Penny Chisholm: The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
Penny Chisholm: Den lilla varelsen som i hemlighet förser vår planet med energi
Penny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth. Full bio
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to a tiny microorganism
en liten mikroorganism
dess förfäder jorden
that made it possible for us to evolve,
vår egen evolution möjlig,
our dependency on fossil fuel.
minska vårt beroende av fossila bränslen.
three billion billion billion
tre miljarder miljarder miljarder
until 35 years ago.
förrän för 35 år sedan.
might have looked something like this.
kanske såg ut ungefär så här.
into the one we enjoy today,
förändrades och blev sådan den är idag,
två och en halv miljard år sedan
of Prochlorococcus evolved
Prochlorococcus' urgamla förfäder
of oxygen and hydrogen.
syre och väte.
den kemiska energi som producerades
out of the atmosphere
and proteins and amino acids,
och proteiner och aminosyror,
that larger organisms could evolve.
att större organismer kunde evolvera.
photosynthesizers died
fotosyntetiserande cellerna.
in their carbon bonds.
in the form of coal and oil.
i form av kol och olja.
from those ancient microbes,
de där urgamla mikroberna,
all of life on earth.
i princip allt liv med näring.
using the solar energy
out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
solljus och koldioxid.
with the plants on land:
the pastures, the crops.
with billions of tons of animals.
called phytoplankton
organismer som kallas växtplankton.
200 meters of the ocean,
200 metrarna i havet
open ocean ecosystem.
hela det öppna havets ekosystem.
live among them and eat them,
lever bland dem och äter dem,
to feed on them at night,
för att äta av dem på nätterna,
and wait for them to die and settle down
och väntar på att de ska dö och singla ned
one percent of all the plants on land,
än en procent av alla växter på land
as much as all of the plants on land,
som alla landlevande växter tillsammans,
50 billion tons of carbon
into their bodies
som blir en del av deras kroppar,
till havets ekosystem.
som växterna på land?
and all that to maintain.
och annat de måste ta hand om.
and grow and divide.
och dela sig och växa och dela sig.
little photosynthesis machines.
små fotosyntesmaskiner.
of different species of phytoplankton,
av växtplankton
of a human hair.
som ett mänskligt hårstrå.
some of the more beautiful ones,
av de vackrare arterna,
species of phytoplankton.
of schmutz on a microscope slide.
to you in a minute.
how they were discovered.
hur de upptäcktes.
in my lab called flow cytometry
som kallas flödescytometri.
for studying cells like cancer cells,
för att bland annat studera cancerceller,
den för ett inofficiellt syfte,
for this off-label purpose
and it was beautifully suited to do that.
Och den lämpade sig riktigt väl för det.
in this tiny little capillary tube,
i ett mycket litet kapillärrör
passerar en laser.
according to their size
i förhållande till sin storlek,
to whatever pigments they might have,
beroende på vilka pigment de har,
or whether you stain them.
några man färgat dem med.
when you shine blue light on it.
när man lyser blått ljus på det.
for several years
under flera år
ones that I showed you,
planktonarter som jag visade förut
grundläggande cellbiologi.
well wouldn't it be really cool
att det skulle vara verkligt intressant
like this out on a ship
ett sådant instrument på en båt
of phytoplankton would look like.
in flow cytometry,
inom flödescytometrin,
from the company
they would take it back.
om den inte fungerade på båten.
that I was working with at the time,
to take this thing apart,
and take it off to sea.
och resa ut med den på havet.
because we thought the ship's vibrations
eftersom båtens vibrationer
of the focusing of the laser,
att fokusera lasern,
distributions across the ocean.
av växtplankton i havet.
one cell at a time in real time
en cell i taget i realtid
that was very exciting.
det var otroligt spännande.
some faint signals
några svaga signaler
really behaving like noise.
uppförde sig som brus.
the width of a human hair
bredden på ett mänskligt hårstrå
on that same sample,
på samma prov
photosynthetic cell on the planet.
fotosyntetiserande cellerna på jorden.
to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
för att kalla dem Prochlorococcus,
by these little cells
av de här små cellerna
to study them and nothing else,
så att vi studerade dem och inget annat,
has really paid off.
verkligen gett utdelning.
including bringing me here.
bland annat tog de mig hit.
we and others, many others,
across the oceans
over wide, wide ranges
i stora, stora områden
in what are called the open ocean gyres.
de stora roterande havsströmmarna.
as the deserts of the oceans,
Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
Prochlorococcus-celler per liter.
like we do in our cultures,
som vi gör när vi odlar dem,
green chlorophyl.
has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
innehåller en miljard Prochlorococcus
of them on the planet.
av dem på vår planet.
more than the human population
alla människor tillsammans,
as much as all of the crops on land.
som alla odlade grödor på land.
in the global ocean.
as we were studying them
across so many different habitats?
i så många olika livsmiljöer?
fler av dem
are different ecotypes.
to the high-light intensities
till ljusrika förhållanden
to the low light in the deep ocean.
till ljusfattiga förhållanden i djuphavet.
in the bottom of the sunlit zone
i zonen som nås av solljus
photosynthesizers of any known cell.
bland alla celler vi känner till.
that there are some strains
att det finns några stammar
at the cooler temperatures
i lägre temperatur
and kept finding more and more diversity,
desto mer mångfald hittade vi.
how diverse are these things?
hur många sorter finns det egentligen?
possible to sequence their genomes
att sekvensera deras genom
and look at their genetic makeup.
för att se på deras genuppsättning.
the genomes of cultures that we have,
av flera kulturer vi har.
använda flödescytometri
individual cells from the wild
från naturen
hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
hundratals Prochlorococcus.
has roughly 2,000 genes --
har ungefär 2000 gener,
of the human genome --
av människans genom,
a thousand of those in common
tusen av generna gemensamt.
for each individual strain
har de andra tusen generna
that the cell might have thrived in,
som cellen levde i,
or high or low temperature,
på särskilda näringsämnen,
nutrients that limit them
that they come from.
it comes with these built-in apps.
förinstallerade appar.
if you're an iPhone person.
om du har en iPhone.
och de har inga kryss.
and they don't have x's.
kan du inte ta bort dem.
you can't get rid of them.
of Prochlorococcus.
hos Prochlorococcus.
of apps to draw upon
att välja bland
for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
till din livsstil och livsmiljö.
you'll have a lot of travel apps,
you might have a lot of financial apps,
har du kanske många finansappar.
what you want to hear.
säger det du vill höra.
couple days in Vancouver
har jag insett att i Vancouver
you just need an umbrella.
bara ett paraply.
something about how you live your life,
kan berätta något om ditt liv
of a Prochlorococcus cell
en Prochlorococcus-cell
in its environment.
den stöter på i sin miljö.
through its day or its week,
under en dag eller vecka
sequenced hundreds of these cells,
hundratals av de här cellerna
federation, as we call it.
Prochlorococcus-"federationen".
of the human genome.
som i det mänskliga genomet.
regions of the oceans
i stora delar av haven
than is healthy --
än vad som är sunt –
a masterpiece they are,
of years of evolution.
under miljontals år av evolution.
all of our human ingenuity
människans samlade påhittighet
in the form of organic carbon,
i form av organiskt kol,
in those carbon bonds.
exactly how they do this,
our dependency on fossil fuels,
beroende av fossila bränslen
that we're burning
som vi tar upp ur jorden och förbränner
for the earth to bury those,
of Prochlorococcus,
förfäderna till Prochlorococcus,
in the blink of an eye
på vad som är ett ögonblick
in the atmosphere.
what is that going to do
that my beloved microbes are doomed,
att det är ute med mina älskade mikrober
will expand as the ocean warms
ökar när haven blir varmare
kommer att vara 30 procent större.
for Prochlorococcus of course --
för Prochlorococcus skull –
that we've undertaken,
som vi är i färd med,
hittar vi bland förlorarna
larger phytoplankton,
to be reduced in numbers,
the zooplankton that feed the fish
som sedan äts av fiskar
my muse for the past 35 years,
de senaste 35 åren,
of other microbes out there
so they can tell their stories, too.
och få berätta sina historier.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Penny Chisholm - Microbial oceanographer, authorPenny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Penny Chisholm (whose scientific works are published under the name Sallie Chisholm) has been studying microscopic plants called phytoplankton since she was an undergraduate. After she joined the MIT faculty, in the 1980s she was lucky enough to be involved in the discovery of the smallest and most abundant phytoplankter on the planet: Prochlorococcus. Less that 1/100th the width of a human hair, this tiny photosynthetic microbe thrives in the sunlit surface waters across large swaths of the global ocean, where it uses the sun's energy to release oxygen, consume carbon dioxide and grow. There are an estimated three billion billion billion of these tiny cells in the global ocean where they provide sustenance for other microorganisms and fuel ocean food webs. "Prochlorococcus has been my muse for more than 30 years," Chisholm says. "It has taught me an enormous amount about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our planet, and about the power of diversity. Most important, it has taught me to be humbled by the mind-blowing complexity of the natural world."
Chisholm is one of ten Institute Professors at MIT and has received many honors for her research on Prochlorococcus, including the 2011 National Medal of Science awarded by President Obama at the White House. She has also co-authored a series of children's books about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our world.
Penny Chisholm | Speaker | TED.com