Alexander MacDonald: How centuries of sci-fi sparked spaceflight
Alexander MacDonald: Cómo la ciencia ficción inspiró el viaje a la Luna
TED Senior Fellow Alexander MacDonald develops strategies to advance space exploration and encourage private-sector space activities. Full bio
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sobre las historias.
because I think we need to remember
creo que debemos recordar
we tell each other
contamos son más que simplemente cuentos,
or entertainment or narratives.
and ideas across our societies
e inspirar a las sociedades
más importantes de la modernidad
technological achievements
transformations yet to come might also.
más relevantes del futuro
of the recent Dutch invention
se enteraba del descubrimiento alemán
and put them in a long tube
dos fragmentos de vidrio
de la vista humana como nunca antes.
farther than ever before.
his new telescope to the heavens
telescopio para observar los cielos,
del libro de Galileo
"Sidereus Nuncius," published in 1610.
what he had discovered.
lo que había descubierto.
was not just a celestial object
no era simplemente un cuerpo celeste
e iluminadas por el Sol
la palabra en latín para "mares".
and the Moon had been discovered,
este nuevo mundo en la Luna,
to think about how to travel there.
a imaginar cómo llegar allí.
sobre cómo podrían conseguir este objetivo
was actually the Bishop of Hereford,
de hecho, el obispo de Hereford,
about a Spanish explorer,
de un explorador español,
on the island of St. Helena
Santa Helena en medio del Atlántico.
of the local wild geese
de los gansos salvajes de la isla
emprender el viaje a la Luna.
on a voyage to the Moon.
o Discurso sobre un viaje hasta allí"
or a Discourse of a Voyage Thither,"
and anonymously in 1638,
y después de su muerte en 1638,
of controversial ideas that it contained,
de ideas controvertidas que contenía,
la perspectiva copernicana del universo
of the Copernican view of the universe
of the Solar System,
es el centro del sistema solar.
de la gravedad previo a Newton,
concept of gravity
that the weight of an object
distance from Earth.
se alejara de la Tierra.
of his idea of a goose machine
su idea de una máquina de gansos
to the Moon by goose machine
a la Luna en una máquina de gansos
or technically creative to us today,
o creativa en términos técnicos,
getting to the Moon not by a dream
describió el viaje a la Luna
had written about,
that we could build machines
podíamos construir máquinas
in minds across the generations.
en la mente de varias generaciones.
by his contemporary, John Wilkins,
por su contemporáneo John Wilkins,
estudiante de Oxford,
of the Royal Society.
de la Royal Society.
in Godwin's text seriously
de viajes espaciales de Godwin
sino un tratado filosófico de no ficción
of the New World in the Moon,
del nuevo mundo en la Luna,
que es posible que exista
Another Habitable World in that Planet."
that word "habitable."
been a powerful incentive
sido incentivo suficiente
machines that could go there.
máquinas para ir a la Luna.
a number of technical methods
métodos técnicos para el viaje espacial,
the earliest known nonfiction account
más antiguo y de no ficción que se conoce
most notably by Cyrano de Bergerac,
como la de Cyrano de Bergerac,
the idea of people building machines
capaces de viajar por los cielos
and technical nuance.
y tenía más detalles técnicos.
effectively ceased.
cesó por completo.
about getting to the Moon,
sobre viajes a la Luna,
o, una vez más, en sueños o magia.
of the laws of gravity by Newton
de Newton de la ley de gravedad
by Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle
de Robert Hooke y Robert Boyle,
entre los planetas existía un vacío
existed between the planets,
entre la Tierra y la Luna.
between the Earth and the Moon.
made very little intellectual progress
si se desarrolló intelectualmente.
the Industrial Revolution
la Revolución industrial
of steam engines and boilers
las calderas y, más importante aún,
las herramientas para imaginar
about how they could build a capsule
de resistir el vacío del espacio.
sobre viajes espaciales fue escrita
of spaceflight was written,
in terms of gothic poems
a Poe con poemas góticos,
a technical thinker.
un pensador técnico.
con iluminación a gas,
with gas street lighting,
by the technological revolution
que observaba a su alrededor.
not to be one of his gothic tales
no era uno de sus cuentos góticos
donde comparte su propia interpretación
his own personal view
cosmográfica del universo.
of the universe.
in fantastical technical detail
con fantástica precisión técnica
in this than in his short story,
mayor influencia respecto a esto
de un tal Hans Pfaall".
of One Hans Pfaall."
desempleado de Róterdam,
bellows maker in Rotterdam,
this is Poe, after all --
--ciertamente una obra de Poe--
enclosed balloon-borne carriage
cerrada herméticamente
se lanza a los cielos usando dinamita.
through the vacuum of space
a través del vacío del espacio
develop this story alone,
no ideó esta historia por sí solo,
"A Man in the Moone"
de Godwin "El hombre en la Luna",
ingenious little book."
y un tanto ingenioso".
voyage to the Moon may seem
a la Luna en un globo aerostático
sofisticada que la máquina de gansos,
than the goose machine,
of the construction of the device
cómo construir el aparato
dynamics of the voyage
las dinámicas orbitales del viaje,
in the very first spaceflight encyclopedia
enciclopedia de viajes espaciales
or to "verisimilitude," as he called it,
o "verosimilitud", como él decía,
la siguiente gran historia:
to the Moon," written in 1865.
de Julio Verne, escrita en 1865.
que tiene un legado extraordinario
a remarkable legacy
to the real voyages to the Moon
con los viajes reales a la Luna
over a hundred years later.
to the Moon takes place from Florida,
a la Luna parte desde Florida,
during the Apollo program itself.
durante el mismísimo programa Apollo.
to Poe's influence on him,
a la influencia de Poe,
for this feat in the book in Baltimore,
de esta hazaña en Baltimore,
"Cheers for Edgar Poe!"
de su conquista a la Luna.
for their conquest of the Moon.
go on to influence and inspire
influiría e inspiraría
de ingenieros astronáuticos:
rocketry in Russia and in Germany,
para cohetes en Rusia y Alemania,
to the field of spaceflight
por los vuelos espaciales
a la Luna" cuando eran jóvenes.
to the Moon" as teenagers,
committing themselves
hacer de esa historia una realidad.
the only one in the 19th century
del siglo XIX que tuvo gran influencia.
"La Guerra de los Mundos" de H. G. Wells
directly inspired
un joven de Massachusetts.
Robert Goddard.
"War of the Worlds"
a finales de la década de 1890,
mientras descansaba,
a cherry tree on his family's farm
en la granja de su familia,
taking off from the valley below
que despegaba del valle cercano
that he would commit the rest of his life
dedicar el resto de su vida
that he saw in his mind's eye.
que había visto en su imaginación.
celebraba ese día como su aniversario,
he would celebrate that day
his cherry tree day,
the works of Verne and of Wells
las historias de Verne y Wells
and his commitment
y su imaginación
and effort that would be required
y esfuerzo que demandó
parte de su sueño:
por combustible líquido.
de "De la Tierra a la Luna"
to the Moon" and "The War of the Worlds"
de la astronáutica a dedicar sus vidas
were inspired to dedicate their lives
and their works in turn
organizaciones técnicas
technical communities
de vuelos espaciales.
la cadena de influencia
de Poe a Verne,
communities of spaceflight.
de vuelos espaciales.
weirdly fascinated by stories
ciencia ficción de los siglos XVII y XIX
that these stories remind us
estas historias nos recuerdan
dieron lugar a los viajes espaciales
driving spaceflight
innovation more broadly.
innovaciones tecnológicas.
the economic origins
los orígenes económicos
of billionaire tech entrepreneurs
emprendedores multimillonarios,
militares en combustible líquido,
in liquid fuel rocketry,
are found in stories and in ideas.
de los vuelos espaciales
las historias y en las ideas.
se estructuraron por primera vez
concepts for spaceflight were articulated.
for humanity in space
en el espacio para la humanidad
intellectual community
intelectual intergeneracional
on the ideas for spacecraft
de los viajes espaciales
tales ideas pudieron concretarse.
as they could finally be built.
for over 300 years,
a culture of spaceflight.
la cultura de los viajes espaciales.
thousands of people
miles de personas y cientos de años.
some of us have looked at the stars
las estrellas y anhelado alcanzarlas.
algunos hemos dedicado nuestro trabajo
of the concepts and systems
y sistemas necesarios
about Godwin, Poe and Verne
sobre Godwin, Poe y Verne
also tell us of the importance
también nos muestran
que compartimos sobre el futuro.
about the future more generally.
transmit information or ideas.
transmiten información o ideas,
a dedicar toda la vida
to dedicate our lives
estas historias pueden influir,
sociales y tecnológicas del futuro.
and remember it when we tell our stories.
y recordarlo cuando contemos historias.
dystopian paths we may take
los posibles desenlaces distópicos,
sean las historias que transmitimos,
stories we tell each other,
for possible dystopian futures.
para posibles futuros distópicos.
that plant the seeds,
las semillas tal vez no de utopías
of technological, societal
social y tecnológica.
that the stories we tell each other
de que las historias que contamos
the example of this,
recordar este ejemplo
for over 300 years
culturas por más de 300 años
volverse realidad.
to look back upon and remark
y explicar cómo, gracias a ellas,
to new heights and to new shores,
and new possibilities,
y nuevas posibilidades,
our world for the better.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander MacDonald - EconomistTED Senior Fellow Alexander MacDonald develops strategies to advance space exploration and encourage private-sector space activities.
Why you should listen
Alexander MacDonald founded NASA's Emerging Space Office, helps build small satellite programs around the world, and is the author of The Long Space Age. He is an economist with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and is currently assigned to serve as the Senior Economic Advisor at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
MacDonald is the author and editor of a number of NASA reports including "Emerging Space: The Evolving Landscape of 21st Century American Spaceflight," "Public-Private Partnerships for Space Capability Development" and "Economic Development of Low-Earth Orbit." He also led the development of "A Strategy for Human Spaceflight in Low Earth Orbit and Economic Growth in Space," submitted to the National Space Council in 2018 by NASA, the Department of State and the Department of Commerce. And he helped develop the NASA strategy for the 2016 Presidential Transition. He is an advocate for the use of small satellites -- cubesats -- for technical and capacity development throughout the world, having helped initiate cubesat projects in Lithuania and Kyrgyzstan and having helped establish nationwide cubesat initiatives in the US and Canada.
MacDonald was a research faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University and worked for the Universities Space Research Association while at NASA's Ames Research Center where he worked on small satellite mission designs and served as the center's first research economist on staff. He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Queen's University in Canada, his master's degree in economics from the University of British Columbia and was a Clarendon Scholar at the University of Oxford, where he obtained his doctorate on the long-run economic history of American space exploration. He was also an inaugural TED Senior Fellow and received the History Manuscript of the Year Award in 2016 from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Alexander MacDonald | Speaker | TED.com