Sara Valencia Botto: When do kids start to care about other people's opinions?
שרה בוטו: מתי ילדים מתחילים לפתח רגישות לדעות של אנשים אחרים?
Sara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
you are wearing right now.
question for you.
comfortable pajamas right now?
and not a mind reader,
that's the same thing.
is somewhere along the lines of,
to think I am a slob."
chose to wear business casual clothing,
בגדים שמתאימים למקום עבודה,
pair of sweatpants,
defining human characteristics.
שני מאפיינים אנושיים בולטים.
of what other people value,
לדעות של אנשים אחרים,
or disapprove of,
to these sorts of settings.
this information to guide our behavior.
מנחה את ההתנהגות שלנו.
in the presence of others
כשהם בנוכחות אחרים
and Instagram filter,
ואת המסנן של אינסטגרם,
that will undoubtedly change the world
with how other people will evaluate us
ממה שאנשים אחרים חושבים עלינו
a big human trait, however,
about when and how
about the opinion of others.
that requires many studies.
to uncovering this question
to others' evaluations.
at Emory University
around the grocery store in her onesie,
להסתובב במכולת לבושה בסרבל,
that fears public speaking
when people ask me,
this question, exactly?
were up here right now,
that his wife experiments on children.
שאשתו עושה ניסויים על ילדים.
experiments for children,
Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
would begin to be sensitive
captures when children, like adults,
בדומה למבוגרים,
when others are watching.
כשאנשים אחרים מסתכלים עליהם.
14 to 24-month-old infants
הראינו לתינוקות בני 14 עד 24 חודשים
assigned a positive value,
"Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
כשאמרנו, "או-או. אופס, אוי לא,"
to play with the remote,
to read a magazine.
שאנחנו קוראים בכתב עת.
to the evaluation of others,
לדעות של אחרים,
should be influenced
אמורה להיות מושפעת
they're being watched
that the experimenter expressed
the positive remote significantly more
הרבה יותר
the negative remote
we did three variations of the study.
ביצענו שלוש גרסאות של הניסוי.
would engage with a novel toy
יתייחסו לצעצוע חדש
or instructions provided.
how to activate the toy robot,
איך להפעיל את הרובוט,
that they could play with the remote,
ambiguous situation.
a positive and a negative.
we had two experimenters and one remote.
היו לנו שתי חוקרות ושלט אחד.
value towards pressing the remote,
בקשר ללחיצה על השלט,
expressed a positive value, saying,
to these three different scenarios.
לשלושת התרחישים השונים הללו.
in pressing the remote.
בלחיצה על השלט.
and one with the negative value.
is a negative remote.
looking at me, hanging out.
that side-eyed glance, right?
experimenters, one remote.
towards pressing the remote
doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
מסתמכת על אימא.
a positive response is watching.
button-pressing behavior
and the instructions of the experimenter.
children did not know
or negatively evaluated,
to press the remote.
significantly more when I was watching,
בזמן שהסתכלתי,
and started playing with it.
והתחילו לשחק איתו.
the different values of the remotes --
after pressing either of the remotes --
אחרי לחיצה על כל אחד מהשלטים --
no longer differed across conditions,
עם שינוי התנאים,
the values that we gave the two remotes
in the previous study.
a remote significantly more
בחרו ללחוץ על השלט הרבה יותר
a positive value was watching,
that had expressed a negative value.
that children begin to show embarrassment
שבו ילדים מתחילים להפגין מבוכה
a negative evaluation,
at themselves in the mirror
in your teeth, for adults.
אצל מבוגרים.
based on these findings?
are actually really, really sneaky.
that we place on objects and behaviors.
לערכים שאנחנו מייחסים לחפצים והתנהגויות.
to guide their behavior.
מנחים את התנהגותם.
to those around us.
"be kind" or "don't steal,"
"היה אדיב" או "אל תגנוב,"
showing others, specifically our children,
מראים לאחרים, בעיקר לילדים שלנו,
and praiseworthy, and what is not.
without even noticing it.
to explore the contents of the mind,
מה אנחנו חושבים,
often reflects our beliefs,
את האמונות,
we all believe the same thing.
that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
שקוקה קולה הומצאה באטלנטה.
that most people will chose to drink Coke.
שרוב האנשים יבחרו לשתות קוקה קולה.
or their pretty dress,
as opposed to nutritious food,
בניגוד למאכל מזין,
are incredibly effective
ביעילות מדהימה
from these subtle behaviors.
shaping their own behavior.
emerges very early in development,
מתפתחת בשלב מוקדם מאוד,
a complete sentence
of who we grow up to be.
to contemplate on the values
in day-to-day interactions,
באינטראקציות היומיומיות שלנו,
the behavior of those around you.
את ההתנהגות של האנשים סביבכם.
is being broadcasted
smiling at our phone
פעמים רבות יותר
has been shaped by those around you,
הושפעה מהאנשים סביבכם,
have considered before.
קוקה קולה על פני פפסי?
by what others around you valued?
מהדעות של אחרים סביבכם?
certainly have the privilege
in simple day-to-day interactions,
באינטראקציות יומיומיות פשוטות,
the behavior of those around us.
לעצב את ההתנהגות של האנשים סביבנו.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sara Valencia Botto - PsychologistSara Valencia Botto investigates when and how humans develop a concern for reputation.
Why you should listen
Sara Valencia Botto is a PhD candidate in the cognition and development program at Emory University, where she researches social-cognitive development in early childhood. Her recent publication on sensitivity to evaluation in toddlers has been featured in various outlets, including ABC News, the Huffington Post and other major international newspapers.
By exploring the developmental origins of reputation, Botto's research investigates when and how humans, unlike many other animals, care about what other people think. She designs experiments for children of 14 months to five years and studies when and how they begin to alter their behavior to garner positive evaluations from others. Her goal is to understand why humans come to care about their reputation as well as the factors that contribute to inter-individual differences.
Sara Valencia Botto | Speaker | TED.com