ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

Filmed:
797,463 views

In Guatemala's 36-year conflict, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 were never identified. At the Forensic Anthropology Foundation of Guatemala, Fredy Peccerelli and his team use DNA, archeology and storytelling to help families find the bodies of their loved ones. It's a sobering task, but it can bring peace of mind — and sometimes, justice. (Contains medical imagery.)
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Guatemala is recovering from
a 36-year armed conflict.
0
917
3168
Le Guatemala se remet
d'un conflit armé de 36 ans,
00:16
A conflict that was fought
during the Cold War.
1
4085
2531
un conflit qui a éclaté
en pleine guerre froide.
00:18
It was really just
a small leftist insurgency
2
6616
4053
Ce n'était qu'une petite
insurrection de gauche,
00:22
and a devastating response by the state.
3
10669
3167
qui s'est néanmoins soldée
par une réponse dévastatrice de l'État
00:25
What we have as a result
is 200,000 civilian victims,
4
13836
2842
Le résultat :
200 000 victimes civiles,
00:28
160,000 of those
killed in the communities:
5
16678
3654
dont 160 000 tuées dans les communautés;
00:32
small children, men, women,
the elderly even.
6
20332
4096
Des enfants, des hommes,
des femmes, même des aînés.
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 others, the missing,
7
24428
3430
Et il y en a 40 000 autres, les disparus,
00:39
the ones we're still looking for today.
8
27858
2320
ceux que l'on recherche encore,
00:42
We call them the Desaparecidos.
9
30178
2560
qu'on appelle les Desaparecidos.
00:44
Now, 83 percent of the victims
are Mayan victims,
10
32738
2865
83 % des victimes sont d'origine maya,
00:47
victims that are the descendants
11
35603
2405
c'est-à-dire des descendants
00:50
of the original inhabitants of
Central America.
12
38008
2736
des premiers habitants
de l'Amérique centrale
00:52
And only about 17 percent are of
European descent.
13
40744
3507
Seulement 17 % des victimes
sont d'origine européenne.
00:56
But the most important thing here is that
14
44251
2057
Mais le plus dérangeant, c'est que
les personnes sensées nous protéger,
00:58
the very people who are supposed to
defend us, the police, the military,
15
46308
6021
les policiers et les militaires,
01:04
are the ones that committed
most of the crimes.
16
52329
2666
sont ceux qui ont commis
la plupart des crimes.
01:08
Now the families,
they want information.
17
56035
3292
Aujourd'hui, les familles veulent savoir,
elles veulent connaître la vérité.
01:11
They want to know what happened.
18
59335
1567
01:12
They want the bodies of their loved ones.
19
60902
2190
Elles veulent les corps de leurs proches.
01:15
But most of all,
what they want is they want you,
20
63092
3247
Mais par-dessus tout,
ils veulent que vous sachiez,
01:18
they want everyone to know
that their loved ones did nothing wrong.
21
66339
4056
que tout le monde sache
que leurs êtres chers étaient innocents.
01:23
Now, my case was that my father
received death threats in 1980.
22
71515
5309
En 1980, mon père
a reçu des menaces de mort.
01:29
And we left.
23
77203
1380
Alors nous avons fui.
01:30
We left Guatemala and we came here.
24
78583
1754
Nous avons quitté le Guatemala
et nous sommes arrivés ici.
01:32
So I grew up in New York,
25
80337
1206
J'ai grandi à New York,
01:33
I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact,
and I went to New Utrecht High School
26
81543
3780
à Brooklyn en fait, je suis allé
à la New Utrecht High School,
01:37
and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
27
85323
1818
et j'ai obtenu mon diplôme
du Brooklyn College.
01:39
The only thing was that
28
87141
1566
Mais en fait,
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happening in Guatemala.
29
88707
3871
Je n'avais aucune idée
de ce qui se passait au Guatemala.
01:44
I didn't care for it; it was too painful.
30
92578
2869
Je m'en fichais;
ça faisait trop mal d'y penser.
01:47
But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided
to do something about it.
31
95447
4307
Ce n'est qu'en 1995
que je me suis décidé à agir.
01:51
So I went back.
32
99754
1154
Alors je suis revenu,
01:52
I went back to Guatemala,
to look for the bodies,
33
100908
3580
Je suis revenu au Guatemala,
pour chercher les corps,
01:56
to understand what happened
and to look for part of myself as well.
34
104488
4473
pour comprendre ce qui s'était passé
et retrouver aussi une partie de moi-même.
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people information.
35
110051
3363
Voici comment nous procédons :
nous donnons des informations aux gens,
02:05
We talk to the family members
and we let them choose.
36
113414
2970
nous parlons aux membres des familles
et leur laissons le choix
02:08
We let them decide to tell
us the stories,
37
116384
3230
de nous parler de ce qu'ils ont vécu,
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
38
119614
1852
de nous parler de ce qu'ils ont vu,
02:13
to tell us about their loved ones.
39
121466
2128
de nous parler de leurs êtres chers.
02:15
And even more important,
40
123594
1286
Plus important encore,
02:16
we let them choose to
give us a piece of themselves.
41
124880
3998
nous les laissons choisir
de donner une partie d'eux-mêmes.
02:20
A piece, an essence, of who they are.
42
128878
2476
Un fragment, un petit bout de leur être.
02:23
And that DNA is what we're
going to compare
43
131354
2257
Cet ADN, nous le comparons
02:25
to the DNA that comes
from the skeletons.
44
133611
2720
à celui prélevé sur les squelettes.
02:28
While we're doing that, though,
we're looking for the bodies.
45
136331
3055
Simultanément,
nous recherchons les corps des victimes,
02:31
And these are skeletons by now,
46
139386
1988
lesquels sont maintenant des squelettes,
02:33
most of these crimes
happened 32 years ago.
47
141374
2906
étant donné que les crimes
ont eu lieu il y a 32 ans.
Après avoir trouvé une tombe,
02:36
When we find the grave,
48
144280
1246
02:37
we take out the dirt and eventually clean
the body, document it, and exhume it.
49
145526
4130
nous déblayons la terre,
nettoyons le corps puis, après analyse,
nous l'exhumons. Nous sortons
littéralement le squelette de terre.
02:41
We literally bring the
skeleton out of the ground.
50
149656
3439
02:45
Once we have those bodies, though,
we take them back to the city, to our lab,
51
153095
4142
Une fois les corps exhumés,
nous les emmenons avec nous au laboratoire
02:49
and we begin a process of trying
to understand mainly two things:
52
157237
3084
et nous essayons
principalement d'établir deux choses :
02:52
One is how people died.
53
160321
2293
Tout d'abord, la cause de de la mort.
02:54
So here you see a gunshot
wound to the back of the head
54
162614
3104
Ici, on remarque une blessure
par balle à l'arrière de la tête.
02:57
or a machete wound, for example.
55
165718
2649
Ici, une blessure de machette.
03:00
The other thing we want to understand
is who they are.
56
168367
3326
Nous voulons ensuite
déterminer l'identité des victimes;
03:03
Whether it's a baby,
57
171693
3459
si c'est un enfant
03:07
or an adult.
58
175152
1657
ou bien un adulte;
03:08
Whether it's a woman or a man.
59
176809
2140
si c'est une femme ou un homme.
03:10
But when we're done
with that analysis
60
178949
1783
Une fois cette analyse complétée,
03:12
what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment of the bone
61
180732
2726
nous prélevons un petit fragment d'os,
03:15
and we'll extract DNA from it.
62
183458
2814
duquel nous extrayons de l'ADN.
03:18
We'll take that DNA
63
186272
1095
Et cet ADN,
03:19
and then we'll compare it with the
DNA of the families, of course.
64
187367
4760
nous le comparons,
bien sûr, à celui fourni par les familles.
03:24
The best way to explain this to you
is by showing you two cases.
65
192127
3644
Pour illustrer ce processus,
prenons par exemple deux cas.
03:27
The first is the case
of the military diary.
66
195771
2547
Le premier
est celui de ce journal militaire,
03:30
Now this is a document that was smuggled
out of somewhere in 1999.
67
198318
4675
obtenu clandestinement en 1999.
03:34
And what you see there
is the state following individuals,
68
202993
4680
Ce sont les fiches
de personnes surveillées par l'État,
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to change their country,
69
207673
3931
− des personnes qui,
comme vous, voulaient changer leur pays −,
03:43
and they jotted everything down.
70
211604
2880
dans lesquelles sont consignées
bon nombre d'informations,
03:46
And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed them.
71
214484
4250
parmi lesquelles
figure la date de leur exécution.
03:50
Inside that yellow rectangle,
you see a code,
72
218734
2981
À l'intérieur de ce rectangle jaune,
il y a un code.
03:53
it's a secret code: 300.
73
221715
2311
C'est un code secret : 300.
03:56
And then you see a date.
74
224026
1497
Puis, il y une date.
03:57
The 300 means "executed" and the date
means when they were executed.
75
225523
3673
Le 300 signifie « exécuté »,
et la date est celle de l'exécution.
04:01
Now that's going to come
into play in a second.
76
229196
3388
Nous y reviendrons.
04:05
What we did is we conducted
an exhumation in 2003,
77
233064
3625
En 2003, nous avons mené une exhumation
04:08
where we exhumed 220 bodies
from 53 graves in a military base.
78
236689
4841
durant laquelle l'on retire 220 corps
de 53 tombes, près d'une base militaire.
04:14
Grave 9, though, matched the family
of Sergio Saul Linares.
79
242640
3995
Nous établissons un lien entre la tombe 9
et la famille de Sergio Paul Linares.
04:18
Now Sergio was a professor
at the university.
80
246635
2726
Sergio était professeur d'université.
04:21
He graduted from Iowa State University
81
249361
2391
Diplômé de la Iowa State University,
04:23
and went back to Guatemala
to change his country.
82
251752
2377
il était revenu au Guatemala
pour changer son pays.
04:26
And he was captured on
February 23, 1984.
83
254129
3874
Il a été capturé le 23 février 1984 et,
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executed on March 29, 1984,
84
258003
4089
comme vous pouvez le constater ici,
il a été exécuté le 29 mars 1984.
04:34
which was incredible.
85
262092
1566
C'était incroyable :
04:35
We had the body, we had the family's
information and their DNA,
86
263658
3022
nous avions le corps,
les témoignage de la famille, l'ADN,
04:38
and now we have documents
that told us exactly what happened.
87
266680
3346
mais aussi les documents
décrivant ce qui s'était réellement passé.
04:42
But most important is about
two weeks later,
88
270026
3103
Plus important encore :
deux semaines plus tard,
04:45
we go another hit, another match
89
273129
2687
nous avons établi
une deuxième correspondance,
04:47
from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.
90
275816
4801
dans la même tombe,
au nom d'Amancio Villatoro.
04:52
The DNA of that body
also matched the DNA of that family.
91
280617
2746
L'ADN correspondait
lui aussi avec celui de la famille.
04:55
And then we noticed
that he was also in the diary.
92
283363
3369
Puis, nous avons réalisé
qu'il était aussi présent dans le journal.
04:58
But it was amazing to see that he was
also executed on March 29, 1984.
93
286732
5171
Mais le plus incroyable était qu'il avait
lui aussi été exécuté le 29 mars 1984.
05:03
So that led us to think, hmm,
how many bodies were in the grave?
94
291903
3846
Alors nous nous sommes demandés :
combien y a-t-il de corps dans la tombe?
05:08
Six.
95
296226
1187
Six.
05:09
So then we said, how many people
were executed on March 29, 1984?
96
297413
6677
Et combien de personnes
ont été exécutées le 29 mars 1984?
05:18
That's right, six as well.
97
306716
2318
Six aussi.
05:21
So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo,
Moises and Zoilo.
98
309034
5692
Il y avait Juan de Dios,
Hugo, Moises et Zoilo;
05:26
All of them executed on the same date,
all captured at different locations
99
314726
3848
tous exécutés le même jour,
tous capturés à différents endroits,
05:30
and at different moments.
100
318574
1754
à différents moments;
05:32
All put in that grave.
101
320328
1164
tous enfouis ensemble.
05:33
The only thing we needed now
was the DNA of those four families
102
321492
3144
Il ne nous manquait
que l'ADN de leurs familles.
05:36
So we went and we looked for them
and we found them.
103
324636
3245
Nous les avons donc cherchées
et nous les avons trouvées.
05:39
And we identified those six bodies
and gave them back to the families.
104
327881
3963
Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier les six
corps et les rendre à leurs familles.
05:44
The other case I want to tell you about
105
332344
2439
L’autre cas dont je veux vous parler
05:46
is that of a military base
called CREOMPAZ.
106
334783
4088
est celui d'une base militaire
du nom de CREOMPAZ,
05:50
It actually means, "to believe in peace,"
but the acronym really means
107
338871
4611
qui signifie « croire en la paix ».
Mais en réalité, l'acronyme signifie
05:55
Regional Command Center
for Peacekeeping Operations.
108
343482
3019
centre de contrôle régional
des opérations de maintien de la paix.
05:58
And this is where the Guatemalan military
trains peacekeepers from other countries,
109
346501
4990
C'est là que les militaires du Guatemala
forment les soldats de la paix étrangers,
06:03
the ones that serve with the U.N.
110
351491
2841
notamment ceux
servant dans les Nations Unies
06:06
and go to countries
like Haiti and the Congo.
111
354332
2763
et qui sont déployés
dans des pays comme Haïti ou le Congo.
06:09
Well, we have testimony that said that
within this military base,
112
357095
3513
Nous avons des témoins
affirmant que dans cette base militaire
06:12
there were bodies, there were graves.
113
360608
2105
se trouvaient des corps, des tombes.
06:14
So we went in there with a search warrant
and about two hours after we went in,
114
362713
3855
Nous y sommes donc allés
avec un mandat : deux heures plus tard,
06:18
we found the first of 84 graves,
a total of 533 bodies.
115
366568
5624
nous avons mis au jour la première
de 84 tombes, totalisant 533 corps.
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
116
372192
2637
Quand on y pense,
06:26
peacekeepers being trained
on top of bodies.
117
374829
3337
que des soldats de la paix
sont formés sur des fosses communes,
06:30
It's very ironic.
118
378166
1799
c'est assez ironique.
06:33
But the bodies -- face down, most of them,
hands tied behind their backs,
119
381545
5257
Mais ces corps − la plupart face contre
terre, les mains attachées dans le dos,
les yeux bandés,
avec de multiples traumas −,
06:38
blindfolded, all types of trauma --
120
386802
2624
06:41
these were people who were defenseless
who were being executed.
121
389426
3079
c'étaient des personnes
sans défense, exécutées,
06:44
People that 533 families are looking for.
122
392505
4025
des personnes
que 533 familles recherchaient.
06:48
So we're going to focus on Grave 15.
123
396530
2612
Intéressons-nous un instant à la tombe 15.
06:51
Grave 15, what we noticed,
was a grave full of women and children,
124
399142
3696
Nous avons remarqué que celle-ci
était pleine de femmes et d'enfants,
06:54
63 of them.
125
402838
2203
63 au total.
06:57
And that immediately made us think,
126
405041
3228
Nous avons immédiatement pensé :
07:00
my goodness, where is there
a case like this?
127
408269
2275
mon DIeu,
où mentionne-t-on un tel cas?
07:02
When I got to Guatemala in 1995,
128
410544
2693
Lorsque je suis allé au Guatemala en 1995,
07:05
I heard of a case of a massacre
that happened on May 14, 1982,
129
413237
4651
j'ai entendu parler
d'un massacre survenu le 14 mai 1982,
07:09
where the army came in, killed the men,
130
417888
3133
où l'armée était arrivée, tuant les hommes
07:13
and took the women and children
in helicopters to an unknown location.
131
421021
4235
et emmenant femmes et enfants
en hélicoptère vers un lieu inconnu.
07:18
Well, guess what?
132
426026
942
Devinez quoi?
07:18
The clothing from this grave matched the
clothing from the region
133
426968
4193
Les vêtements provenant de cette tombe
correspondent à ceux portés dans la région
07:23
where these people were taken from,
134
431161
1730
où ces personnes ont été enlevées,
07:24
where these women and children
were taken from.
135
432891
2383
d'où viennent ces femmes et ces enfants.
07:27
So we conducted some DNA analysis,
and guess what?
136
435274
2472
Après avoir mené des analyses d'ADN,
07:30
We identified Martina Rojas
and Manuel Chen.
137
438767
2267
Nous avons pu identifier
Martina Rojas et Manuel Chen,
tous deux disparus à ce moment :
nous pouvions en faire la preuve.
07:33
Both of them disappeared in that case,
and now we could prove it.
138
441034
3075
Nous détenions
des preuves tangibles attestant les faits
07:36
We have physical evidence that
proves that this happened
139
444109
3010
et démontrant que ces personnes
avaient été emmenées à cette base.
07:39
and that those people
were taken to this base.
140
447119
2741
07:41
Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.
141
449860
3258
Manuel Chen avait trois ans.
Sa mère, partie à la rivière
nettoyer des vêtements,
07:45
His mother went to the river to wash
clothes, and she left him with a neighbor.
142
453118
4867
l'avait confiée à un voisin.
07:49
That's when the army came
143
457985
1704
C'est à ce moment
que l'armée est arrivée
07:51
and that's when he was taken away in
a helicopter and never seen again
144
459689
3340
et que Manuel a été enlevé
pour ne jamais être revu,
jusqu'à son exhumation de la tombe 15.
07:55
until we found him in Grave 15.
145
463029
1979
Et maintenant, avec l'aide de la science,
07:57
So now with science, with archaeology,
with anthropology, with genetics,
146
465008
5718
de l'archéologie, de l'anthropologie et de la génétique,
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice to the voiceless.
147
470726
3234
nous souhaitons
redonner une voix aux muets.
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
148
473960
1685
Mais nous faisons plus que ça :
08:07
We're actually providing
evidence for trials,
149
475645
2165
Nous fournissons
des preuves pour des procès,
08:09
like the genocide trial that happened
last year in Guatemala
150
477810
3521
comme le procès pour génocide
qui a eu lieu l'an dernier au Guatemala,
où le général Ríos Montt
a été déclaré coupable de génocide
08:13
where General Ríos Montt was found guilty
of genocide and sentenced to 80 years.
151
481332
4810
et reçu une peine de 80 ans de prison.
Je suis ici aujourd'hui
pour vous dire que cela arrive partout :
08:18
So I came here to tell you today
that this is happening everywhere --
152
486142
3644
C'est en train d'arriver
au Mexique, juste à côté.
08:21
it's happening in Mexico
right in front of us today --
153
489787
2724
Nous ne pouvons
pas laisser ça se produire.
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymore.
154
492511
1940
Nous devons faire front commun
08:26
We have to now come together and decide
155
494451
2901
et décider de ne plus avoir
à chercher de disparus.
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missing.
156
497352
2221
08:31
So no more missing, guys.
157
499573
1192
Nous ne voulons plus de disparus.
08:32
Okay? No more missing.
158
500765
2711
Plus de disparus.
Merci.
08:35
Thank you.
159
503476
1243
(Applaudissements)
08:36
(Applause)
160
504719
3216
Translated by Etienne Gagnon
Reviewed by Eric Dufour

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee