Alexander MacDonald: How centuries of sci-fi sparked spaceflight
Alexander MacDonald: Como a ficção científica nos levou à Lua
TED Senior Fellow Alexander MacDonald develops strategies to advance space exploration and encourage private-sector space activities. Full bio
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sobre histórias.
because I think we need to remember
porque acho que temos de nos lembrar
que contamos uns aos outros
we tell each other
or entertainment or narratives.
ou narrativas para entreter.
and ideas across our societies
pelas nossas sociedades
technological achievements
tecnológicas mais avançadas
transformations yet to come might also.
das transformações mais importantes
of the recent Dutch invention
da recente invenção holandesa
and put them in a long tube
de vidro polido
farther than ever before.
a visão humana mais do que até aí.
his new telescope to the heavens
para os céus
"Sidereus Nuncius," published in 1610.
"Sidereus Nuncius", publicado em 1610.
what he had discovered.
o que tinha descoberto.
was not just a celestial object
não era apenas um objeto celeste
iluminadas pelo Sol,
— a palavra latina para mares.
and the Moon had been discovered,
este novo mundo, e a Lua,
to think about how to travel there.
como chegar até lá.
was actually the Bishop of Hereford,
a fazer isso foi o Bispo de Hereford,
about a Spanish explorer,
de um explorador espanhol,
on the island of St. Helena
na ilha de Santa Helena
of the local wild geese
dos gansos selvagens locais
on a voyage to the Moon.
numa viagem até à Lua.
or a Discourse of a Voyage Thither,"
or a Discourse of a Voyage Thither,"
and anonymously in 1638,
e anonimamente em 1638,
of controversial ideas that it contained,
de ideias controversas que continha,
of the Copernican view of the universe
do universo de Copérnico
of the Solar System,
no centro do sistema solar,
concept of gravity
de gravidade pré-newtoniano
that the weight of an object
o peso de um objeto
distance from Earth.
crescente da Terra.
of his idea of a goose machine
de uma máquina de gansos
até à Lua, numa máquina com gansos
to the Moon by goose machine
or technically creative to us today,
perspicaz nem tecnicamente criativa,
getting to the Moon not by a dream
descreveu a ida à Lua,
como Johannes Kepler escrevera,
had written about,
that we could build machines
construir máquinas
in minds across the generations.
nas cabeças durante gerações.
by his contemporary, John Wilkins,
pelo seu contemporâneo, John Wilkins,
of the Royal Society.
da Royal Society.
in Godwin's text seriously
da viagem espacial no texto de Godwin
não fictício, intitulado
of the New World in the Moon,
Another Habitable World in that Planet."
Outro Mundo Habitável nesse Planeta".
that word "habitable."
na palavra "habitável".
been a powerful incentive
um poderoso incentivo
em como construir máquinas
machines that could go there.
considerou seriamente
a number of technical methods
para o voo espacial.
the earliest known nonfiction account
mais antigo de não ficção conhecido
most notably by Cyrano de Bergerac,
como as de Cyrano de Bergerac,
the idea of people building machines
de as pessoas construírem máquinas
and technical nuance.
e de variáveis técnicas.
effectively ceased.
desapareceu efetivamente.
about getting to the Moon,
histórias de chegar à Lua,
of the laws of gravity by Newton
das leis da gravidade
by Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle
por Robert Hooke e Robert Boyle
existed between the planets,
entre os planetas,
between the Earth and the Moon.
entre a Terra e a Lua.
made very little intellectual progress
poucos progressos intelectuais fez
the Industrial Revolution
of steam engines and boilers
a vapor e das caldeiras
dos recipientes sob pressão.
about how they could build a capsule
como podiam construir uma cápsula
do voo espacial,
of spaceflight was written,
in terms of gothic poems
como um escritor de poemas góticos
a technical thinker.
um pensador técnico.
com iluminação a gás nas ruas,
with gas street lighting,
by the technological revolution
pela revolução tecnológica
not to be one of his gothic tales
não era dos seus contos góticos
em prosa poética,
his own personal view
of the universe.
in fantastical technical detail
com um pormenor técnico fantástico,
in this than in his short story,
of One Hans Pfaall."
de One Hans Pfaall."
desempregado, de Roterdão,
bellows maker in Rotterdam,
this is Poe, after all --
— ou seja, o próprio Poe —
enclosed balloon-borne carriage
hermeticamente fechada,
through the vacuum of space
develop this story alone,
sozinho esta história,
"A Man in the Moone"
"Um Homem na Lua" de Godwin,
ingenious little book."
e um tanto engenhoso".
voyage to the Moon may seem
até à Lua, transportada por balão,
than the goose machine,
do que a máquina dos gansos,
of the construction of the device
do aparelho
dynamics of the voyage
in the very first spaceflight encyclopedia
na primeira enciclopédia do voo espacial
or to "verisimilitude," as he called it,
ou à "verosimilhança", como lhe chamou,
to the Moon," written in 1865.
escrita em 1865.
a remarkable legacy
to the real voyages to the Moon
com as viagens reais à Lua
over a hundred years later.
to the Moon takes place from Florida,
à Lua parte da Flórida,
during the Apollo program itself.
dominariam durante o programa Apollo.
to Poe's influence on him,
à influência que sofreu de Poe,
for this feat in the book in Baltimore,
pela sua façanha no livro em Baltimore,
"Cheers for Edgar Poe!"
"Viva Edgar Poe!"
for their conquest of the Moon.
para a conquista da Lua.
foi influenciado por Poe,
go on to influence and inspire
iria influenciar e inspirar
dos cientistas espaciais.
de foguetões de combustível líquido
rocketry in Russia and in Germany,
to the field of spaceflight
to the Moon" as teenagers,
quando adolescentes
committing themselves
empenhando-se
the only one in the 19th century
a única do século XIX,
inspirou diretamente
directly inspired
Robert Goddard.
Robert Goddard.
"War of the Worlds"
a cherry tree on his family's farm
uma cerejeira na sua quinta,
taking off from the valley below
a levantar voo do vale lá em baixo
that he would commit the rest of his life
que ia dedicar o resto da sua vida
that he saw in his mind's eye.
que vira na sua imaginação.
he would celebrate that day
festejaria esse dia,
his cherry tree day,
o dia do seu renascimento.
the works of Verne and of Wells
as obras de Júlio Verne e de Wells
and his commitment
e o seu empenho
and effort that would be required
que seriam necessárias
do seu sonho:
a combustível líquido,
to the Moon" and "The War of the Worlds"
e "A Guerra dos Mundos",
se inspiraram a dedicar as suas vidas
were inspired to dedicate their lives
os seus tratados e a sua obra
and their works in turn
comunidades técnicas
technical communities
direta de influência
de Poe e de Júlio Verne
communities of spaceflight.
do voo espacial dos dias de hoje.
weirdly fascinated by stories
estranhamente, pelas histórias
dos séculos XVII e XIX?
that these stories remind us
que estas histórias nos recordam
driving spaceflight
que motivaram os voos espaciais
innovation more broadly.
mais genericamente.
a trabalhar na NASA,
the economic origins
nas origens económicas
of billionaire tech entrepreneurs
dos empresários multimilionários
da Guerra Fria,
in liquid fuel rocketry,
nos foguetões de combustível líquido,
are found in stories and in ideas.
encontram-se em histórias e em ideias.
concepts for spaceflight were articulated.
os primeiros conceitos do voo espacial.
for humanity in space
no espaço para a humanidade
intellectual community
intelectual intergerações
on the ideas for spacecraft
para as naves espaciais
as they could finally be built.
finalmente foram construídas.
for over 300 years,
há mais de 300 anos
a culture of spaceflight.
de voo espacial.
thousands of people
milhares de pessoas
some of us have looked at the stars
houve quem olhasse para as estrelas
of the concepts and systems
dos conceitos e dos sistemas
essas viagens.
about Godwin, Poe and Verne
de Godwin, Poe e Júlio Verne,
also tell us of the importance
também nos falam da importância
about the future more generally.
sobre o futuro, mais genericamente.
transmit information or ideas.
apenas informações ou ideias.
to dedicate our lives
a dedicar a nossa vida
podem influenciar, e influenciam,
and remember it when we tell our stories.
e recordá-lo quando contamos histórias.
distópicas possíveis que podemos tomar.
dystopian paths we may take
stories we tell each other,
distópicas contarmos,
for possible dystopian futures.
para possíveis futuros distópicos.
que plantem as sementes,
that plant the seeds,
of technological, societal
para grandes novos projetos
social e institucional.
that the stories we tell each other
de que as histórias que contamos
the example of this,
de nos lembrar deste exemplo,
for over 300 years
durante 300 anos
to look back upon and remark
como foram inspiradas por elas,
to new heights and to new shores,
e a novos horizontes,
e novas possibilidades,
and new possibilities,
our world for the better.
o nosso mundo para melhor.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander MacDonald - EconomistTED Senior Fellow Alexander MacDonald develops strategies to advance space exploration and encourage private-sector space activities.
Why you should listen
Alexander MacDonald founded NASA's Emerging Space Office, helps build small satellite programs around the world, and is the author of The Long Space Age. He is an economist with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and is currently assigned to serve as the Senior Economic Advisor at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
MacDonald is the author and editor of a number of NASA reports including "Emerging Space: The Evolving Landscape of 21st Century American Spaceflight," "Public-Private Partnerships for Space Capability Development" and "Economic Development of Low-Earth Orbit." He also led the development of "A Strategy for Human Spaceflight in Low Earth Orbit and Economic Growth in Space," submitted to the National Space Council in 2018 by NASA, the Department of State and the Department of Commerce. And he helped develop the NASA strategy for the 2016 Presidential Transition. He is an advocate for the use of small satellites -- cubesats -- for technical and capacity development throughout the world, having helped initiate cubesat projects in Lithuania and Kyrgyzstan and having helped establish nationwide cubesat initiatives in the US and Canada.
MacDonald was a research faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University and worked for the Universities Space Research Association while at NASA's Ames Research Center where he worked on small satellite mission designs and served as the center's first research economist on staff. He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Queen's University in Canada, his master's degree in economics from the University of British Columbia and was a Clarendon Scholar at the University of Oxford, where he obtained his doctorate on the long-run economic history of American space exploration. He was also an inaugural TED Senior Fellow and received the History Manuscript of the Year Award in 2016 from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Alexander MacDonald | Speaker | TED.com