Sara Valencia Botto: When do kids start to care about other people's opinions?
سارا بوتو: چه زمانی کودکان شروع به اهمیت دادن به نظرات دیگران میکنند؟
Sara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
you are wearing right now.
فکر کنید.
question for you.
comfortable pajamas right now?
and not a mind reader,
that's the same thing.
هر دو یکی هستند.
is somewhere along the lines of,
چیزی مثل اینهاست،
در ملاعام پیژامه بپوشم»
to think I am a slob."
که شلختهام.»
chose to wear business casual clothing,
لباسهای نیمه رسمی را انتخاب کردهایم
pair of sweatpants,
مورد علاقهمان،
defining human characteristics.
را نشان میدهد.
of what other people value,
از ارزشهای دیگران است،
or disapprove of,
to these sorts of settings.
this information to guide our behavior.
رفتارهایمان هست.
in the presence of others
and Instagram filter,
یا فیلتر اینستاگرام اختصاص میدهیم،
that will undoubtedly change the world
with how other people will evaluate us
را چگونه ارزیابی کنند
a big human trait, however,
یک ویژگی بزرگ انسانی،
about when and how
از کی و چگونه
about the opinion of others.
برای ما اهمیت پیدا کرد.
that requires many studies.
مطالعات زیادی است.
to uncovering this question
to others' evaluations.
حساس شدیم.
at Emory University
around the grocery store in her onesie,
نوزادی در مغازه خواربارفروشی بگردد
that fears public speaking
سخنرانی در جمع
when people ask me,
مردم از من میپرسند،
this question, exactly?
مساله تحقیق میکنید؟
were up here right now,
that his wife experiments on children.
کودکان تحقیق میکند.
experiments for children,
طراحی کردم،
Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
را طراحی کردیم
would begin to be sensitive
نسبت به ارزیابی
captures when children, like adults,
چه زمانی کودکان مانند بزرگسالان
when others are watching.
رفتارشان را تغییر میدهند.
14 to 24-month-old infants
۱۴ تا ۲۴ ماه را مشاهده کردیم
را فعال میکنند،
assigned a positive value,
را تعیین میکردیم
"Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
to play with the remote,
از راه دور بازی کنند
to read a magazine.
مجله میخوانیم.
to the evaluation of others,
should be influenced
قرار بگیرد
they're being watched
that the experimenter expressed
the positive remote significantly more
دستگاه کنترل مثبت بازی کنند
the negative remote
we did three variations of the study.
ما سه مطالعه انجام دادیم.
would engage with a novel toy
اسباب بازی جدید را بررسی میکرد
or instructions provided.
و نه دستورالعملی داده میشد.
how to activate the toy robot,
که چگونه ربات را فعال کنند،
that they could play with the remote,
دستگاه کنترل بازی کنند،
ambiguous situation.
a positive and a negative.
we had two experimenters and one remote.
و یک دستگاه کنترل
value towards pressing the remote,
به فشار دستگاه کنترل نشان میداد،
expressed a positive value, saying,
واکنش مثبت نشان میداد و میگفت
to these three different scenarios.
در این سناریوهای متفاوت است.
in pressing the remote.
دوتا دستگاه کنترل هست،
and one with the negative value.
is a negative remote.
looking at me, hanging out.
به من نگاه میکند، منتظرمیماند.
that side-eyed glance, right?
experimenters, one remote.
یکی دستگاه کنترل
towards pressing the remote
دادن کنترل واکنش منفی نشان داد
doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
چه کار کند و به مادرش تکیه میکند.
a positive response is watching.
مشغول تماشای اوست.
button-pressing behavior
and the instructions of the experimenter.
دستورالعمل آزمایشگرها هستند.
children did not know
or negatively evaluated,
to press the remote.
فشار دهند.
significantly more when I was watching,
دستگاه کنترل مثبت را فشار میدادند
and started playing with it.
آن بازی میکردند.
the different values of the remotes --
after pressing either of the remotes --
این دستگاههای کنترل ---
no longer differed across conditions,
نسبت به شرایط متفاوت نبود
the values that we gave the two remotes
به آن کنترلها داده بودیم
in the previous study.
رفتارها را به آن سمت برده بود.
a remote significantly more
کنترل را بیشتر فشار میدادند
a positive value was watching,
واکنش مثبت داشتند نگاه میکردند.
that had expressed a negative value.
آزمایشگرها واکنش منفی داشتند.
that children begin to show embarrassment
میشوند
a negative evaluation,
at themselves in the mirror
in your teeth, for adults.
مثل دیدن اسفناج بین دندانهایمان است.
based on these findings?
are actually really, really sneaky.
that we place on objects and behaviors.
میگذاریم حساس هستند. و مهمتر این که
to guide their behavior.
شکل گیری رفتارهایشان استفاده میکنند.
آگاه باشیم یا نباشم،
to those around us.
ارزشها ارتباط برقرار میکنیم.
"be kind" or "don't steal,"
«دزدی نکن» نیست،
showing others, specifically our children,
کودکان نشان میدهیم
and praiseworthy, and what is not.
قابل تقدیر است یا نیست.
without even noticing it.
to explore the contents of the mind,
رفتارها را مطالعه میکنند،
often reflects our beliefs,
we all believe the same thing.
that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
کوکا در آتلانتا تولید شد.
that most people will chose to drink Coke.
بیشتر مردم کوکا را انتخاب میکنند.
or their pretty dress,
as opposed to nutritious food,
به جای یک خوراکی مقوی،
are incredibly effective
در انتخاب ارزشها
from these subtle behaviors.
لطیف تاثیرپذیر هستند.
shaping their own behavior.
رفتارشان میشود.
emerges very early in development,
رشد شروع میشود،
a complete sentence
یک جمله کامل بگوییم
of who we grow up to be.
ما شدهایم.
to contemplate on the values
in day-to-day interactions,
اعمال میکنیم
the behavior of those around you.
رفتارهای اطرافیان را هم شکل دهد.
is being broadcasted
smiling at our phone
تلفن خود لبخند میزنیم
has been shaped by those around you,
شما با اطرافیانتان شکل گرفته است،
have considered before.
مورد آن فکر نکردهاید.
by what others around you valued?
از ارزشگذاری اطرافیانتان است؟
certainly have the privilege
in simple day-to-day interactions,
در روابطمان ایجاد میکنیم
the behavior of those around us.
اطرافیان خود را شکل دهیم.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sara Valencia Botto - PsychologistSara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation.
Why you should listen
Sara Valencia Botto is a PhD candidate in the cognition and development program at Emory University, where she researches social-cognitive development in early childhood. Her recent publication on sensitivity to evaluation in toddlers has been featured in various outlets, including ABC News, the Huffington Post and other major international newspapers.
By exploring the developmental origins of reputation, Botto's research investigates when and how humans, unlike many other animals, care about what other people think. She designs experiments for children of 14 months to five years and studies when and how they begin to alter their behavior to garner positive evaluations from others. Her goal is to understand why humans come to care about their reputation as well as the factors that contribute to inter-individual differences.
Sara Valencia Botto | Speaker | TED.com