्त्वपूर्ण है.
11:15
Now, of course people always ask us --
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हमसे पूछा जाता है,
11:18
which is a common question,
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जो एक सामान्य सवाल है,
11:20
I guess you're going
to ask this as well --
to ask this as well --
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और आप भी पूछेंगे कि
11:22
"What happens if you
eliminate mosquitoes?"
eliminate mosquitoes?"
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"अगर मच्छर खत्म हो गए तो क्या होगा?"
11:24
KK: I won't ask then, you answer.
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KK: मैं नहीं पूछूंगी, आप बताओ.
11:26
FO: OK. In respect to this,
I would just like to remind my colleagues
I would just like to remind my colleagues
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FO: मैं आपको याद दिलाना चाहता हूँ कि
11:30
that we have 3,500
mosquito species in this world.
mosquito species in this world.
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विश्व में मच्छर की 3,500 प्रजातियाँ हैं.
11:34
Maybe more than that.
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शायद उससे भी ज्यादा.
11:35
About 400 of these are Anophelenes,
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इसमें से 400 अनोफिलिन्स हैं
11:38
and only about 70 of them
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
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उसमे से 70 मलेरिया फैलाते हैं
11:41
In Africa, we're having to deal with
three or four of these as the major guys.
three or four of these as the major guys.
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अफ्रीका में इसमें से 3-4 ही पायी जाती हैं
11:45
They carry most -- like 99 percent
of all the malaria we have.
of all the malaria we have.
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ये 99% मलेरिया फैलाते हैं.
11:49
If we were to go out
with gene editing like CRISPR,
with gene editing like CRISPR,
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अगर हम CRISPR का इस्तेमाल करते हैं
11:52
if we were to go out
with gene drives to control malaria,
with gene drives to control malaria,
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और जीन-एडिटिंग से मलेरिया की रोकथाम करते हैं
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
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हम 1 या 2 प्रजाति पर वार करेंगे
11:57
I don't see a diversity problem with that.
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इसमें जैव विविधता की कमी का प्रश्न नहीं है
11:59
But that's personal view.
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ये मेरा व्यक्तिगत विचार है
12:01
I think it's OK.
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मेरे हिसाब से ठीक है.
12:02
And remember, by the way,
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कई सालों से हमने
12:03
all these years we've been trying
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
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मच्छरों का खात्मा करने की कोशिश की है,
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues
in America have sprayed with --
in America have sprayed with --
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उनको अमेरिका में स्प्रे करके
12:11
really bomb-spraying
these insects out of the villages.
these insects out of the villages.
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गांवों से ख़त्म करने की कोशिश की है.
12:14
In Africa we do a lot
of household spraying.
of household spraying.
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अफ्रीका में घरों में स्प्रे करते हैं
12:17
All these are aimed
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
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सबका उद्देश्य मच्छरों को मारना है तो किसी
12:20
So there's really no problem
if we had a new tool.
if we had a new tool.
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नयी तकनीक का इस्तेमाल करना गलत कैसे?
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
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पर मैं ये कहना चाहूँगा कि
12:24
we also have to be
very, very responsible here.
very, very responsible here.
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हमें नैतिक जिम्मेदारी से चलना होगा
12:26
So there's the regulatory side,
and we have to partner with our regulators
and we have to partner with our regulators
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हमें रेगुलेटर एजेंसी के साथ काम करना होगा
12:30
and make sure that everything
that we do is done correctly,
that we do is done correctly,
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और हम जो भी करें, सही से करें.
12:33
is done responsibly
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जिम्मेदारी से करना होगा
12:34
and that we also have to do
independent risk assessments,
independent risk assessments,
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और हमें इससे जुड़े जोखिम को समझना होगा
12:37
to just make sure
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ताकि यह तरीके ग़लत
12:38
that all these processes
do not fall into the wrong hands.
do not fall into the wrong hands.
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हाथों में ना पड़ जाएँ
12:42
Thank you very much.
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धन्यवाद.
12:43
KK: Thank you.
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KK: धन्यवाद.
12:44
(Applause)
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(तालियाँ और प्रशंसा)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientistFredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.
Why you should listen
Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.
Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com