TED2015
Martine Rothblatt: My daughter, my wife, our robot, and the quest for immortality
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The founder of Sirius XM satellite radio, Martine Rothblatt now heads up a drug company that makes life-saving medicines for rare diseases (including one drug that saved her own daughter's life). Meanwhile she is working to preserve the consciousness of the woman she loves in a digital file ... and a companion robot. In an onstage conversation with TED's Chris Anderson, Rothblatt shares her powerful story of love, identity, creativity, and limitless possibility.
Martine Rothblatt - Transhumanist
Whether she’s inventing satellite radio, developing life-saving drugs or digitizing the human mind, Martine Rothblatt has a knack for turning visionary ideas into commonplace technology. Full bio
Whether she’s inventing satellite radio, developing life-saving drugs or digitizing the human mind, Martine Rothblatt has a knack for turning visionary ideas into commonplace technology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Chris Anderson: So I guess
what we're going to do is
what we're going to do is
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we're going to talk about your life,
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and using some pictures
that you shared with me.
that you shared with me.
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And I think we should start
right here with this one.
right here with this one.
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Okay, now who is this?
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Martine Rothblatt: This is me
with our oldest son Eli.
with our oldest son Eli.
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He was about age five.
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This is taken in Nigeria
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right after having taken
the Washington, D.C. bar exam.
the Washington, D.C. bar exam.
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CA: Okay. But this doesn't
really look like a Martine.
really look like a Martine.
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MR: Right. That was myself as a male,
the way I was brought up.
the way I was brought up.
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Before I transitioned from male
to female and Martin to Martine.
to female and Martin to Martine.
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CA: You were brought up Martin Rothblatt.
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MR: Correct.
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CA: And about a year after this picture,
you married a beautiful woman.
you married a beautiful woman.
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Was this love at first sight?
What happened there?
What happened there?
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MR: It was love at the first sight.
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I saw Bina at a discotheque
in Los Angeles,
in Los Angeles,
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and we later began living together,
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but the moment I saw her,
I saw just an aura of energy around her.
I saw just an aura of energy around her.
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I asked her to dance.
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She said she saw an aura
of energy around me.
of energy around me.
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I was a single male parent.
She was a single female parent.
She was a single female parent.
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We showed each other
our kids' pictures,
our kids' pictures,
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and we've been happily married
for a third of a century now.
for a third of a century now.
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(Applause)
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CA: And at the time, you were
kind of this hotshot entrepreneur,
kind of this hotshot entrepreneur,
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working with satellites.
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I think you had two successful companies,
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and then you started
addressing this problem
addressing this problem
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of how could you use satellites
to revolutionize radio.
to revolutionize radio.
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Tell us about that.
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MR: Right. I always
loved space technology,
loved space technology,
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and satellites, to me, are sort of
like the canoes that our ancestors
like the canoes that our ancestors
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first pushed out into the water.
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So it was exciting for me
to be part of the navigation
to be part of the navigation
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of the oceans of the sky,
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and as I developed different types
of satellite communication systems,
of satellite communication systems,
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the main thing I did was to launch
bigger and more powerful satellites,
bigger and more powerful satellites,
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the consequence of which
was that the receiving antennas
was that the receiving antennas
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could be smaller and smaller,
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and after going through
direct television broadcasting,
direct television broadcasting,
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I had the idea that if we could make
a more powerful satellite,
a more powerful satellite,
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the receiving dish could be so small
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that it would just be a section
of a parabolic dish,
of a parabolic dish,
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a flat little plate embedded
into the roof of an automobile,
into the roof of an automobile,
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and it would be possible to have
nationwide satellite radio,
nationwide satellite radio,
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and that's Sirius XM today.
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CA: Wow. So who here has used Sirius?
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(Applause)
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MR: Thank you for
your monthly subscriptions.
your monthly subscriptions.
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(Laughter)
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CA: So that succeeded despite
all predictions at the time.
all predictions at the time.
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It was a huge commercial success,
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but soon after this, in the early 1990s,
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there was this big transition in your life
and you became Martine.
and you became Martine.
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03:11
MR: Correct.
CA: So tell me, how did that happen?
CA: So tell me, how did that happen?
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MR: It happened in consultation with Bina
and our four beautiful children,
and our four beautiful children,
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and I discussed with each of them
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that I felt my soul was always female,
and as a woman,
and as a woman,
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but I was afraid people would
laugh at me if I expressed it,
laugh at me if I expressed it,
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so I always kept it bottled up
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and just showed my male side.
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And each of them
had a different take on this.
had a different take on this.
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Bina said, "I love your soul,
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and whether the outside
is Martin and Martine,
is Martin and Martine,
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it doesn't it matter to me,
I love your soul."
I love your soul."
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My son said, "If you become a woman,
will you still be my father?"
will you still be my father?"
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And I said, "Yes,
I'll always be your father,"
I'll always be your father,"
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and I'm still his father today.
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My youngest daughter did an absolutely
brilliant five-year-old thing.
brilliant five-year-old thing.
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She told people, "I love my dad
and she loves me."
and she loves me."
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So she had no problem
with a gender blending whatsoever.
with a gender blending whatsoever.
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CA: And a couple years after this,
you published this book:
you published this book:
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"The Apartheid of Sex."
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What was your thesis in this book?
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MR: My thesis in this book is that there
are seven billion people in the world,
are seven billion people in the world,
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and actually, seven billion unique ways
to express one's gender.
to express one's gender.
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And while people may have
the genitals of a male or a female,
the genitals of a male or a female,
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the genitals don't determine your gender
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or even really your sexual identity.
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That's just a matter of anatomy
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and reproductive tracts,
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and people could choose
whatever gender they want
whatever gender they want
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if they weren't forced by society
into categories of either male or female
into categories of either male or female
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the way South Africa used to force people
into categories of black or white.
into categories of black or white.
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We know from anthropological science
that race is fiction,
that race is fiction,
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even though racism is very, very real,
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and we now know from cultural studies
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that separate male or female genders
is a constructed fiction.
is a constructed fiction.
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The reality is a gender fluidity
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that crosses the entire continuum
from male to female.
from male to female.
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CA: You yourself don't always
feel 100 percent female.
feel 100 percent female.
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MR: Correct. I would say in some ways
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I change my gender about as often
as I change my hairstyle.
as I change my hairstyle.
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CA: (Laughs) Okay, now, this is
your gorgeous daughter, Jenesis.
your gorgeous daughter, Jenesis.
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And I guess she was about this age
when something pretty terrible happened.
when something pretty terrible happened.
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MR: Yes, she was finding herself
unable to walk up the stairs
unable to walk up the stairs
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in our house to her bedroom,
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and after several months of doctors,
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she was diagnosed to have a rare,
almost invariably fatal disease
almost invariably fatal disease
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called pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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CA: So how did you respond to that?
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MR: Well, we first tried to get her
to the best doctors we could.
to the best doctors we could.
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We ended up at Children's National
Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
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The head of pediatric cardiology
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told us that he was going to refer her
to get a lung transplant,
to get a lung transplant,
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but not to hold out any hope,
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because there are
very few lungs available,
very few lungs available,
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especially for children.
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He said that all people
with this illness died,
with this illness died,
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and if any of you have seen
the film "Lorenzo's Oil,"
the film "Lorenzo's Oil,"
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there's a scene when the protagonist
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kind of rolls down the stairway
crying and bemoaning the fate of his son,
crying and bemoaning the fate of his son,
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and that's exactly
how we felt about Jenesis.
how we felt about Jenesis.
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CA: But you didn't accept that
as the limit of what you could do.
as the limit of what you could do.
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You started trying to research
and see if you could find a cure somehow.
and see if you could find a cure somehow.
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MR: Correct. She was in the intensive
care ward for weeks at a time,
care ward for weeks at a time,
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and Bina and I would tag team
to stay at the hospital
to stay at the hospital
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while the other watched
the rest of the kids,
the rest of the kids,
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and when I was in the hospital
and she was sleeping,
and she was sleeping,
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I went to the hospital library.
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I read every article that I could find
on pulmonary hypertension.
on pulmonary hypertension.
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I had not taken any biology,
even in college,
even in college,
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so I had to go from a biology textbook
to a college-level textbook
to a college-level textbook
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and then medical textbook
and the journal articles, back and forth,
and the journal articles, back and forth,
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and eventually I knew enough to think
that it might be possible
that it might be possible
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that somebody could find a cure.
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So we started a nonprofit foundation.
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I wrote a description
asking people to submit grants
asking people to submit grants
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and we would pay for medical research.
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I became an expert on the condition --
doctors said to me, Martine,
doctors said to me, Martine,
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we really appreciate all the funding
you've provided us,
you've provided us,
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but we are not going to be able
to find a cure in time
to find a cure in time
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to save your daughter.
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However, there is a medicine
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that was developed at the
Burroughs Wellcome Company
Burroughs Wellcome Company
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that could halt the progression
of the disease,
of the disease,
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but Burroughs Wellcome has just
been acquired by Glaxo Wellcome.
been acquired by Glaxo Wellcome.
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They made a decision not to develop
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any medicines for rare
and orphan diseases,
and orphan diseases,
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and maybe you could use your expertise
in satellite communications
in satellite communications
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to develop this cure
for pulmonary hypertension.
for pulmonary hypertension.
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CA: So how on earth did you get
access to this drug?
access to this drug?
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MR: I went to Glaxo Wellcome
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and after three times being rejected
and having the door slammed in my face
and having the door slammed in my face
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because they weren't going
to out-license the drug
to out-license the drug
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to a satellite communications expert,
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they weren't going to send the drug
out to anybody at all,
out to anybody at all,
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and they thought
I didn't have the expertise,
I didn't have the expertise,
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finally I was able to persuade
a small team of people to work with me
a small team of people to work with me
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and develop enough credibility.
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I wore down their resistance,
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and they had no hope this drug
would even work, by the way,
would even work, by the way,
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and they tried to tell me,
"You're just wasting your time.
"You're just wasting your time.
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We're sorry about your daughter."
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But finally, for 25,000 dollars
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and agreement to pay 10 percent
of any revenues we might ever get,
of any revenues we might ever get,
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they agreed to give me
worldwide rights to this drug.
worldwide rights to this drug.
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CA: And so you put this drug on the market
in a really brilliant way,
in a really brilliant way,
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by basically charging what it would take
to make the economics work.
to make the economics work.
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MR: Oh yes, Chris, but this really wasn't
a drug that I ended up --
a drug that I ended up --
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after I wrote the check for 25,000,
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and I said, "Okay, where's
the medicine for Jenesis?"
the medicine for Jenesis?"
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they said, "Oh, Martine,
there's no medicine for Jenesis.
there's no medicine for Jenesis.
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This is just something we tried in rats."
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And they gave me, like,
a little plastic Ziploc bag
a little plastic Ziploc bag
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of a small amount of powder.
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They said, "Don't give it to any human,"
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and they gave me a piece of paper
which said it was a patent,
which said it was a patent,
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and from that, we had to figure out
a way to make this medicine.
a way to make this medicine.
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A hundred chemists in the U.S.
at the top universities
at the top universities
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all swore that little patent
could never be turned into a medicine.
could never be turned into a medicine.
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If it was turned into a medicine,
it could never be delivered
it could never be delivered
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because it had a half-life
of only 45 minutes.
of only 45 minutes.
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CA: And yet, a year or two later,
you were there with a medicine
you were there with a medicine
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that worked for Jenesis.
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MR: Chris, the astonishing thing
is that this absolutely worthless
is that this absolutely worthless
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piece of powder
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that had the sparkle of a promise
of hope for Jenesis
of hope for Jenesis
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is not only keeping Jenesis
and other people alive today,
and other people alive today,
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but produces almost a billion
and a half dollars a year in revenue.
and a half dollars a year in revenue.
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(Applause)
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CA: So here you go.
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So you took this company public, right?
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And made an absolute fortune.
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And how much have you paid Glaxo,
by the way, after that 25,000?
by the way, after that 25,000?
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MR: Yeah, well, every year we pay them
10 percent of 1.5 billion,
10 percent of 1.5 billion,
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150 million dollars,
last year 100 million dollars.
last year 100 million dollars.
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It's the best return on investment
they ever received. (Laughter)
they ever received. (Laughter)
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CA: And the best news of all, I guess,
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is this.
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MR: Yes. Jenesis is an absolutely
brilliant young lady.
brilliant young lady.
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She's alive, healthy today at 30.
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You see me, Bina and Jenesis there.
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The most amazing thing about Jenesis
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is that while she could do
anything with her life,
anything with her life,
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and believe me, if you grew up
your whole life with people
your whole life with people
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in your face saying
that you've got a fatal disease,
that you've got a fatal disease,
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I would probably run to Tahiti and just
not want to run into anybody again.
not want to run into anybody again.
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But instead she chooses to work
in United Therapeutics.
in United Therapeutics.
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She says she wants to do all she can
to help other people
to help other people
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with orphan diseases get medicines,
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and today, she's our project leader
for all telepresence activities,
for all telepresence activities,
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where she helps digitally unite
the entire company to work together
the entire company to work together
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to find cures for pulmonary hypertension.
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CA: But not everyone who has this disease
has been so fortunate.
has been so fortunate.
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There are still many people dying,
and you are tackling that too. How?
and you are tackling that too. How?
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MR: Exactly, Chris. There's some 3,000
people a year in the United States alone,
people a year in the United States alone,
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perhaps 10 times that number worldwide,
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who continue to die of this illness
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because the medicines
slow down the progression
slow down the progression
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but they don't halt it.
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The only cure for pulmonary hypertension,
pulmonary fibrosis,
pulmonary fibrosis,
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cystic fibrosis, emphysema,
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COPD, what Leonard Nimoy just died of,
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is a lung transplant,
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but sadly, there are only enough
available lungs for 2,000 people
available lungs for 2,000 people
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in the U.S. a year
to get a lung transplant,
to get a lung transplant,
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whereas nearly a half
million people a year
million people a year
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die of end-stage lung failure.
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CA: So how can you address that?
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MR: So I conceptualize the possibility
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that just like we keep cars and planes
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and buildings going forever
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with an unlimited supply
of building parts and machine parts,
of building parts and machine parts,
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why can't we create an unlimited supply
of transplantable organs
of transplantable organs
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to keep people living indefinitely,
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and especially people with lung disease.
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So we've teamed up with the decoder
of the human genome, Craig Venter,
of the human genome, Craig Venter,
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and the company he founded
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with Peter Diamandis,
the founder of the X Prize,
the founder of the X Prize,
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to genetically modify
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the pig genome
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so that the pig's organs will not
be rejected by the human body
be rejected by the human body
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and thereby to create an unlimited supply
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of transplantable organs.
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We do this through our company,
United Therapeutics.
United Therapeutics.
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CA: So you really believe that within,
what, a decade,
what, a decade,
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that this shortage of transplantable lungs
maybe be cured, through these guys?
maybe be cured, through these guys?
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MR: Absolutely, Chris.
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I'm as certain of that as I was
of the success that we've had
of the success that we've had
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with direct television
broadcasting, Sirius XM.
broadcasting, Sirius XM.
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It's actually not rocket science.
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It's straightforward engineering away
one gene after another.
one gene after another.
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We're so lucky to be born in the time
that sequencing genomes
that sequencing genomes
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is a routine activity,
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and the brilliant folks
at Synthetic Genomics
at Synthetic Genomics
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are able to zero in on the pig genome,
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find exactly the genes
that are problematic, and fix them.
that are problematic, and fix them.
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CA: But it's not just bodies that --
though that is amazing.
though that is amazing.
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(Applause)
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It's not just long-lasting bodies
that are of interest to you now.
that are of interest to you now.
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It's long-lasting minds.
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And I think this graph for you
says something quite profound.
says something quite profound.
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What does this mean?
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MR: What this graph means,
and it comes from Ray Kurzweil,
and it comes from Ray Kurzweil,
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is that the rate of development
in computer processing
in computer processing
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hardware, firmware and software,
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has been advancing along a curve
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such that by the 2020s, as we saw
in earlier presentations today,
in earlier presentations today,
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there will be information technology
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that processes information
and the world around us
and the world around us
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at the same rate as a human mind.
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CA: And so that being so, you're actually
getting ready for this world
getting ready for this world
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by believing that we will soon
be able to, what,
be able to, what,
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actually take the contents of our brains
and somehow preserve them forever?
and somehow preserve them forever?
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How do you describe that?
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MR: Well, Chris, what we're working on
is creating a situation
is creating a situation
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where people can create a mind file,
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and a mind file is the collection
of their mannerisms, personality,
of their mannerisms, personality,
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recollection, feelings,
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beliefs, attitudes and values,
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everything that we've poured today
into Google, into Amazon, into Facebook,
into Google, into Amazon, into Facebook,
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and all of this information stored there
will be able, in the next couple decades,
will be able, in the next couple decades,
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once software is able
to recapitulate consciousness,
to recapitulate consciousness,
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be able to revive the consciousness
which is imminent in our mind file.
which is imminent in our mind file.
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CA: Now you're not just
messing around with this.
messing around with this.
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You're serious. I mean, who is this?
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MR: This is a robot version of
my beloved spouse, Bina.
my beloved spouse, Bina.
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And we call her Bina 48.
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She was programmed
by Hanson Robotics out of Texas.
by Hanson Robotics out of Texas.
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There's the centerfold
from National Geographic magazine
from National Geographic magazine
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with one of her caregivers,
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and she roams the web
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and has hundreds of hours
of Bina's mannerisms, personalities.
of Bina's mannerisms, personalities.
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She's kind of like a two-year-old kid,
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but she says things
that blow people away,
that blow people away,
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best expressed by perhaps
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a New York Times Pulitzer Prize-winning
journalist Amy Harmon
journalist Amy Harmon
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who says her answers
are often frustrating,
are often frustrating,
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but other times as compelling as those
of any flesh person she's interviewed.
of any flesh person she's interviewed.
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CA: And is your thinking here,
part of your hope here, is that
part of your hope here, is that
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this version of Bina can in a sense
live on forever, or some future upgrade
live on forever, or some future upgrade
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to this version can live on forever?
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MR: Yes. Not just Bina, but everybody.
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You know, it costs us virtually nothing
to store our mind files
to store our mind files
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on Facebook, Instagram, what-have-you.
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Social media is I think one of the most
extraordinary inventions of our time,
extraordinary inventions of our time,
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and as apps become available
that will allow us
that will allow us
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to out-Siri Siri, better and better,
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and develop consciousness
operating systems,
operating systems,
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everybody in the world,
billions of people,
billions of people,
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will be able to develop
mind clones of themselves
mind clones of themselves
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that will have their own life on the web.
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CA: So the thing is, Martine,
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that in any normal conversation,
this would sound stark-staring mad,
this would sound stark-staring mad,
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but in the context of your life,
what you've done,
what you've done,
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some of the things we've heard this week,
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the constructed realities
that our minds give,
that our minds give,
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I mean, you wouldn't bet against it.
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MR: Well, I think it's really nothing
coming from me.
coming from me.
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If anything, I'm perhaps a bit
of a communicator of activities
of a communicator of activities
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that are being undertaken
by the greatest companies
by the greatest companies
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in China, Japan, India, the U.S., Europe.
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There are tens of millions of people
working on writing code
working on writing code
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that expresses more and more aspects
of our human consciousness,
of our human consciousness,
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and you don't have to be a genius
to see that all these threads
to see that all these threads
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are going to come together
and ultimately create human consciousness,
and ultimately create human consciousness,
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and it's something we'll value.
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There are so many things
to do in this life,
to do in this life,
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and if we could have a simulacrum,
a digital doppelgänger of ourselves
a digital doppelgänger of ourselves
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that helps us process books, do shopping,
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be our best friends,
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I believe our mind clones,
these digital versions of ourselves,
these digital versions of ourselves,
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will ultimately be our best friends,
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and for me personally and Bina personally,
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19:00
we love each other like crazy.
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Each day, we are always saying, like,
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"Wow, I love you even more
than 30 years ago.
than 30 years ago.
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And so for us, the prospect of mind clones
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and regenerated bodies
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is that our love affair, Chris,
can go on forever.
can go on forever.
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And we never get bored of each other.
I'm sure we never will.
I'm sure we never will.
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CA: I think Bina's here, right?
MR: She is, yeah.
MR: She is, yeah.
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CA: Would it be too much, I don't know,
do we have a handheld mic?
do we have a handheld mic?
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Bina, could we invite you to the stage?
I just have to ask you one question.
I just have to ask you one question.
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Besides, we need to see you.
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(Applause)
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Thank you, thank you.
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Come and join Martine here.
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I mean, look, when you got married,
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if someone had told you that,
in a few years time,
in a few years time,
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the man you were marrying
would become a woman,
would become a woman,
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and a few years after that,
you would become a robot --
you would become a robot --
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(Laughter) --
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how has this gone? How has it been?
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Bina Rothblatt: It's been really
an exciting journey,
an exciting journey,
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and I would have never
thought that at the time,
thought that at the time,
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but we started making goals
and setting those goals
and setting those goals
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and accomplishing things,
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and before you knew it,
we just keep going up and up
we just keep going up and up
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and we're still not stopping,
so it's great.
so it's great.
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CA: Martine told me something
really beautiful,
really beautiful,
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just actually on Skype before this,
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which was that he wanted
to live for hundreds of years
to live for hundreds of years
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as a mind file,
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but not if it wasn't with you.
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BR: That's right,
we want to do it together.
we want to do it together.
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We're cryonicists as well,
and we want to wake up together.
and we want to wake up together.
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CA: So just so as you know,
from my point of view,
from my point of view,
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this isn't only one of the most
astonishing lives I have heard,
astonishing lives I have heard,
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it's one of the most astonishing
love stories I've ever heard.
love stories I've ever heard.
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It's just a delight to have you
both here at TED.
both here at TED.
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Thank you so much.
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MR: Thank you.
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20:51
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martine Rothblatt - TranshumanistWhether she’s inventing satellite radio, developing life-saving drugs or digitizing the human mind, Martine Rothblatt has a knack for turning visionary ideas into commonplace technology.
Why you should listen
After creating satellite radio with a startup that went on to become Sirius XM, Martine Rothblatt was on the verge of retirement. But her daughter’s rare lung disease inspired her to start United Therapeutics and develop an oral medication that changed the lives of thousands of patients. Now with the Terasem Foundation, she’s researching the digital preservation of personality as a means to enable the contents of our minds to outlast our bodies.
Rothblatt’s books include The Apartheid of Sex, which (inspired by her experiences as a transgendered woman) takes on conventional wisdom surrounding gender. Her latest book, Virtually Human, explores human rights for the digital lifeforms just over the horizon.
Martine Rothblatt | Speaker | TED.com