Penny Chisholm: The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
Penny Chisholm: A minúscula criatura que domina o planeta em segredo
Penny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
to a tiny microorganism
um micro-organismo minúsculo
nunca ouviram falar.
ser extraordinário.
that made it possible for us to evolve,
que permitiu a nossa evolução.
genético há um plano
our dependency on fossil fuel.
dos combustíveis fósseis.
three billion billion billion
no nosso planeta
until 35 years ago.
que elas existiam.
might have looked something like this.
talvez tivesse este aspeto.
into the one we enjoy today,
este planeta naquele que desfrutamos hoje,
of Prochlorococcus evolved
do "Prochlorococcus"
usar a energia solar, absorvê-la
of oxygen and hydrogen.
de oxigénio e hidrogénio.
out of the atmosphere
o dióxido de carbono da atmosfera
and proteins and amino acids,
proteínas e aminoácidos,
e aumentavam em número
that larger organisms could evolve.
para poderem evoluir organismos maiores.
photosynthesizers died
fotossintetizadores morreram,
em combustível fóssil,
in their carbon bonds.
nas suas ligações de carbono.
in the form of coal and oil.
sob a forma de carvão e petróleo.
from those ancient microbes,
all of life on earth.
using the solar energy
usando a energia solar
transformaram para nós.
transformaram para nós.
out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
de luz solar e dióxido de carbono.
não passamos de ar quente.
with the plants on land:
the pastures, the crops.
os pastos, as searas.
with billions of tons of animals.
de toneladas de animais.
que eles se alimentam?
called phytoplankton
chamados fitoplâncton
200 meters of the ocean,
superiores do oceano.
open ocean ecosystem.
dos oceanos.
live among them and eat them,
entre eles e comem-nos.
para se alimentarem deles.
to feed on them at night,
and wait for them to die and settle down
e aguardam que eles morram e se afundem
one percent of all the plants on land,
de todas as plantas da terra
as much as all of the plants on land,
tanto quanto as plantas da terra,
50 billion tons of carbon
50 mil milhões de toneladas de carbono
into their bodies
nos seus corpos
quantidade de biomassa
as plantas da terra?
and all that to maintain.
nada para sustentarem.
and grow and divide.
crescem e dividem-se.
little photosynthesis machines.
como pequenas máquinas de fotossíntese.
of different species of phytoplankton,
diferentes de fitoplâncton,
formas e dimensões,
of a human hair.
do que a espessura de um cabelo humano.
some of the more beautiful ones,
dos mais belos,
species of phytoplankton.
carismáticas do fitoplâncton.
of schmutz on a microscope slide.
numa lâmina dum microscópio.
to you in a minute.
dentro de instantes.
how they were discovered.
como foram descobertos.
in my lab called flow cytometry
uma tecnologia chamada citometria de fluxo
for studying cells like cancer cells,
biomédica para estudar células cancerosas
for this off-label purpose
para um objetivo diferente
and it was beautifully suited to do that.
in this tiny little capillary tube,
neste diminuto tubo capilar
uma a uma por um laser.
according to their size
consoante o seu tamanho
to whatever pigments they might have,
com os pigmentos que têm,
or whether you stain them.
quer sejamos nós a tingi-las.
when you shine blue light on it.
quando lhe fazemos incidir luz azul.
for several years
durante anos
ones that I showed you,
que já mostrei,
celular básica.
well wouldn't it be really cool
pensámos que seria ótimo
like this out on a ship
um instrumento daqueles
of phytoplankton would look like.
diversidade de fitoplâncton.
in flow cytometry,
de citometria de fluxos,
from the company
da companhia.
they would take it back.
eles recebiam-no outra vez.
that I was working with at the time,
eu estava a trabalhar na época,
to take this thing apart,
and take it off to sea.
e levou-o para o mar.
because we thought the ship's vibrations
porque as vibrações do barco
of the focusing of the laser,
na forma de focar o laser.
distributions across the ocean.
de fitoplâncton pelo oceano.
one cell at a time in real time
uma célula em tempo real, de cada vez
that was very exciting.
- foi muito excitante.
some faint signals
nuns sinais fracos
really behaving like noise.
não se comportava como um ruído.
the width of a human hair
da espessura de um cabelo humano
que vos mostrei?
on that same sample,
naquela mesma amostra,
que emitem luz vermelha,
photosynthetic cell on the planet.
e mais abundantes do planeta.
to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
para lhes dar o nome de "Prochlorococcus"
by these little cells
por aquelas celulazinhas
to study them and nothing else,
para as estudar, só a elas, mais nada.
has really paid off.
foi recompensada.
including bringing me here.
inclusive, trazerem-me aqui.
we and others, many others,
nós e outros, muitos outros,
across the oceans
em todos os oceanos
over wide, wide ranges
em gamas amplas,
in what are called the open ocean gyres.
naquilo a que chamamos os giros oceânicos
as the deserts of the oceans,
como os desertos dos oceanos,
Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
"Prochlorococcus" por litro.
like we do in our cultures,
como fazemos com as nossas culturas,
green chlorophyl.
has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
contém mil milhões de "Prochlorococcus".
of them on the planet.
no planeta.
more than the human population
do que a população humana
as much as all of the crops on land.
quanto todas as culturas terrestres.
in the global ocean.
no oceano global.
as we were studying them
à medida que as estudávamos
eram abundantes,
across so many different habitats?
tão abundante
mais em cultura,
are different ecotypes.
to the high-light intensities
às intensidades luminosas
to the low light in the deep ocean.
à luz ténue do oceano profundo.
in the bottom of the sunlit zone
no fundo da zona iluminada pelo sol
photosynthesizers of any known cell.
que qualquer célula conhecida.
that there are some strains
ao longo do Equador
at the cooler temperatures
em temperaturas mais frias,
ou para o sul.
and kept finding more and more diversity,
encontrávamos cada vez mais diversidade.
how diverse are these things?
até que ponto estas coisas são diversas?"
possible to sequence their genomes
sequenciar os genomas
and look at their genetic makeup.
observar a composição genética.
the genomes of cultures that we have,
das culturas que tínhamos.
individual cells from the wild
células individuais na natureza
hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
centenas de "Prochlorococcus".
has roughly 2,000 genes --
tenha uns 2000 genes
of the human genome --
mais e mais
a thousand of those in common
for each individual strain
para cada estirpe individual,
bolsa de genes
that the cell might have thrived in,
em que a célula prosperou,
or high or low temperature,
nem a temperatura alta ou baixa,
nutrients that limit them
que as limitam,
that they come from.
it comes with these built-in apps.
ele já vem com aplicações incorporadas.
if you're an iPhone person.
não estremecem, não têm "x".
and they don't have x's.
não conseguimos ver-nos livres delas.
you can't get rid of them.
of Prochlorococcus.
do "Prochlorococcus".
of apps to draw upon
enorme de aplicações a que recorrer,
for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
e meio ambiente.
you'll have a lot of travel apps,
temos muitas aplicações de viagem.
you might have a lot of financial apps,
temos muitas aplicações financeiras.
what you want to hear.
o que queremos ouvir.
couple days in Vancouver
you just need an umbrella.
de uma aplicação meteorológica
something about how you live your life,
revela como vivemos a nossa vida,
of a Prochlorococcus cell
"Prochlorococcus"
in its environment.
do seu meio ambiente.
through its day or its week,
durante o dia ou a semana,
sequenced hundreds of these cells,
centenas destas células
federation, as we call it.
como lhe chamamos.
of the human genome.
do que o genoma humano.
regions of the oceans
regiões dos oceanos
ano após ano.
com o "Prochlorococcus"
than is healthy --
a masterpiece they are,
of years of evolution.
de evolução.
all of our human ingenuity
todo o nosso engenho humano
o CO2,
in the form of organic carbon,
sob a forma de carbono orgânico,
in those carbon bonds.
nas ligações de carbono.
exactly how they do this,
como é que fazem isso,
our dependency on fossil fuels,
dos combustíveis fósseis,
that we're burning
que estão sepultados
for the earth to bury those,
até que a terra os enterrasse
of Prochlorococcus,
do "Prochlorococcus" -
in the blink of an eye
num abrir e fechar de olhos
in the atmosphere.
a aumentar na atmosfera.
what is that going to do
ao meu "Prochlorococcus"?
that my beloved microbes are doomed,
estão condenados
will expand as the ocean warms
se vão expandir
for Prochlorococcus of course --
pelo "Prochlorococcus"
nesta nossa experiência global,
that we've undertaken,
larger phytoplankton,
mais alargado, os carismáticos,
to be reduced in numbers,
the zooplankton that feed the fish
que alimenta os peixes
my muse for the past 35 years,
a minha musa desde há 35 anos
of other microbes out there
so they can tell their stories, too.
contar-nos as suas histórias.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Penny Chisholm - Microbial oceanographer, authorPenny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Penny Chisholm (whose scientific works are published under the name Sallie Chisholm) has been studying microscopic plants called phytoplankton since she was an undergraduate. After she joined the MIT faculty, in the 1980s she was lucky enough to be involved in the discovery of the smallest and most abundant phytoplankter on the planet: Prochlorococcus. Less that 1/100th the width of a human hair, this tiny photosynthetic microbe thrives in the sunlit surface waters across large swaths of the global ocean, where it uses the sun's energy to release oxygen, consume carbon dioxide and grow. There are an estimated three billion billion billion of these tiny cells in the global ocean where they provide sustenance for other microorganisms and fuel ocean food webs. "Prochlorococcus has been my muse for more than 30 years," Chisholm says. "It has taught me an enormous amount about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our planet, and about the power of diversity. Most important, it has taught me to be humbled by the mind-blowing complexity of the natural world."
Chisholm is one of ten Institute Professors at MIT and has received many honors for her research on Prochlorococcus, including the 2011 National Medal of Science awarded by President Obama at the White House. She has also co-authored a series of children's books about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our world.
Penny Chisholm | Speaker | TED.com