TEDGlobal 2017
Fredros Okumu: Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes
Fredros Okumu: Kwanini najifunza mnyama wa hatari kabisa duniani -- mbu
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Nini tunachojua hasa kuhusu mbu? Fredros Okumu anakamata na kujifunza hawa wadudu wabeba-ugonjwa kama kazi -- na tumaini la kuponda makazi yao. Jiunge na Okumu kwenye matembezi ya mstari wa mbele ya tafiti za mbu, akieleza kiundani baadhi ya njia zisizo za kawaida ambazo timu yake ya Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara ilioko Tanzania imeendeleza kulenga kilichoelezewa kama mnyama hatari zaidi duniani.
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientist
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Fredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I guess because I'm from Tanzania
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Nahisi sababu nimetoka Tanzania
00:14
I have a responsibility
to welcome all of you once again.
to welcome all of you once again.
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nina wajibu wa kuwakaribisha
wote kwa mara nyingine.
wote kwa mara nyingine.
00:18
Thank you for coming.
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Asanteni kwa kuja.
00:19
So, first of all, before we start,
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Kwanza kabisa, kabla hatujaanza,
00:21
how many of you in the audience
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wangapi wenu kwenye hadhira
00:22
have been in the past
a victim of this bug here?
a victim of this bug here?
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wamekuwa kipindi cha nyuma
waathirika wa mdudu huyu hapa?
waathirika wa mdudu huyu hapa?
00:28
We apologize on behalf
of all the mosquito catchers.
of all the mosquito catchers.
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Tunaomba msamaha kwa niaba ya
wakamata mbu wote.
wakamata mbu wote.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
00:33
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Mabibi na mabwana,
00:34
imagine getting seven infectious
mosquito bites every day.
mosquito bites every day.
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fikiria kuumwa na mbu saba wenye
maambukizi kila siku.
maambukizi kila siku.
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.
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Hizo ni umo 2,555 yenye maambukizi kila
mwaka.
mwaka.
00:44
When I was in college,
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
I moved to the Kilombero River valley
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Nilipokua chuo, nilihamia
bonde la mto la Kilombero
bonde la mto la Kilombero
00:48
in the southeastern part of Tanzania.
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eneo la kusini-mashariki la Tanzania.
00:50
This is historically
one of the most malarious zones
one of the most malarious zones
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Hii kihistoria ni moja ya
kanda zenye malaria zaidi
kanda zenye malaria zaidi
00:53
in the world at that time.
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kwenye dunia kwa muda huo.
00:55
Life here was difficult.
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Maisha hapo yalikuwa magumu.
00:58
In its later stages
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Kwenye hatua zake za baadae
01:00
malaria manifested with extreme seizures
locally known as degedege.
locally known as degedege.
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malaria ilibainika na kifafa
kilichokithiri kilichoitwa degedege.
kilichokithiri kilichoitwa degedege.
01:05
It's killed both women and men,
adults and children,
adults and children,
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Kimeua wote wanawake kwa wanaume,
wakubwa na wadogo,
wakubwa na wadogo,
01:08
without mercy.
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bila huruma.
01:09
My home institution,
Ifakara Health Institute,
Ifakara Health Institute,
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Taasisi yangu ya nyumbani,
Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara
Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara
01:12
began in this valley in the 1950s
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ilianza kwenye hili bonde miaka ya 1950
01:14
to address priority health needs
for the local communities.
for the local communities.
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kuzungumzia mahitaji ya afya yenye
kipaumbele kwa jamii ya ndani.
kipaumbele kwa jamii ya ndani.
01:17
In fact, the name Ifakara
refers to a place you go to die,
refers to a place you go to die,
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Ki kweli, jina Ifakara
lina maanisha sehemu unaenda kufa,
lina maanisha sehemu unaenda kufa,
01:22
which is a reflection
of what life used to be here
of what life used to be here
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ambayo inaonyesha jinsi
maisha yalivyokua hapa
maisha yalivyokua hapa
01:24
in the days before
organized public health care.
organized public health care.
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kwenye siku kabla ya
kupanga huduma za afya ya umma.
kupanga huduma za afya ya umma.
01:28
When I first moved here,
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Mwanzoni nilipohamia hapa,
01:29
my primary role was to estimate
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jukumu la msingi lilikua kukadiria
01:31
how much malaria transmission
was going on across the villages
was going on across the villages
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ni kiasi cha maambukizi ya malaria
yanayoendelea katika vijiji
yanayoendelea katika vijiji
01:35
and which mosquitoes
were transmitting the disease.
were transmitting the disease.
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na ni mbu gani waliokuwa
wakisambaza ugonjwa.
wakisambaza ugonjwa.
01:38
So my colleague and myself came
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Hivyo mimi na mwenzangu tukaenda
01:41
30 kilometers south
of Ifakara town across the river.
of Ifakara town across the river.
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kilomita 30 kusini mwa mji
wa Ifakara kupitia mto.
wa Ifakara kupitia mto.
01:44
Every evening we went into the villages
with flashlights and siphons.
with flashlights and siphons.
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Kila jioni tulienda kwenye vijiji
na tochi na mabomba.
na tochi na mabomba.
01:49
We rolled up our trousers,
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Tulikunja suruali zetu,
01:51
and waited for mosquitoes
that were coming to bite us
that were coming to bite us
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na kungojea mbu ambao
walikuja kutung'ata
walikuja kutung'ata
01:54
so we could collect them
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ili tuweze kuwakusanya
01:56
to check if they were carrying malaria.
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kuwaangalia kama wamebeba malaria.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
01:59
My colleague and myself
selected a household,
selected a household,
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Mimi na mwenzangu
tulichagua kaya,
tulichagua kaya,
02:01
and we started inside and outside,
swapping positions every half hour.
swapping positions every half hour.
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na tukaanza ndani na nje,
tukibadilishana nafasi kila nusu saa.
tukibadilishana nafasi kila nusu saa.
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours every night
for 24 consecutive nights.
for 24 consecutive nights.
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Na tulifanya hivi kwa masaa 12 kila usiku
kwa usiku 24 mfululizo.
kwa usiku 24 mfululizo.
02:11
We slept for four hours every morning
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Tulilala kwa masaa manne kila asubuhi
02:13
and worked the rest of the day,
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na kufanya kazi siku nzima,
02:15
sorting mosquitoes, identifying them
and chopping off their heads
and chopping off their heads
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kuchambua mbu, kuwatambua
na kukata vichwa vyao
na kukata vichwa vyao
02:18
so they could be analyzed in the lab
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ili waweze kuchanganua maabara
02:19
to check if they were
carrying malaria parasites
carrying malaria parasites
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kuangalia kama wanabeba
vimelea vya malaria
vimelea vya malaria
02:22
in their blood mouthparts.
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kwenye damu ya midomo yao.
02:23
This way we were able to not only know
how much malaria was going on here
how much malaria was going on here
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Hii njia tunaweza kutokujua tu
kiasi gani cha malaria kinaendelea hapa
kiasi gani cha malaria kinaendelea hapa
02:27
but also which mosquitoes
were carrying this malaria.
were carrying this malaria.
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lakini pia mbu gani walibeba
hii malaria.
hii malaria.
02:30
We were also able to know
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Tumeweza pia kujua
02:32
whether malaria was mostly
inside houses or outside houses.
inside houses or outside houses.
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kama malaria ilikua nyingi
nje au ndani ya nyumba.
nje au ndani ya nyumba.
02:35
Today, ladies and gentlemen,
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
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Leo, mabibi na mabwana,
bado ninakamata mbu kama kazi.
bado ninakamata mbu kama kazi.
02:39
But I do this mostly to improve
people's lives and well-being.
people's lives and well-being.
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Lakini nafanya hivi mara nyingi kuboresha
maisha ya watu na hali njema.
maisha ya watu na hali njema.
02:44
This has been called by some people
the most dangerous animal on earth --
the most dangerous animal on earth --
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Hii imeitwa na baadhi ya watu
kua mnyama wa hatari zaidi duniani --
kua mnyama wa hatari zaidi duniani --
02:48
which unfortunately is true.
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ambayo kwa bahati mbaya ni kweli.
02:50
But what do we really
know about mosquitoes?
know about mosquitoes?
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Lakini ni nini tunachojua
hasa kuhusu mbu?
hasa kuhusu mbu?
02:54
It turns out we actually know very little.
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Inaonekana kwa kweli tunajua kidogo sana.
02:58
Consider the fact that at the moment
our best practice against malaria
our best practice against malaria
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Zingatia ukweli kua wakati huu
njia yetu bora dhidi ya malaria
njia yetu bora dhidi ya malaria
03:02
are bednets --
insecticide treated bednets.
insecticide treated bednets.
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ni vyandarua --
vyandarua vyenye dawa ya wadudu.
vyandarua vyenye dawa ya wadudu.
03:05
We know now that across Africa
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Tunajua kua katika Afrika
03:06
you have widespread resistance
to insecticides.
to insecticides.
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una upinzani ulioenea
kwa dawa ya wadudu.
kwa dawa ya wadudu.
03:09
And these are the same insecticides,
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Na hizi ndizo zilezile dawa za
wadudu
wadudu
03:11
the pyrethroid class,
that are put on these bednets.
that are put on these bednets.
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za darasa la pyrethroid,
zilizo kwenye vyandarua.
zilizo kwenye vyandarua.
03:14
We know now that these bednets
protect you from bites
protect you from bites
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Tunajua kua hivi vyandarua
vinakulinda using'atwe
vinakulinda using'atwe
03:17
but only minimally kill
the mosquitoes that they should.
the mosquitoes that they should.
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lakini vinaua kidogo tu
mbu wanaotakiwa.
mbu wanaotakiwa.
03:21
What it means is that we've got to do more
to be able to get to zero.
to be able to get to zero.
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Kinachomaanisha ni kua tunatakiwa kufanya
zaidi kuweza kufikia sifuri.
zaidi kuweza kufikia sifuri.
03:25
And that's part of our duty.
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Na hio ni sehemu ya kazi yetu.
Kwenye Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara
03:28
At Ifakara Health Institute
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03:30
we focus very much
on the biology of the mosquito,
on the biology of the mosquito,
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tunalenga sana kwenye
biolojia ya mbu,
biolojia ya mbu,
03:33
and we try to do this
so we can identify new opportunities.
so we can identify new opportunities.
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na tunajaribu kufanya hivi
ili kutambua nafasi mpya.
ili kutambua nafasi mpya.
03:37
A new approach.
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Mtazamo mpya.
03:38
New ways to try and get new options
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Njia mpya kujaribu kupata suluhisho mpya
03:41
that we can use together
with things such as bednets
with things such as bednets
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ambazo tunaweza kutumia pamoja
na vitu kama vyandarua
na vitu kama vyandarua
03:43
to be able to get to zero.
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kuweza kufikia sifuri.
03:45
And I'm going to share
with you a few examples
with you a few examples
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Nitaenda kuwashirikisha
mifano michache
mifano michache
03:47
of the things that
my colleagues and myself do.
my colleagues and myself do.
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ya vitu ambavyo
wenzangu na mimi tunafanya.
wenzangu na mimi tunafanya.
03:50
Take this, for example.
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Chukua hii, kwa mfano.
03:52
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.
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Mbu huzaliana kwenye mabwawa madogo ya
maji.
maji.
03:56
Not all of them are easy to find --
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Sio wote ni rahisi kupatikana --
03:58
they can be scattered across villages,
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wanaweza kutawanyika katika vijiji,
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints.
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wanaweza kua ndogo kama alama za
kwato.
kwato.
04:03
They can be behind your house
or far from your house.
or far from your house.
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Zinaweza kua nyuma ya nyumba yako
au mbali na nyumba yako.
au mbali na nyumba yako.
04:06
And so, if you wanted
to control mosquito larvae,
to control mosquito larvae,
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Na hivyo, kama unataka
kuthibiti mabuu ya mbu,
kuthibiti mabuu ya mbu,
04:09
it can actually be
quite difficult to get them.
quite difficult to get them.
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kwa kweli inaweza kua
ngumu kabisa kuzipata.
ngumu kabisa kuzipata.
04:12
What my colleagues
and I have decided to do
and I have decided to do
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Wenzangu na mimi
tulichoamua kufanya
tulichoamua kufanya
04:15
is to think about what if
we used mosquitoes themselves
we used mosquitoes themselves
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ni kufikiri je tukitumia
mbu wenyewe
mbu wenyewe
04:18
to carry the insecticides
from a place of our choice
from a place of our choice
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kubeba dawa ya wadudu
kutoka sehemu ya chaguo letu
kutoka sehemu ya chaguo letu
04:21
to their own breeding habitats
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mpaka kwenye mazingira yao ya kuzaliana
04:23
so that whichever eggs
they lay there shall not survive.
they lay there shall not survive.
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ili mayai yoyote watakayotaga
pale yasiishi.
pale yasiishi.
04:28
This is Dickson Lwetoijera.
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Huyu ni Dickson Lwetoijera.
04:30
This is my colleague
who runs this show at Ifakara.
who runs this show at Ifakara.
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Huyu ni mwenzangu
anaeendesha tamasha hili Ifakara.
anaeendesha tamasha hili Ifakara.
04:32
And he has demonstrated cleverly
that you can actually get mosquitoes
that you can actually get mosquitoes
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Na ameonyesha kwa ustadi kua
unaweza kwa kweli kupata mbu
unaweza kwa kweli kupata mbu
04:36
to come to the place
where they normally come to get blood
where they normally come to get blood
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kuja kwenye eneo
ambalo kawaida wanapata damu
ambalo kawaida wanapata damu
04:38
to pick up a dose
of sterilants or insecticide,
of sterilants or insecticide,
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kuchagua kiasi cha
dawa za kusafisha au dawa ya wadudu,
dawa za kusafisha au dawa ya wadudu,
04:42
carry this back
to their own breeding habitat
to their own breeding habitat
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kuzirudisha kwenye
mazingira yao ya kuzaliana
mazingira yao ya kuzaliana
04:45
and kill all their progeny.
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na kuua kizazi chao wenyewe.
04:48
And we have demonstrated
that you can do this
that you can do this
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Na tumeonyesha kua unaweza
kufanya hivi
kufanya hivi
04:50
and crush populations very, very rapidly.
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na kuponda wakazi kwa haraka sana sana.
04:53
This is beautiful.
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Hii ni nzuri.
04:56
This is our mosquito city.
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Hili ni jiji letu la mbu.
04:58
It is the largest mosquito farm
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Ni shamba kubwa la mbu kuliko yote
05:01
available in the world
for malaria research.
for malaria research.
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linalopatikana duniani
kwa tafiti za malaria.
kwa tafiti za malaria.
05:04
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
colonies of malaria mosquitoes
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Hapa tuna kiasi kikubwa cha jamii
inayojiendesha yenyewe ya mbu wa malaria
inayojiendesha yenyewe ya mbu wa malaria
05:09
that we rear in these facilities.
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ambao tunakuza kwenye hivi vituo.
05:10
Of course, they are disease-free.
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Bila shaka, hawa hawana magonjwa.
05:12
But what these systems allow us to do
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Hii mifumo inachoturuhusu kufanya
05:14
is to introduce new tools
and test them immediately,
and test them immediately,
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ni kuanzisha zana mpya na
kuzijaribu mara moja,
kuzijaribu mara moja,
05:18
very quickly,
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haraka sana,
05:19
and see if we can crush these populations
or control them in some way.
or control them in some way.
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na kuona kama tutaponda haya makazi
au kuzidhibiti kwa njia nyingine.
au kuzidhibiti kwa njia nyingine.
05:23
And my colleagues have demonstrated
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Wenzangu wote wameonyesha
05:24
that if you just put
two or three positions
two or three positions
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kua ukiweka tu
nafasi mbili au tatu
nafasi mbili au tatu
05:27
where mosquitoes can go
pick up these lethal substances,
pick up these lethal substances,
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ambazo mbu wanaweza kwenda
kuokota hivi vitu vya hatari,
kuokota hivi vitu vya hatari,
05:29
we can crush these colonies
in just three months.
in just three months.
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tutaponda hizi jamii
ndani ya miezi mitatu tu.
ndani ya miezi mitatu tu.
05:33
That's autodissemination, as we call it.
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Hio tunaita, usambazaji wa kujitegemea.
05:36
But what if we could use
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Lakini inakuaje tukitumia
05:38
the mosquitoes' sexual behavior
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tabia za ngono za mbu
05:42
to also control them?
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na kuzitawala?
05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
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Hivyo, kwanza kabisa ningependa kuwaambia
05:45
that actually mosquitoes mate
in what we call swarms.
in what we call swarms.
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kua ki ukweli mbu wanajamiiana
kwenye tunachoita makundi.
kwenye tunachoita makundi.
05:49
Male mosquitoes usually congregate
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Mbu dume kawaida wanakusanyika
05:51
in clusters around the horizon,
usually after sunset.
usually after sunset.
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kwenye makundi karibu na upeo wa macho,
kawaida baada ya jua kuzama.
kawaida baada ya jua kuzama.
05:55
The males go there for a dance,
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Madume wanaenda pale kucheza dansi,
05:57
the females fly into that dance
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majike wanaelekea kwenye hio dansi
05:59
and select a male mosquito
of their choice,
of their choice,
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na kuchagua mbu wa kiume
wa chaguo lao,
wa chaguo lao,
06:02
usually the best-looking
male in their view.
male in their view.
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kawaida dume linalovutia kwa
mtazamo wao.
mtazamo wao.
06:04
They clump together
and fall down onto the floor.
and fall down onto the floor.
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Wanashikana pamoja na
kuamguka chini kwenye sakafu.
kuamguka chini kwenye sakafu.
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful.
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Ukitazama hii, ni nzuri sana.
06:08
It's a fantastic phenomenon.
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Ni jambo la ajabu.
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching
work gets really interesting.
work gets really interesting.
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Hapa ndipo kazi yetu ya ukamataji mbu
unakua wa kuvutia mno.
unakua wa kuvutia mno.
06:15
What we have seen, when we go
swamp hunting in the villages,
swamp hunting in the villages,
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Tulichokiona, tunapoenda
kuwinda makundi vijijini,
kuwinda makundi vijijini,
06:18
is that these swamp locations
tend to be at exactly the same location
tend to be at exactly the same location
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ni kwamba haya maeneo ya vikundi
huwa yanakua kwenye eneo lilelile kabisa
huwa yanakua kwenye eneo lilelile kabisa
06:22
every day, every week, every month,
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kila siku, kila wiki, kila mwezi,
06:25
year in, year out.
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kwa mwaka mzima.
06:26
They start at exactly
the same time of the evening,
the same time of the evening,
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Wanaanza kabisa mda
ule ule jioni,
ule ule jioni,
06:29
and they are at exactly
the same locations.
the same locations.
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na wanakua kabisa kwenye
maeneo yale yale.
maeneo yale yale.
06:32
What does this tell us?
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Hii inatuambia nini?
06:33
It means that if we can map
all these locations across villages,
all these locations across villages,
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Ina maanisha kama tukiwa na ramani
ya maeneo yote haya katika vijiji,
ya maeneo yote haya katika vijiji,
06:36
we could actually
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tunaweza kabisa
06:38
crush these populations
by just a single blow.
by just a single blow.
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kuponda haya makazi
kwa pigo moja tu.
kwa pigo moja tu.
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them
or nuke them out.
or nuke them out.
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Kama vile, kuwawekea bomu la dawa
au kuwatoa na nyuklia.
au kuwatoa na nyuklia.
06:45
And that is what we try to do
with young men and women
with young men and women
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Na ndio tunachotaka kufanya na
vijana wakike na wakiume
vijana wakike na wakiume
06:48
across the villages.
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katika vijiji.
06:49
We organize these crews, teach them
how to identify the swarms,
how to identify the swarms,
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Tunaandaa hawa wafanyakazi, kuwafundisha
jinsi ya kutambua makundi,
jinsi ya kutambua makundi,
06:53
and spray them out.
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na kuwapulizia nje.
06:54
My colleagues and I believe
we have a new window
we have a new window
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Wenzangu na mimi tunaamini
tuna mwangaza mpya
tuna mwangaza mpya
06:57
to get mosquitoes out of the valley.
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ya kutoa mbu nje ya bonde.
07:01
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes
eat blood, human blood,
eat blood, human blood,
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Lakini pengine ukweli kua mbu
wanakula damu, damu ya binadamu,
wanakula damu, damu ya binadamu,
07:05
is the reason they are
the most dangerous animal on earth.
the most dangerous animal on earth.
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ndio sababu ni mnyama wa hatari
sana duniani.
sana duniani.
07:09
But think about it this way --
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Lakini fikiria hio hivi --
07:11
mosquitoes actually smell you.
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mbu ki kweli wanakunusa.
07:14
And they have developed
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Na wamekuza
07:16
incredible sensory organs.
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viungo vya hisia vya ajabu.
07:19
They can smell from as far
sometimes as 100 meters away.
sometimes as 100 meters away.
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Wanaweza kunusa kwa umbali
mara nyingine wa mita 100.
mara nyingine wa mita 100.
07:24
And when they get closer,
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Na wanaposogea karibu,
07:25
they can even tell the difference
between two family members.
between two family members.
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wanaweza hata kuona tofauti kati
ya watu wa familia mbili.
ya watu wa familia mbili.
07:28
They know who you are
based on what you produce
based on what you produce
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Wanajua wewe ni nani kadri
na unachozalisha
na unachozalisha
07:30
from your breath, skin,
sweat and body odor.
sweat and body odor.
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kutoka kwenye pumzi, ngozi,
jasho na harufu ya mwili.
jasho na harufu ya mwili.
07:34
What we have done at Ifakara
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Tulichokifanya Ifakara
07:35
is to identify what it is in your skin,
your body, your sweat or your breath
your body, your sweat or your breath
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ni kutambua kilicho kwenye ngozi yako,
mwili wako, jasho lako au pumzi
mwili wako, jasho lako au pumzi
07:39
that these mosquitoes like.
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ambazo hawa mbu wanapenda.
07:41
Once we identified these substances,
we created a concoction,
we created a concoction,
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Mara moja baada ya kutambua hivi vitu,
tuliunda mchanganyiko,
tuliunda mchanganyiko,
07:44
kind of a mixture,
a blend of synthetic substances
a blend of synthetic substances
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kama mkorogo,
mchangamano wa vitu vilivyotengenezwa
mchangamano wa vitu vilivyotengenezwa
07:47
that are reminiscent
of what you produce from your body.
of what you produce from your body.
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ambavyo vina kumbukumbu
ya unachozalisha mwilini mwako.
ya unachozalisha mwilini mwako.
07:50
And we made a synthetic blend
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Na tunatengeneza mchangamano wa
kutengenezwa
kutengenezwa
07:52
that was attracting three to five times
more mosquitoes than a human being.
more mosquitoes than a human being.
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ambayo ilivutia mbu watatu mpaka
watano zaidi ya binadamu.
watano zaidi ya binadamu.
07:57
What can you do with this?
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Utafanya nini na hili?
07:58
You put in a trap, lure a lot
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
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Unaweka kwenye mtego, shawishi mbu
wengi na kuwaua, ndio?
wengi na kuwaua, ndio?
08:02
And of course, you can also
use it for surveillance.
use it for surveillance.
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Na bila shaka, unaweza pia
ukatumia kwa ufuatiliaji.
ukatumia kwa ufuatiliaji.
08:04
At Ifakara
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Katika Ifakara
08:06
we wish to expand our knowledge
on the biology of the mosquito;
on the biology of the mosquito;
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tunataka kupanua maarifa yetu kwenye
biolojia ya mbu;
biolojia ya mbu;
08:11
to control many other diseases,
including, of course, the malaria,
including, of course, the malaria,
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kudhibiti magonjwa mengi zaidi,
ikiwemo, bila shaka, malaria,
ikiwemo, bila shaka, malaria,
08:14
but also those other diseases
that mosquitoes transmit
that mosquitoes transmit
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lakini pia magonjwa mengine
yanayosambazwa na mbu
yanayosambazwa na mbu
08:16
like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.
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kama dengue, Chikungunya na kirusi
cha Zika.
cha Zika.
08:19
And this is why my colleagues,
for example --
for example --
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Na hii ndio maana wenzangu,
kwa mfano --
kwa mfano --
08:21
we have looked at the fact
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tumeangalia kwenye ukweli
08:23
that some mosquitoes
like to bite you on the leg region.
like to bite you on the leg region.
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kua baadhi ya mbu
wanapenda kukung'ata eneo la mguu.
wanapenda kukung'ata eneo la mguu.
08:26
And we've now created
these mosquito repellent sandals
these mosquito repellent sandals
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Na sasa tumeunda hivi
viatu vya kuzuia mbu
viatu vya kuzuia mbu
08:30
that tourists and locals can wear
when they're coming.
when they're coming.
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ambavyo watalii na wenyeji wanaweza kuvaa
wanapokuja.
wanapokuja.
08:33
And you don't get bitten --
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Na hauwezi kung'atwa --
08:34
this gives you 'round the clock protection
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hii inakupa ulinzi masaa yote
08:36
until the time you go under your bednet.
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mpaka mda unaingia kwenye chandarua
chako.
chako.
08:39
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
08:41
My love-hate relationship
with mosquitoes continues.
with mosquitoes continues.
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Uhusiano wangu wa upendo na chuki
na mbu unaendelea.
na mbu unaendelea.
08:43
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
08:44
And it's going to go
a long way, I can see.
a long way, I can see.
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Na utaendelea kwa mda
mrefu, ninaona.
mrefu, ninaona.
08:47
But that's OK.
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Lakini ni sawa.
08:48
WHO has set a goal of 2030
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
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WHO imeweka lengo la 2030
kuondoa malaria kwenye nchi 35.
kuondoa malaria kwenye nchi 35.
08:53
The African Union has set a goal
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Muungano wa Afrika umeweka lengo
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate malaria
from the continent.
from the continent.
188
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la 2030 kuondoa malaria
kwenye bara.
kwenye bara.
08:58
At Ifakara we are firmly
behind these goals.
behind these goals.
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Ifakara tupo imara nyuma
ya haya malengo.
ya haya malengo.
09:01
And we've put together
a cohort of young scientists,
a cohort of young scientists,
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Na tumeweka pamoja utafiti wa
kundi wa wanasayansi vijana,
kundi wa wanasayansi vijana,
09:04
male and female,
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wanaume na wanawake,
09:06
who are champions,
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ambao ni mabingwa,
09:07
who are interested in coming together
to make this vision come true.
to make this vision come true.
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ambao wana nia wa kuja pamoja
kufanya hili ono kua kweli.
kufanya hili ono kua kweli.
09:11
They do what they can
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Wanafanya wanachoweza
09:13
to make it work.
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ili ifanye kazi.
09:16
And we are supporting them.
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Na tunawaunga mkono.
09:18
We are here to make sure
that these dreams come true.
that these dreams come true.
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Tuko hapa kuhakikisha
kua hizi ndoto zinakua kweli.
kua hizi ndoto zinakua kweli.
09:21
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Mabibi na mabwana,
09:23
even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,
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hata kama isipotokea kwenye maisha yetu,
09:27
even if it doesn't happen
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hata kama isipotokea
09:29
before you and me go away,
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kabla wewe na mimi hatujaondoka,
09:31
I believe that your child and my child
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ninaamini kua mtoto wako na mtoto wangu
09:34
shall inherit a world
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
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watarithi dunia iliyohuru
na mbu waenezao malaria
na mbu waenezao malaria
09:37
and free of malaria.
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na huru na malaria.
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
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Asanteni sana, mabibi na mabwana.
09:41
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
09:45
Thank you.
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Asante.
09:46
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.
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Kelo Kubu: Sawa, Fredros.
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.
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Tuongelee kuhusu CRISPR kidogo.
09:50
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
09:52
It's taken the world by storm,
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Imechukua dunia kwa tufani,
09:54
it promises to do amazing things.
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imeahidi kufanya vitu vya kushangaza.
09:58
What do you think of scientists
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
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Unafikiria nini juu ya wanasayansi
wanaotumia CRISPR kuua mbu?
wanaotumia CRISPR kuua mbu?
10:03
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question,
let's start from what the problem is.
let's start from what the problem is.
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Fredros Okumu: Kujibu swali hili, tuanze
kwenye nini ndio tatizo.
kwenye nini ndio tatizo.
10:08
First of all, we're talking
about a disease that still kills --
about a disease that still kills --
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Kwanza kabisa, tunaongelea kuhusu
ugonjwa ambao bado unaua --
ugonjwa ambao bado unaua --
10:12
according to the latest figures
we have from WHO --
we have from WHO --
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kadri ya takwimu za karibuni
tulizonazo kutoka WHO --
tulizonazo kutoka WHO --
10:14
429,000 people.
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watu 429,000.
10:16
Most of these are African children.
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Wengi wao ni watoto wa Afrika.
10:19
Of course, we've made progress,
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Bila shaka, tumefanya maendeleo.
10:21
there are countries that have achieved
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kuna nchi zilizofanikiwa
10:23
up to 50-60 percent reduction
in malaria burden.
in malaria burden.
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mpaka asilima 50-60 imepungua
ya mzigo wa malaria.
ya mzigo wa malaria.
10:26
But we still have to do more
to get to zero.
to get to zero.
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Lakini tunahitaji kufanya zaidi
kufikia sifuri.
kufikia sifuri.
10:29
There is already proof of principle
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Tayari kuna ushahidi wa kanuni
10:31
that gene-editing techniques,
such as CRISPR,
such as CRISPR,
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kua mbinu za kuhariri kinasaba
kama CRISPR,
kama CRISPR,
10:34
can be used effectively
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zinaweza kutumika kiufanisi
10:37
to transform mosquitoes so that
either they do not transmit malaria --
either they do not transmit malaria --
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kubadilisha mbu ili
aidha wasisambaze malaria --
aidha wasisambaze malaria --
10:41
we call this population alteration --
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tunaita hii mabadiliko ya wakazi --
10:43
or that they no longer exist,
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au wasiendelee kuwepo,
10:46
population suppression.
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ukandamizaji wa wakazi.
10:48
This is already proven in the lab.
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Hii tayari imethibitishwa kwenye maabara.
10:50
There is also modeling work
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Kuna kazi pia ya muundo
10:52
that has demonstrated
that even if you were to release
that even if you were to release
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ambayo imeonyesha kua
hata kama ungetoa
hata kama ungetoa
10:55
just a small number of these
genetically modified mosquitoes,
genetically modified mosquitoes,
233
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idadi ndogo tu ya hawa mbu
waliobadilishwa vinasaba,
waliobadilishwa vinasaba,
10:58
that you can actually achieve
elimination very, very quickly.
elimination very, very quickly.
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kua ungetimiza ki ukweli
kuondoa kwa haraka sana.
kuondoa kwa haraka sana.
11:01
So, CRISPR and tools like this
offer us some real opportunities --
offer us some real opportunities --
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649920
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Hivyo, CRISPR na zana kama hizi
zinatoa nafasi za ukweli --
zinatoa nafasi za ukweli --
11:05
real-life opportunities
to have high-impact interventions
to have high-impact interventions
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nafasi za maisha halisi kuwa
na misaada yenye athari za juu
na misaada yenye athari za juu
11:09
that we can use
in addition to what we have now
in addition to what we have now
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ambayo tunaweza kutumia
tukiongezea na tulichonacho sasa
tukiongezea na tulichonacho sasa
11:12
to eventually go to zero.
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ili hatimae kufikia sifuri.
11:14
This is important.
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Hii ni muhimu.
11:15
Now, of course people always ask us --
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Sasa, bila shaka watu wanatuuliza sisi --
11:18
which is a common question,
241
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ambalo ni swali la kawaida,
11:20
I guess you're going
to ask this as well --
to ask this as well --
242
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nakisia utauliza
hili pia --
hili pia --
11:22
"What happens if you
eliminate mosquitoes?"
eliminate mosquitoes?"
243
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"Nini kitatokea kama
utaondoa mbu?"
utaondoa mbu?"
11:24
KK: I won't ask then, you answer.
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KK: Basi sitouliza, wewe jibu.
11:26
FO: OK. In respect to this,
I would just like to remind my colleagues
I would just like to remind my colleagues
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FO: Sawa. Kwa hali ya hili,
ningependa tu kukumbusha wenzangu
ningependa tu kukumbusha wenzangu
11:30
that we have 3,500
mosquito species in this world.
mosquito species in this world.
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kua tuna aina ya mbu
3,500 hapa duniani.
3,500 hapa duniani.
11:34
Maybe more than that.
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Labda ata zaidi ya hao.
11:35
About 400 of these are Anophelenes,
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Karibia 400 wa hawa ni Anophelene
11:38
and only about 70 of them
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
have any capacity to transmit malaria.
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na karibia 70 tu wa hao
wanauwezo wowote wa kusambaza malaria.
wanauwezo wowote wa kusambaza malaria.
11:41
In Africa, we're having to deal with
three or four of these as the major guys.
three or four of these as the major guys.
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Afrika, tunakua tunapambana na
tatu au nne ya hawa kama jamaa wakuu.
tatu au nne ya hawa kama jamaa wakuu.
11:45
They carry most -- like 99 percent
of all the malaria we have.
of all the malaria we have.
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Wanabeba zaidi -- kama asilimia 99 ya
malaria tuliyonayo.
malaria tuliyonayo.
11:49
If we were to go out
with gene editing like CRISPR,
with gene editing like CRISPR,
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Kama tungetakiwa kutoka
na kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,
na kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,
11:52
if we were to go out
with gene drives to control malaria,
with gene drives to control malaria,
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kama tungetakiwa kutoka na
mwendesho wa kinasaba kuthibiti malaria,
mwendesho wa kinasaba kuthibiti malaria,
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
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tungekua tunaenda kwa moja au mbili tu.
11:57
I don't see a diversity problem with that.
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Sioni tatizo la utofauti na hilo.
11:59
But that's personal view.
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Lakini huo ni mtazamo binafsi.
12:01
I think it's OK.
257
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Nafikiri ni sawa.
12:02
And remember, by the way,
258
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Na kumbuka, japo kuwa,
12:03
all these years we've been trying
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
259
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miaka yoye hii tumekua tukijaribu
kuondoa hawa mbu kwa ufanisi
kuondoa hawa mbu kwa ufanisi
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues
in America have sprayed with --
in America have sprayed with --
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kwa kuwafukiza -- wenzetu wa
Marekani wamewafukiza na --
Marekani wamewafukiza na --
12:11
really bomb-spraying
these insects out of the villages.
these insects out of the villages.
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kweli kuwapa hawa wadudu
bomu la dawa kuwatoa vijijini.
bomu la dawa kuwatoa vijijini.
12:14
In Africa we do a lot
of household spraying.
of household spraying.
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Afrika tunafanya mengi
kwenye kufukiza nyumbani.
kwenye kufukiza nyumbani.
12:17
All these are aimed
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
solely at killing the mosquitoes.
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Zote hizi zinalenga
tu kwenye kuua mbu.
tu kwenye kuua mbu.
12:20
So there's really no problem
if we had a new tool.
if we had a new tool.
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Hivyo hakuna kweli tatizo
kama tukiwa na zana mpya.
kama tukiwa na zana mpya.
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
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Ila na kusema hivyo, lazima niseme
12:24
we also have to be
very, very responsible here.
very, very responsible here.
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sisi pia tunatakiwa tuwajibike,
sana hapa.
sana hapa.
12:26
So there's the regulatory side,
and we have to partner with our regulators
and we have to partner with our regulators
267
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Hivyo kuna upande wa udhibiti,
na tunatakiwa kuungana na waagizaji
na tunatakiwa kuungana na waagizaji
12:30
and make sure that everything
that we do is done correctly,
that we do is done correctly,
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na kuhakikisha kua kila kitu
tunachofanya kinakua sahihi,
tunachofanya kinakua sahihi,
12:33
is done responsibly
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kinafanywa kwa kuwajibika
12:34
and that we also have to do
independent risk assessments,
independent risk assessments,
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na kua tunatakiwa pia
kutathmini hatari za kujitegemea
kutathmini hatari za kujitegemea
12:37
to just make sure
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na kuhakikisha tu
12:38
that all these processes
do not fall into the wrong hands.
do not fall into the wrong hands.
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kua michakato yote hii
haiangukii kwenye mikono mibaya.
haiangukii kwenye mikono mibaya.
12:42
Thank you very much.
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Asante sana.
12:43
KK: Thank you.
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KK: Asante.
12:44
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredros Okumu - Mosquito scientistFredros Okumu studies human-mosquito interactions, hoping to better understand how to keep people from getting malaria.
Why you should listen
Fredros Okumu is director of science at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Since 2008, Okumu has been studying human-mosquito interactions and developing new techniques to complement existing malaria interventions and accelerate efforts towards elimination. His other interests include quantitative ecology of residual malaria vectors, mathematical simulations to predict effectiveness of interventions, improved housing for marginalized communities and prevention of child malnutrition.
Okumu was awarded the Young Investigator Award by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2009, a Welcome Trust Intermediate Research Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (2014-2019) and, most recently, a Howard Hughes-Gates International Research Scholarship (2018-2023). He is co-chair of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda consultative group on tools for elimination and a co-chair of the WHO Vector Control Working Group on new tools for malaria vector control. Okumu was named one of the "Top 100 Global Thinkers" by Foreign Policy in 2016.
Fredros Okumu | Speaker | TED.com