Penny Chisholm: The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
Penny Chisholm: Le piccole creature che danno segretamente energia al pianeta
Penny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth. Full bio
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to a tiny microorganism
un piccolo microrganismo
that made it possible for us to evolve,
da rendere possibile la nostra evoluzione,
our dependency on fossil fuel.
la dipendenza dai combustibili fossili.
three billion billion billion
di miliardi di miliardi
until 35 years ago.
fino a 35 anni fa.
might have looked something like this.
quando la Terra poteva essere così.
into the one we enjoy today,
in quello che conosciamo oggi,
of Prochlorococcus evolved
del Prochlorococcus
of oxygen and hydrogen.
out of the atmosphere
CO2, anidride carbonica,
and proteins and amino acids,
proteine e aminoacidi,
that larger organisms could evolve.
a organismi più grandi di evolversi.
photosynthesizers died
fotosintetizzatori sono morti,
in their carbon bonds.
nei loro legami di carbonio.
in the form of coal and oil.
sotto forma di carbone e petrolio.
from those ancient microbes,
da quegli antichi microbi,
all of life on earth.
using the solar energy
usando la luce solare
out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
e anidride carbonica.
with the plants on land:
con le piante sulla Terra:
the pastures, the crops.
with billions of tons of animals.
di miliardi di animali.
called phytoplankton
chiamati fitoplancton
200 meters of the ocean,
di profondità oceanica
open ocean ecosystem.
live among them and eat them,
e si nutrono di loro,
to feed on them at night,
and wait for them to die and settle down
e aspettano la loro morte per nutrirsi
one percent of all the plants on land,
di tutte le piante sulla terra
as much as all of the plants on land,
quanto le piante sulla terra,
50 billion tons of carbon
di tonnellate di carbone
into their bodies
nei loro corpi
and all that to maintain.
tutto questo da mantenere.
and grow and divide.
e dividersi.
little photosynthesis machines.
da fotosintesi.
of different species of phytoplankton,
diverse di fitoplancton,
of a human hair.
some of the more beautiful ones,
species of phytoplankton.
del fitoplancton.
of schmutz on a microscope slide.
to you in a minute.
how they were discovered.
come sono stati scoperti.
in my lab called flow cytometry
citometria a flusso nel mio laboratorio,
for studying cells like cancer cells,
per studiare le cellule cancerose,
for this off-label purpose
per un altro proposito,
and it was beautifully suited to do that.
ed è stata davvero utile.
in this tiny little capillary tube,
in questo tubicino capillare,
davanti a un laser
according to their size
in base alla loro dimensione
to whatever pigments they might have,
or whether you stain them.
when you shine blue light on it.
quando è colpita da una luce blu.
for several years
per molti anni
colture di fitoplancton,
ones that I showed you,
che vi ho mostrato,
cellulare di base.
well wouldn't it be really cool
che sarebbe stato bello
like this out on a ship
su una nave
of phytoplankton would look like.
diversità di fitoplancton.
in flow cytometry,
della citometria a flusso,
from the company
sulla nave, lo avrebbero ripreso.
they would take it back.
that I was working with at the time,
con cui lavoravo,
to take this thing apart,
and take it off to sea.
e iniziare il viaggio.
pensavamo che i movimenti della nave
because we thought the ship's vibrations
of the focusing of the laser,
distributions across the ocean.
del fitoplancton nell'oceano.
one cell at a time in real time
analizzati in tempo reale
that was very exciting.
è stato emozionante.
some faint signals
really behaving like noise.
comportava come un rumore.
the width of a human hair
dello spessore di un capello
on that same sample,
su quel campione,
che emettono luce rossa.
photosynthetic cell on the planet.
piccole e abbondanti sul nostro pianeta.
to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
da chiamarlo Prochlorococcus
by these little cells
tanto di queste piccole cellule
to study them and nothing else,
esclusivamente sul loro studio,
has really paid off.
mi ha ripagata.
including bringing me here.
e mi hanno portata fin qui.
we and others, many others,
across the oceans
negli oceani
over wide, wide ranges
in una vasta area
in what are called the open ocean gyres.
in quelli che sono chiamati giri oceanici.
as the deserts of the oceans,
i deserti degli oceani,
Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
di Prochlorococcus per ogni litro.
like we do in our cultures,
come facciamo nelle colture,
green chlorophyl.
bellissima clorofilla verde.
has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
milioni di Prochlorococcus
of them on the planet.
di miliardi sul pianeta.
more than the human population
di tutti gli esseri umani
as much as all of the crops on land.
tutte le colture sulla terra.
in the global ocean.
negli oceani del pianeta.
as we were studying them
across so many different habitats?
abbondante nei diversi habitat?
are different ecotypes.
diversi ecotipi.
to the high-light intensities
to the low light in the deep ocean.
alla poca luce degli oceani profondi.
in the bottom of the sunlit zone
dove c'è poca luce
photosynthesizers of any known cell.
fotosintetizzatori conosciuti.
that there are some strains
che ce ne sono alcuni
at the cooler temperatures
a basse temperature
and kept finding more and more diversity,
continuare a scoprire la loro diversità,
how diverse are these things?
"Cavolo, quanto sono diversi!"
possible to sequence their genomes
mappare il loro genoma
and look at their genetic makeup.
e vedere il loro corredo genetico.
the genomes of cultures that we have,
dei genomi delle colture che avevamo,
citometria a flusso,
individual cells from the wild
singole cellule presenti in natura
hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
di centinaia di Prochlorococcus.
has roughly 2,000 genes --
ha circa 2000 geni --
of the human genome --
del genoma umano --
a thousand of those in common
solo un migliaio di genomi in comune
for each individual strain
that the cell might have thrived in,
in cui la cellula si è sviluppata,
or high or low temperature,
più o meno basse,
nutrients that limit them
che li limitano
that they come from.
it comes with these built-in apps.
ci sono delle app preinstallate.
if you're an iPhone person.
cancellare se avete un iPhone.
and they don't have x's.
e non hanno la x.
you can't get rid of them.
non riuscite a liberarvene.
of Prochlorococcus.
del Prochlorococcus.
of apps to draw upon
di app da cui poter pescare
for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
per uno stile di vita o un habitat.
you'll have a lot of travel apps,
ci saranno un sacco di app per i viaggi,
you might have a lot of financial apps,
ci saranno app sulla finanza,
what you want to hear.
quello che volete sentire.
couple days in Vancouver
negli ultimi giorni a Vancouver
you just need an umbrella.
per il meteo, ma di un ombrello.
something about how you live your life,
qualcosa su come vivete la vostra vita,
of a Prochlorococcus cell
di una cellula di Prochlorococcus
in its environment.
through its day or its week,
i gironi o gli anni,
sequenziato centinaia di cellule,
sequenced hundreds of these cells,
federation, as we call it.
come la chiamiamo.
of the human genome.
la dimensione del genoma umano.
regions of the oceans
i Prochlorococcus,
than is healthy --
a masterpiece they are,
of years of evolution.
di anni di evoluzione.
all of our human ingenuity
in the form of organic carbon,
sotto forma di carbonio organico,
in those carbon bonds.
in quei legami di carbonio.
exactly how they do this,
dipendenza dai carburanti fossili,
our dependency on fossil fuels,
della mia storia.
that we're burning
sono sepolti
for the earth to bury those,
per produrli,
of Prochlorococcus,
in the blink of an eye
in the atmosphere.
sta aumentando.
what is that going to do
quale sarà la conseguenza
that my beloved microbes are doomed,
i miei adorati microbi siano condannati,
will expand as the ocean warms
crescerà con il riscaldamento degli oceani
for Prochlorococcus of course --
per il Prochlorococcus,
that we've undertaken,
che stiamo facendo
larger phytoplankton,
to be reduced in numbers,
the zooplankton that feed the fish
lo zooplancton che alimenta i pesci
my muse for the past 35 years,
negli ultimi 35 anni,
of other microbes out there
so they can tell their stories, too.
per raccontare anche le loro storie.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Penny Chisholm - Microbial oceanographer, authorPenny Chisholm studies an extremely tiny microorganism that plays an enormous role in ocean ecosystems. Discovered only three decades ago, it has defined her career and inspired her to think differently about life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Penny Chisholm (whose scientific works are published under the name Sallie Chisholm) has been studying microscopic plants called phytoplankton since she was an undergraduate. After she joined the MIT faculty, in the 1980s she was lucky enough to be involved in the discovery of the smallest and most abundant phytoplankter on the planet: Prochlorococcus. Less that 1/100th the width of a human hair, this tiny photosynthetic microbe thrives in the sunlit surface waters across large swaths of the global ocean, where it uses the sun's energy to release oxygen, consume carbon dioxide and grow. There are an estimated three billion billion billion of these tiny cells in the global ocean where they provide sustenance for other microorganisms and fuel ocean food webs. "Prochlorococcus has been my muse for more than 30 years," Chisholm says. "It has taught me an enormous amount about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our planet, and about the power of diversity. Most important, it has taught me to be humbled by the mind-blowing complexity of the natural world."
Chisholm is one of ten Institute Professors at MIT and has received many honors for her research on Prochlorococcus, including the 2011 National Medal of Science awarded by President Obama at the White House. She has also co-authored a series of children's books about the role of photosynthesis in shaping our world.
Penny Chisholm | Speaker | TED.com