TEDxAtlanta
Sara Valencia Botto: When do kids start to care about other people's opinions?
Sara Botto: Cando comezan a importarlles aos nenos as opinións dos máis?
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A partir da súa investigación sobre o desenvolvemento da primeira infancia, a psicóloga Sara Valencia Botto investiga cando (e como) os nenos comezan a cambiar as súas condutas ante a presenza doutros, e explora o que iso significa para os valores que comunicamos nas interaccións diarias. (Atentos ás graciosas imaxes dos pícaros.)
Sara Valencia Botto - Psychologist
Sara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation. Full bio
Sara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like you to take a moment
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Gustaríame que tomasen un intre
00:13
and consider what
you are wearing right now.
you are wearing right now.
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en pensasen na roupa que levan agora.
00:17
I have a deep, philosophical
question for you.
question for you.
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Fágolles unha pregunta
profunda e filosófica:
profunda e filosófica:
00:21
Why are we not all wearing
comfortable pajamas right now?
comfortable pajamas right now?
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Por que non levamos todos
pixamas cómodos xusto agora?
pixamas cómodos xusto agora?
00:23
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
00:24
Well, I'm a psychologist
and not a mind reader,
and not a mind reader,
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Ben, eu son psicóloga
e non unha lectora de mentes,
e non unha lectora de mentes,
00:27
although many people think
that's the same thing.
that's the same thing.
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aínda que moita xente
pense que son o mesmo.
pense que son o mesmo.
00:30
I can bet you that your response
is somewhere along the lines of,
is somewhere along the lines of,
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Podo apostar que a súa resposta
sería algo así como:
sería algo así como:
00:33
"I'm expected to not wear pj's in public"
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"Espérase de min que non utilice
pixama en público"
pixama en público"
00:36
or "I don't want people
to think I am a slob."
to think I am a slob."
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ou "Non quero que a xente pense
que son un lacazán."
que son un lacazán."
00:39
Either way, the fact that we all
chose to wear business casual clothing,
chose to wear business casual clothing,
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Sexa como sexa, o feito de que todos
elixamos levar roupa informal de traballo,
elixamos levar roupa informal de traballo,
no canto dos nosos pantalóns
de chándal favoritos
de chándal favoritos
00:43
as opposed to our favorite
pair of sweatpants,
pair of sweatpants,
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00:45
is not a silly coincidence.
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non é unha casualidade parva.
00:48
Instead, it reveals two
defining human characteristics.
defining human characteristics.
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Pola contra, revela dúas características
humanas que nos definen.
humanas que nos definen.
00:52
The first is that we are cognizant
of what other people value,
of what other people value,
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A primeira é que somos conscientes
do que outras persoas valoran,
do que outras persoas valoran,
00:56
like what they will approve
or disapprove of,
or disapprove of,
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o que aprobarán ou desaprobarán,
00:58
such as not wearing pj's
to these sorts of settings.
to these sorts of settings.
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así como non usar pixama
para este tipo de eventos.
para este tipo de eventos.
01:02
And two, we've readily used
this information to guide our behavior.
this information to guide our behavior.
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E dúas, utilizamos esta información
para guiar o noso comportamento.
para guiar o noso comportamento.
01:07
Unlike many other species,
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A diferenza de outras moitas especies,
01:08
humans are prone to tailor their behavior
in the presence of others
in the presence of others
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os humanos somos propensos a adaptar o noso
comportamento ante a presenza doutros
comportamento ante a presenza doutros
01:12
to garner approval.
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para obter aprobación.
01:14
We spend valuable time putting on make up,
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Pasamos un tempo valioso maquillándonos,
01:17
choosing the right picture
and Instagram filter,
and Instagram filter,
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escollendo a imaxe correcta
e o filtro de Instagram,
e o filtro de Instagram,
01:20
and composing ideas
that will undoubtedly change the world
that will undoubtedly change the world
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e compoñendo ideas
que sen dúbida cambiarán o mundo
que sen dúbida cambiarán o mundo
01:22
in 140 characters or less.
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en 140 caracteres ou menos.
01:25
Clearly, our concern
with how other people will evaluate us
with how other people will evaluate us
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É evidente que a nosa preocupación
por como nos avaliarán os demais
por como nos avaliarán os demais
01:28
is a big part of being human.
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é unha gran parte do ser humano.
01:31
Despite this being
a big human trait, however,
a big human trait, however,
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Mais a pesar de ser este
unha gran característica humana
unha gran característica humana
01:34
we know relatively little
about when and how
about when and how
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sabemos relativamente pouco
de cando e como
de cando e como
01:37
we come to care
about the opinion of others.
about the opinion of others.
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chegamos a preocuparnos
pola opinión dos demais.
pola opinión dos demais.
01:39
Now, this is a big question
that requires many studies.
that requires many studies.
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Esta é unha gran pregunta
que require moitos estudos.
que require moitos estudos.
01:43
But the first step
to uncovering this question
to uncovering this question
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Pero o primeiro paso
para descubrir esta cuestión
para descubrir esta cuestión
01:45
is to investigate when in development
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é investigar cando no desenvolvemento
01:47
we become sensitive
to others' evaluations.
to others' evaluations.
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nos convertemos en sensibles
ás avaliacións dos outros.
ás avaliacións dos outros.
01:51
I have spent the past four years
at Emory University
at Emory University
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Pasei os últimos catro anos
na Emory University
na Emory University
01:54
investigating how an infant,
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investigando como un bebé,
01:56
who has no problem walking
around the grocery store in her onesie,
around the grocery store in her onesie,
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que non ten problemas para andar
polo supermercado en pixama,
polo supermercado en pixama,
02:00
develops into an adult
that fears public speaking
that fears public speaking
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se transforma nun adulto
que teme falar en público
que teme falar en público
02:03
for fear of being negatively judged.
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por medo a ser xulgado negativamente.
02:06
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:08
Now, this is usually a point
when people ask me,
when people ask me,
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Agora é normalmente
cando a xente me pregunta:
cando a xente me pregunta:
02:10
"How do you investigate
this question, exactly?
this question, exactly?
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"Como investigas exactamente ese tema?
02:13
Infants can't talk, right?"
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Os bebés non poden falar, non si?"
02:15
Well, if my husband
were up here right now,
were up here right now,
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Ben, se o meu marido estivese aquí agora,
02:17
he would tell you that I interview babies,
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el diríalles que entrevisto os bebés,
02:20
because he would rather not say
that his wife experiments on children.
that his wife experiments on children.
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porque preferiría non dicir
que a súa muller experimenta con nenos.
que a súa muller experimenta con nenos.
02:24
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:27
In reality, I design
experiments for children,
experiments for children,
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En realidade,
deseño experimentos para nenos,
deseño experimentos para nenos,
02:30
usually in the form of games.
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normalmente en forma de xogos.
02:33
Developmental psychologist
Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
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O psicólogo do desenvolvemento
Philippe Rochat e eu
Philippe Rochat e eu
02:36
designed a "game" called "The Robot Task"
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deseñamos un "xogo"
chamado "A tarefa do robot"
chamado "A tarefa do robot"
02:39
to explore when children
would begin to be sensitive
would begin to be sensitive
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para explorar cando os nenos
comezan a ser sensibles
comezan a ser sensibles
02:41
to the evaluation of others.
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á avaliación dos outros.
02:44
Specifically, the robot task
captures when children, like adults,
captures when children, like adults,
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En concreto, a tarefa do robot captura
cando os nenos, como os adultos,
cando os nenos, como os adultos,
02:48
strategically modify their behavior
when others are watching.
when others are watching.
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modifican estratexicamente
o seu comportamento cando outros os miran.
o seu comportamento cando outros os miran.
02:53
To do this, we showed
14 to 24-month-old infants
14 to 24-month-old infants
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Para iso, mostramos aos nenos
de 14 a 24 meses
de 14 a 24 meses
02:56
how to activate a toy robot,
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como activar un robot de xoguete,
02:58
and importantly, we either
assigned a positive value,
assigned a positive value,
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e algo importante:
asignamos un valor positivo,
asignamos un valor positivo,
03:00
saying "Wow, isn't that great!"
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dicindo: "Guau!, non é xenial?"
03:03
or a negative value, saying,
"Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
"Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
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ou un valor negativo,
dicindo: "Oh, oh. Epa, non"
dicindo: "Oh, oh. Epa, non"
03:05
after pressing the remote.
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despois de premer o mando a distancia.
03:08
Following this toy demonstration,
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Despois desta demostración,
03:09
we invited the infants
to play with the remote,
to play with the remote,
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invitamos aos nenos
a xogar co mando a distancia,
a xogar co mando a distancia,
03:12
and then either watched them
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e logo mirámolos
03:13
or turned around and pretended
to read a magazine.
to read a magazine.
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ou nos damos a volta
e finximos ler unha revista.
e finximos ler unha revista.
03:17
The idea was that if by 24 months,
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A idea era que se antes dos 24 meses,
03:19
children are indeed sensitive
to the evaluation of others,
to the evaluation of others,
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os nenos xa son de verdade
sensibles á avaliación dos outros,
sensibles á avaliación dos outros,
03:22
then their button-pressing behavior
should be influenced
should be influenced
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entón o seu modo de usar
o botón debería estar influído
o botón debería estar influído
03:25
not only by whether or not
they're being watched
they're being watched
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non só por ser ou non observados
03:28
but also by the values
that the experimenter expressed
that the experimenter expressed
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senón tamén polos valores
que o experimentador expresou
que o experimentador expresou
03:30
towards pressing the remote.
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sobre premer o mando.
03:33
So for example,
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Entón por exemplo:
03:34
we would expect children to play with
the positive remote significantly more
the positive remote significantly more
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esperaríamos que os nenos xogasen
co mando positivo significativamente máis
co mando positivo significativamente máis
03:38
if they were being observed
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se estivesen sendo observados
03:39
but then choose to explore
the negative remote
the negative remote
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pero logo optasen por explorar
o mando negativo
o mando negativo
03:41
once no one was watching.
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cando ninguén estivese mirando.
03:43
To really capture this phenomenon,
we did three variations of the study.
we did three variations of the study.
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Para captar realmente este fenómeno,
fixemos tres variacións do estudo.
fixemos tres variacións do estudo.
03:47
Study one explored how infants
would engage with a novel toy
would engage with a novel toy
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O primeiro estudo exploraba como os bebés
se implicaban cun xoguete novo
se implicaban cun xoguete novo
03:51
if there were no values
or instructions provided.
or instructions provided.
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se non se daban valores ou instrucións.
03:53
So we simply showed infants
how to activate the toy robot,
how to activate the toy robot,
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Só mostramos aos nenos
cómo activar o robot de xoguete,
cómo activar o robot de xoguete,
03:56
but didn't assign any values,
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pero non lle asignabamos valor,
03:58
and we also didn't tell them
that they could play with the remote,
that they could play with the remote,
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e tampouco lles dixemos
que podían xogar co control remoto,
que podían xogar co control remoto,
04:01
providing them with a really
ambiguous situation.
ambiguous situation.
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dándolles unha situación
realmente ambigua.
realmente ambigua.
04:03
In study two,
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No segundo estudo,
04:05
we incorporated the two values,
a positive and a negative.
a positive and a negative.
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incorporamos os dous valores,
un positivo e un negativo.
un positivo e un negativo.
04:10
And in the last study,
we had two experimenters and one remote.
we had two experimenters and one remote.
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E no último estudo, tivemos
dous experimentadores e un mando.
dous experimentadores e un mando.
04:14
One experimenter expressed a negative
value towards pressing the remote,
value towards pressing the remote,
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Un experimentador expresaba un valor
negativo ao premer o mando,
negativo ao premer o mando,
04:17
saying, "Yuck, the toy moved,"
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dicindo: "Uf, o xoguete moveuse"
04:19
while the other experimenter
expressed a positive value, saying,
expressed a positive value, saying,
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e o outro experimentador
expresaba un valor positivo, dicindo:
expresaba un valor positivo, dicindo:
04:22
"Yay, the toy moved."
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"Hurra, o xoguete moveuse."
04:23
And this is how the children reacted
to these three different scenarios.
to these three different scenarios.
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E así reaccionaron os nenos
ante estes tres diferentes escenarios.
ante estes tres diferentes escenarios.
04:27
So in study one, the ambiguous situation,
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No primeiro estudo, a situación ambigua,
04:30
I'm currently watching the child.
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eu estou mirando a nena.
04:32
She doesn't seem to be too interested
in pressing the remote.
in pressing the remote.
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Ela non parece demasiado interesada
en presionar o mando.
en presionar o mando.
04:36
Once I turned around --
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Mais unha vez que me dou a volta --
04:39
now she's ready to play.
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agora está lista para xogar.
04:40
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
04:43
Currently, I'm not watching the child.
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Aquí non estou mirando a nena.
04:45
She's really focused.
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Está moi centrada.
04:47
I turn around.
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Doume a volta.
04:49
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
04:50
She wasn't doing anything, right?
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Non facía nada, non si?
04:55
In study two, it's the two remotes,
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No segundo estudo, o dos dous mandos,
04:57
one with the positive
and one with the negative value.
and one with the negative value.
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un co valor positivo e outro co negativo.
04:59
I'm currently observing the child.
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Aquí estou observando a nena.
05:01
And the orange remote
is a negative remote.
is a negative remote.
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E o mando laranxa é o negativo.
05:05
She's just looking around,
looking at me, hanging out.
looking at me, hanging out.
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Ela só está mirando arredor,
para min e xogando.
para min e xogando.
05:08
Then I turn around ...
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Entón dou a volta ...
05:12
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:15
That's what she's going for.
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Iso é a polo que ela vai.
05:19
I'm not watching the child.
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Aquí non estou mirando ao neno.
05:21
He wants the mom to play with it, right?
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El quere que a nai xogue con iso, ¿non?
05:23
Take a safer route.
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Coller unha ruta máis segura.
05:25
I turn around ...
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Doume a volta ...
05:28
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:29
He wasn't doing anything, either.
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E tampouco estaba facendo nada.
05:36
Yeah, he feels awkward.
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Si, séntese raro.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:38
Everyone knows
that side-eyed glance, right?
that side-eyed glance, right?
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Todos coñecemos
esa mirada de esguello, non?
esa mirada de esguello, non?
05:41
Study three, the two
experimenters, one remote.
experimenters, one remote.
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No terceiro estudo,
os dous experimentadores e un mando.
os dous experimentadores e un mando.
05:44
The experimenter that reacted negatively
towards pressing the remote
towards pressing the remote
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O experimentador que reaccionou
negativamente ao presionar o mando
negativamente ao presionar o mando
05:47
is watching the child right now.
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esta a mirar a nena agora.
05:49
She feels a little awkward,
doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
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Séntese un pouco rara, non sabe que facer,
confía na nai.
confía na nai.
05:56
And then, she's going to turn around
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E entón, ela dáse a volta
05:58
so that the experimenter that expressed
a positive response is watching.
a positive response is watching.
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para que o experimentador que tivo
unha resposta positiva a vexa.
unha resposta positiva a vexa.
06:04
Coast is clear -- now she's ready to play.
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Todo despexado,
agora está lista para xogar.
agora está lista para xogar.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
06:07
So, as the data suggests,
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Así que, como os datos suxiren,
06:09
we found that children's
button-pressing behavior
button-pressing behavior
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descubrimos que o comportamento
de premer o botón
de premer o botón
06:11
was indeed influenced by the values
and the instructions of the experimenter.
and the instructions of the experimenter.
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estaba moi influenciado polos valores
e instrucións do experimentador.
e instrucións do experimentador.
06:16
Because in study one,
children did not know
children did not know
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Porque no primeiro estudo,
os nenos non sabían
os nenos non sabían
06:19
what would be positively
or negatively evaluated,
or negatively evaluated,
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o que sería avaliado
positivamente ou negativamente,
positivamente ou negativamente,
06:22
they tended to take the safest route
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e tendían a tomar a ruta máis segura
06:24
and wait until I turned my back
to press the remote.
to press the remote.
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e agardar a que me virase
para presionar o mando.
para presionar o mando.
06:27
Children in study two
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Os nenos do segundo estudo
06:28
chose to press the positive remote
significantly more when I was watching,
significantly more when I was watching,
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optaban por presionar o mando positivo
de xeito máis significativo cando os vía,
de xeito máis significativo cando os vía,
06:32
but then once I turned my back,
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pero unha vez me viraba,
06:33
they immediately took the negative remote
and started playing with it.
and started playing with it.
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inmediatamente tomaban o mando negativo
e comezaban a xogar con el.
e comezaban a xogar con el.
06:37
Importantly, in a control study,
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Algo importante: nun estudo de control,
06:38
where we removed
the different values of the remotes --
the different values of the remotes --
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onde eliminamos
os diferentes valores dos mandos --
os diferentes valores dos mandos --
06:41
so we simply said, "Oh, wow"
after pressing either of the remotes --
after pressing either of the remotes --
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e só dixemos: "Oh, vaites!"
despois de presionar calquera dos mandos -
despois de presionar calquera dos mandos -
06:45
children's button-pressing behavior
no longer differed across conditions,
no longer differed across conditions,
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vimos que o comportamento dos nenos
xa non difería entre as condicións,
xa non difería entre as condicións,
06:48
suggesting that it was really
the values that we gave the two remotes
the values that we gave the two remotes
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o que suxire que foron os valores
que lles demos aos dous mandos
que lles demos aos dous mandos
06:52
that drove the behavior
in the previous study.
in the previous study.
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o que impulsou o comportamento
no estudo anterior.
no estudo anterior.
06:55
Last but not least,
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E por último, pero non menos importante,
06:56
children in study three chose to press
a remote significantly more
a remote significantly more
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os nenos do terceiro estudo optaron
por presionar máis un mando
por presionar máis un mando
cando o experimentador que expresaba
un valor positivo estaba mirando,
un valor positivo estaba mirando,
07:00
when the experimenter that expressed
a positive value was watching,
a positive value was watching,
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07:03
as opposed to the experimenter
that had expressed a negative value.
that had expressed a negative value.
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ao contrario do experimentador
que expresara un valor negativo.
que expresara un valor negativo.
07:07
Not coincidentally,
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Non casualmente,
07:08
it is also around this age
that children begin to show embarrassment
that children begin to show embarrassment
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tamén en torno a esta idade
os nenos comezan a ter vergoña
os nenos comezan a ter vergoña
07:12
in situations that might elicit
a negative evaluation,
a negative evaluation,
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en situacións que poidan implicar
unha avaliación negativa,
unha avaliación negativa,
07:15
such as looking
at themselves in the mirror
at themselves in the mirror
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como mirarse no espello
07:17
and noticing a mark on their nose.
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e notar unha mancha no nariz.
07:19
The equivalent of finding spinach
in your teeth, for adults.
in your teeth, for adults.
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O equivalente a ter espinaca nos dentes,
para os adultos.
para os adultos.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
07:23
So what can we say,
based on these findings?
based on these findings?
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Entón, que podemos dicir
en función destes achados?
en función destes achados?
07:26
Besides the fact that babies
are actually really, really sneaky.
are actually really, really sneaky.
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Ademais do feito de que os bebés son
moi moi, moi arteiros.
moi moi, moi arteiros.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
07:30
From very early on, children, like adults,
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Dende moi cedo, os nenos, coma os adultos,
07:34
are sensitive to the values
that we place on objects and behaviors.
that we place on objects and behaviors.
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son sensibles aos valores que poñemos
en obxectos e comportamentos.
en obxectos e comportamentos.
07:38
And importantly, they use these values
to guide their behavior.
to guide their behavior.
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E empregan estes valores
para orientar o seu comportamento.
para orientar o seu comportamento.
07:42
Whether we're aware of it or not,
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Sexamos conscientes ou non,
07:44
we're constantly communicating values
to those around us.
to those around us.
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estamos comunicando constantemente
valores aos que nos rodean.
valores aos que nos rodean.
07:47
Now, I don't mean values like
"be kind" or "don't steal,"
"be kind" or "don't steal,"
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Non me refiro a valores
como "ser amable" ou "non roubar",
como "ser amable" ou "non roubar",
07:51
although those are certainly values.
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aínda que eses son certamente valores.
07:53
I mean that we are constantly
showing others, specifically our children,
showing others, specifically our children,
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Refírome a que amosamos a outros,
especialmente aos nosos fillos,
especialmente aos nosos fillos,
07:57
what is likeable, valuable
and praiseworthy, and what is not.
and praiseworthy, and what is not.
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o que é agradable, valioso e loable,
e o que non.
e o que non.
08:01
And a lot of the times,
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E moitas das veces,
08:02
we actually do this
without even noticing it.
without even noticing it.
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facémolo sen sequera decatarnos.
08:05
Psychologists study behavior
to explore the contents of the mind,
to explore the contents of the mind,
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Os psicólogos estudan o comportamento
para explorar o contido da mente,
para explorar o contido da mente,
08:09
because our behavior
often reflects our beliefs,
often reflects our beliefs,
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porque o noso comportamento
adoita reflectir as nosas crenzas,
adoita reflectir as nosas crenzas,
08:12
our values and our desires.
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os nosos valores e os nosos desexos.
08:15
Here in Atlanta,
we all believe the same thing.
we all believe the same thing.
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Aquí en Atlanta, todos cremos o mesmo.
08:18
That Coke is better than Pepsi.
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Que a Coca-Cola é mellor que a Pepsi.
08:20
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
08:22
Now, this might have to do with the fact
that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
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Isto podería ter que ver co feito de que
a Coca-Cola se inventou en Atlanta.
a Coca-Cola se inventou en Atlanta.
08:27
But regardless,
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Pero independentemente,
08:28
this belief is expressed in the fact
that most people will chose to drink Coke.
that most people will chose to drink Coke.
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esta crenza exprésase no feito de que
a maioría da xente elixirá beber Coca-Cola
a maioría da xente elixirá beber Coca-Cola
08:33
In the same way,
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Do mesmo xeito,
08:34
we are communicating a value
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comunicamos un valor
08:36
when we mostly complement girls
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cando louvamos as nenas
08:38
for their pretty hair
or their pretty dress,
or their pretty dress,
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polo seu pelo bonito
ou o seu bonito vestido,
ou o seu bonito vestido,
08:40
but boys, for their intelligence.
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e aos nenos, pola súa intelixencia.
08:43
Or when we chose to offer candy,
as opposed to nutritious food,
as opposed to nutritious food,
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Ou cando eliximos ofrecer doces,
en vez de alimentos nutritivos,
en vez de alimentos nutritivos,
08:46
as a reward for good behavior.
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como recompensa polo bo comportamento.
08:49
Adults and children
are incredibly effective
are incredibly effective
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Nenos e adultos somos
incriblemente eficaces
incriblemente eficaces
08:52
at picking up values
from these subtle behaviors.
from these subtle behaviors.
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captando valores
nestes comportamentos sutís.
nestes comportamentos sutís.
08:55
And in turn, this ends up
shaping their own behavior.
shaping their own behavior.
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E á súa vez, isto acaba configurando
o seu propio comportamento.
o seu propio comportamento.
08:59
The research I have shared with you today
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A investigación
que compartín hoxe con vós
que compartín hoxe con vós
09:01
suggests that this ability
emerges very early in development,
emerges very early in development,
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suxire que esta capacidade
xorde moi cedo no desenvolvemento,
xorde moi cedo no desenvolvemento,
09:05
before we can even utter
a complete sentence
a complete sentence
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antes incluso de poder dicir
unha oración completa
unha oración completa
09:07
or are even potty-trained.
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ou de deixar o cueiro.
09:09
And it becomes an integral part
of who we grow up to be.
of who we grow up to be.
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E vólvese unha parte integrante
de quen somos de adultos.
de quen somos de adultos.
09:12
So before I go,
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E antes de marchar,
09:14
I'd like to invite you
to contemplate on the values
to contemplate on the values
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quero invitalos a contemplar os valores
09:17
that we broadcast
in day-to-day interactions,
in day-to-day interactions,
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que transmitimos
nas interaccións cotiás,
nas interaccións cotiás,
09:20
and how these values might be shaping
the behavior of those around you.
the behavior of those around you.
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e como poden estar configurando
o comportamento dos que os rodean.
o comportamento dos que os rodean.
09:24
For example, what value
is being broadcasted
is being broadcasted
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Por exemplo, que valor se está a emitir
09:27
when we spend more time
smiling at our phone
smiling at our phone
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cando pasamos máis tempo
sorríndolle ao noso teléfono
sorríndolle ao noso teléfono
09:30
than smiling with other people?
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que sorrindo con outra xente?
09:32
Likewise, consider how your own behavior
has been shaped by those around you,
has been shaped by those around you,
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Consideren así mesmo como os que o rodean
formaron o seu comportamento,
formaron o seu comportamento,
09:36
in ways you might not
have considered before.
have considered before.
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de formas que pode
non ter considerado antes.
non ter considerado antes.
09:39
To go back to our simple illustration,
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Para volver á nosa sinxela ilustración,
09:41
do you really prefer Coke over Pepsi?
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prefiren de verdade Coca-Cola a Pepsi?
09:44
Or was this preference simply driven
by what others around you valued?
by what others around you valued?
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ou foi esta preferencia motivada
polo que outros ao seu redor valoraban?
polo que outros ao seu redor valoraban?
09:48
Parents and teachers
certainly have the privilege
certainly have the privilege
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Os pais e os profesores
teñen sen dúbida o privilexio
teñen sen dúbida o privilexio
09:51
to shape children's behavior.
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de dar forma ao comportamento dos nenos.
09:53
But it is important to remember
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Pero é importante lembrar
09:56
that through the values we convey
in simple day-to-day interactions,
in simple day-to-day interactions,
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que a través dos valores que transmitimos
en interaccións sinxelas do día a día,
en interaccións sinxelas do día a día,
10:00
we all have the power to shape
the behavior of those around us.
the behavior of those around us.
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todos temos o poder de conformar
o comportamento dos que nos rodean.
o comportamento dos que nos rodean.
10:04
Thank you.
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Grazas.
10:05
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sara Valencia Botto - PsychologistSara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation.
Why you should listen
Sara Valencia Botto is a PhD candidate in the cognition and development program at Emory University, where she researches social-cognitive development in early childhood. Her recent publication on sensitivity to evaluation in toddlers has been featured in various outlets, including ABC News, the Huffington Post and other major international newspapers.
By exploring the developmental origins of reputation, Botto's research investigates when and how humans, unlike many other animals, care about what other people think. She designs experiments for children of 14 months to five years and studies when and how they begin to alter their behavior to garner positive evaluations from others. Her goal is to understand why humans come to care about their reputation as well as the factors that contribute to inter-individual differences.
Sara Valencia Botto | Speaker | TED.com