Penny Chisholm: The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
Penny Chisholm: El microorganismo que hace funcionar el planeta en secreto
Penny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
to a tiny microorganism
a un pequeño microorganismo,
that made it possible for us to evolve,
que nos permitió evolucionar,
que puede inspirarnos
our dependency on fossil fuel.
de los combustibles fósiles.
three billion billion billion
en nuestro planeta,
until 35 years ago.
hasta hace 35 años.
might have looked something like this.
la Tierra se veía quizá de este modo.
into the one we enjoy today,
se transformara en lo que es hoy,
of Prochlorococcus evolved
de los Prochlorococcus evolucionaron
of oxygen and hydrogen.
en oxígeno e hidrógeno.
out of the atmosphere
el CO2, o dióxido de carbono,
and proteins and amino acids,
proteínas y aminoácidos;
y se fueron multiplicando
el oxígeno en la atmósfera era suficiente
that larger organisms could evolve.
organismos más grandes,
aparecimos en escena.
photosynthesizers died
fotosintetizadores murieron,
in their carbon bonds.
en sus enlaces de carbono.
in the form of coal and oil.
de carbón y petróleo, bajo tierra.
from those ancient microbes,
de esos antiguos microbios
all of life on earth.
de todas las formas de vida en la Tierra.
using the solar energy
a través de la energía solar
out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
de energía solar y dióxido de carbono.
un montón de aire caliente.
with the plants on land:
con las plantas terrestres:
the pastures, the crops.
las pasturas, los cultivos.
with billions of tons of animals.
de miles de millones de animales.
de qué se alimentan?
called phytoplankton
llamados "fitoplancton"
200 meters of the ocean,
debajo de la superficie marina
open ocean ecosystem.
del océano abierto.
live among them and eat them,
entre ellos y los comen,
to feed on them at night,
para comerlos de noche,
and wait for them to die and settle down
esperando a que mueran y se asienten
one percent of all the plants on land,
las plantas terrestres,
as much as all of the plants on land,
que todas las plantas terrestres,
50 billion tons of carbon
50 mil millones de toneladas de carbono
into their bodies
dentro de su estructura,
cantidad de biomasa
que todas las plantas terrestres?
and all that to maintain.
es crecer y dividirse, una y otra vez.
and grow and divide.
little photosynthesis machines.
verdaderamente económicas.
of different species of phytoplankton,
especies de fitoplancton,
of a human hair.
inferior a un cabello humano.
some of the more beautiful ones,
de las especies más bellas,
species of phytoplankton.
"carismáticas" de fitoplancton.
of schmutz on a microscope slide.
en el vidrio del microscopio.
to you in a minute.
how they were discovered.
cómo se descubrieron.
trabajábamos en mi laboratorio
in my lab called flow cytometry
"citometría de flujo"
for studying cells like cancer cells,
de células como las del cáncer,
for this off-label purpose
usando para otro propósito
and it was beautifully suited to do that.
y esa técnica era ideal para ese fin.
in this tiny little capillary tube,
en este diminuto tubo capilar,
en formación alineada
according to their size
la luz según sea su tamaño
to whatever pigments they might have,
los pigmentos que contengan,
or whether you stain them.
when you shine blue light on it.
una luz azul sobre ella.
for several years
usamos este instrumento
cultivos de fitoplancton,
ones that I showed you,
que les mostré antes,
well wouldn't it be really cool
pensábamos: ¿no sería genial
like this out on a ship
en una embarcación,
of phytoplankton would look like.
toda esa diversidad de fitoplancton?
in flow cytometry,
para la citometría de flujo,
retirado por la empresa que lo fabricó
from the company
they would take it back.
that I was working with at the time,
con nosotros un joven científico,
to take this thing apart,
and take it off to sea.
lo volvió a armar y lo llevó mar adentro.
que el movimiento del barco
because we thought the ship's vibrations
of the focusing of the laser,
del fitoplancton en todo el océano.
distributions across the ocean.
one cell at a time in real time
célula por célula, en tiempo real,
that was very exciting.
muy interesante, por cierto.
some faint signals
que era ruido en la señal
really behaving like noise.
no se comportaban como ruido.
the width of a human hair
que el de un cabello humano
on that same sample,
sobre esa misma muestra,
que emiten una luz roja.
photosynthetic cell on the planet.
más pequeñas y abundantes del planeta.
una denominación cariñosa.
to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
como para llamarlas Prochlorococcus,
by these little cells
me cautivaron de tal modo
to study them and nothing else,
para estudiarlas de manera exclusiva,
has really paid off.
including bringing me here.
satisfacción, como el estar hoy aquí.
we and others, many others,
con muchos otros investigadores,
across the oceans
en todos los océanos
over wide, wide ranges
una gran cantidad de variedades
in what are called the open ocean gyres.
en los llamados "giros oceánicos",
as the deserts of the oceans,
de "desiertos oceánicos",
Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
de Prochlorococcus por litro.
like we do in our cultures,
como hacemos nosotros,
green chlorophyl.
verde que contienen.
has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
hay mil millones de Prochlorococcus
of them on the planet.
de estas células en el planeta.
more than the human population
la población humana del mundo
as much as all of the crops on land.
a la de todos los cultivos terrestres.
in the global ocean.
para los océanos del planeta.
as we were studying them
en que los estudiamos
¿cómo es posible que una sola especie
across so many different habitats?
en tantos hábitats distintos?
are different ecotypes.
existen distintos ecotipos.
to the high-light intensities
a la gran intensidad de luz
to the low light in the deep ocean.
a la falta de luz en las profundidades.
in the bottom of the sunlit zone
en el fondo de la zona iluminada
photosynthesizers of any known cell.
que existen para hacer la fotosíntesis.
that there are some strains
at the cooler temperatures
en temperaturas menores
and kept finding more and more diversity,
más diversidad encontrábamos,
how diverse are these things?
más diversas pueden ser?
possible to sequence their genomes
secuenciar sus genomas,
and look at their genetic makeup.
y conocer su estructura genética.
the genomes of cultures that we have,
genética de nuestros cultivos
individual cells from the wild
de su ambiente natural
hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
cientos de Prochlorococcus.
has roughly 2,000 genes --
contiene unos 2000 genes,
of the human genome --
a thousand of those in common
tan solo 1000 genes en común.
for each individual strain
donde la célula podría haber prosperado,
that the cell might have thrived in,
or high or low temperature,
de la luz o de la temperatura,
nutrients that limit them
que pueden limitarlos,
that they come from.
it comes with these built-in apps.
que no se pueden borrar.
if you're an iPhone person.
y no se mueven, no aparece la "x".
and they don't have x's.
you can't get rid of them.
of Prochlorococcus.
del Prochlorococcus.
of apps to draw upon
de aplicaciones disponibles
for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
estilo de vida y entorno particulares.
you'll have a lot of travel apps,
aplicaciones para viajeros;
you might have a lot of financial apps,
usarán aplicaciones de negocios
aplicaciones meteorológicas
les pronostique buen tiempo.
what you want to hear.
couple days in Vancouver
you just need an umbrella.
meteorológica sino un paraguas.
something about how you live your life,
of a Prochlorococcus cell
de una célula de Prochlorococcus
in its environment.
que hay en su medio ambiente.
through its day or its week,
durante el día o la semana,
sequenced hundreds of these cells,
cientos de estas células,
como la llamamos.
federation, as we call it.
of the human genome.
del genoma humano.
extensiones de océano
regions of the oceans
con el Prochlorococcus,
than is healthy --
a masterpiece they are,
of years of evolution.
adaptación en años de evolución.
all of our human ingenuity
lo que la inventiva del hombre
in the form of organic carbon,
en forma de carbono orgánico,
in those carbon bonds.
en enlaces de carbono.
exactly how they do this,
a ciencia cierta cómo lo hacen,
our dependency on fossil fuels,
la dependencia de combustibles fósiles,
that we're burning
y que nosotros quemamos
for the earth to bury those,
en estar bajo tierra,
of Prochlorococcus,
del Prochlorococcus,
in the blink of an eye
en un abrir y cerrar de ojos
in the atmosphere.
más abundante en la atmósfera.
what is that going to do
¿qué efecto tendrá todo esto
that my beloved microbes are doomed,
tienen las horas contadas,
will expand as the ocean warms
con el calentamiento marino
for Prochlorococcus of course --
por Prochlorococcus, claro está,
that we've undertaken,
asumido a nivel global
larger phytoplankton,
más grandes, los carismáticos,
to be reduced in numbers,
the zooplankton that feed the fish
del que se alimentan los peces
my muse for the past 35 years,
es mi musa desde hace 35 años,
of other microbes out there
de otros microbios
so they can tell their stories, too.
y puedan contarnos su historia también.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Penny Chisholm - Microbial oceanographer, authorPenny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Penny Chisholm (whose scientific works are published under the name Sallie Chisholm) has been studying microscopic plants called phytoplankton since she was an undergraduate. After she joined the MIT faculty, in the 1980s she was lucky enough to be involved in the discovery of the smallest and most abundant phytoplankter on the planet: Prochlorococcus. Less that 1/100th the width of a human hair, this tiny photosynthetic microbe thrives in the sunlit surface waters across large swaths of the global ocean, where it uses the sun's energy to release oxygen, consume carbon dioxide and grow. There are an estimated three billion billion billion of these tiny cells in the global ocean where they provide sustenance for other microorganisms and fuel ocean food webs. "Prochlorococcus has been my muse for more than 30 years," Chisholm says. "It has taught me an enormous amount about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our planet, and about the power of diversity. Most important, it has taught me to be humbled by the mind-blowing complexity of the natural world."
Chisholm is one of ten Institute Professors at MIT and has received many honors for her research on Prochlorococcus, including the 2011 National Medal of Science awarded by President Obama at the White House. She has also co-authored a series of children's books about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our world.
Penny Chisholm | Speaker | TED.com