TEDYouth 2014
Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words!
Erin McKean: Samo naprijed, smislite nove riječi!
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U ovom zabavnom, kratkom govoru s TEDxYouth, leksikografkinja Erin McKean potiče publiku u stvaranju novih riječi tamo gdje postojeće ne funkcioniraju. Ona ističe šest načina za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom, od slaganja do 'verbalizacije', kako bismo stvorili jezik boljim za izražavanje onoga što mislimo, i kako bismo stvorili više načina da razumijemo jedni druge.
Erin McKean - Dictionary editor
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm a lexicographer.
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Ja sam leksikografkinja.
00:13
I make dictionaries.
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Ja stvaram rječnike.
I moj posao kao leksikografkinje
00:15
And my job as a lexicographer
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00:17
is to try to put all the words possible
into the dictionary.
into the dictionary.
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jest da pokušam staviti sve moguće riječi
u rječnik.
u rječnik.
Moj posao nije odlučiti što je riječ;
to je vaš posao.
to je vaš posao.
00:20
My job is not to decide what a word is;
that is your job.
that is your job.
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00:26
Everybody who speaks English
decides together
decides together
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Svatko tko govori engleski odlučuje
što je riječ a što nije riječ.
00:29
what's a word and what's not a word.
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00:32
Every language is just a group of people
who agree to understand each other.
who agree to understand each other.
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Svaki jezik je tek grupa ljudi koja se
dogovara o međusobnom razumijevanju.
dogovara o međusobnom razumijevanju.
00:37
Now, sometimes when people are trying
to decide whether a word is good or bad,
to decide whether a word is good or bad,
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Ponekad, kad ljudi pokušavaju odlučiti
je li riječ dobra ili loša,
je li riječ dobra ili loša,
00:41
they don't really have a good reason.
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nemaju stvarno dobar razlog.
00:43
So they say something like,
"Because grammar!"
"Because grammar!"
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Pa kažu nešto poput:
"Zbog gramatike!"
"Zbog gramatike!"
00:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:48
I don't actually really care about grammar
too much -- don't tell anybody.
too much -- don't tell anybody.
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Ja se ne brinem previše za gramatiku
-- nemojte nikome ovo reći.
-- nemojte nikome ovo reći.
00:52
But the word "grammar," actually,
there are two kinds of grammar.
there are two kinds of grammar.
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Ali, riječ 'gramatika', u stvari,
postoje dvije vrste gramatike.
postoje dvije vrste gramatike.
00:55
There's the kind of grammar
that lives inside your brain,
that lives inside your brain,
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Postoji gramatika koja živi u
vašoj glavi
vašoj glavi
00:58
and if you're a native
speaker of a language
speaker of a language
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i ako ste izvorni govornik
01:00
or a good speaker of a language,
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ili dobar govornik jezika
01:02
it's the unconscious rules that you follow
when you speak that language.
when you speak that language.
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to su nesvjesna pravila koja slijedite
kada govorite taj jezik.
kada govorite taj jezik.
01:05
And this is what you learn when
you learn a language as a child.
you learn a language as a child.
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A to je ono što naučite
kada učite jezik kao dijete.
kada učite jezik kao dijete.
01:08
And here's an example:
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Evo primjera:
01:10
This is a wug, right?
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Ovo je vag, točno?
01:11
It's a wug.
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To je vag.
01:13
Now there is another one.
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Evo još jednog.
01:15
There are two of these.
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Imamo dva komada.
01:16
There are two ...
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Imamo dva...
01:17
Audience: Wugs.
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Publika: "Vaga."
01:19
Erin McKean: Exactly! You know
how to make the plural of wug.
how to make the plural of wug.
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Erin McKean: Točno! Znali ste kako
napraviti plural od vag.
napraviti plural od vag.
To pravilo živi u vašoj glavi.
01:22
That rule lives in your brain.
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Nitko vas nije morao naučiti tom pravilu,
vi ga jednostavno razumijete.
vi ga jednostavno razumijete.
01:24
You never had to be taught this rule,
you just understand it.
you just understand it.
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01:27
This is an experiment that was invented
by a professor at [Boston University]
by a professor at [Boston University]
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Ovo je jedan eksperiment koji je osmislila
profesorica na [Bostonskom Sveučilištu]
profesorica na [Bostonskom Sveučilištu]
01:30
named Jean Berko Gleason back in 1958.
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pod imenom Jean Berko Gleason, 1958.
01:34
So we've been talking about this
for a long time.
for a long time.
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Pričamo o ovome već dugo.
01:37
Now, these kinds of natural rules
that exist in your brain,
that exist in your brain,
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Ova vrsta prirodnih pravila
koja postoje u vašoj glavi
koja postoje u vašoj glavi
01:40
they're not like traffic laws,
they're more like laws of nature.
they're more like laws of nature.
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nisu poput prometnih zakona,
već su više kao prirodni zakoni.
već su više kao prirodni zakoni.
01:44
And nobody has to remind you to obey
a law of nature, right?
a law of nature, right?
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A nitko vas ne treba podsjećati
da poštujete prirodni zakon, zar ne?
da poštujete prirodni zakon, zar ne?
01:48
When you leave the house in the morning,
your mom doesn't say,
your mom doesn't say,
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Kada napuštate dom ujutro,
mama vam ne kaže
mama vam ne kaže
01:51
"Hey, honey, I think
it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,
it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,
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"Dušo, mislim da će biti hladno,
uzmi jaknu,
uzmi jaknu,
01:53
don't forget to obey the law of gravity."
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ne zaboravi poštivati zakon gravitacije."
01:56
Nobody says this.
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Nitko to ne kaže.
01:58
Now, there are other rules that are more
about manners than they are about nature.
about manners than they are about nature.
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Postoje druga pravila koja se više odnose
na manire, nego su povezana s prirodom.
na manire, nego su povezana s prirodom.
02:05
So you can think of a word as like a hat.
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Možete misliti na riječ poput šešira.
02:08
Once you know how hats work,
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Jednom kada naučite
kako funkcionira šešir,
kako funkcionira šešir,
02:10
nobody has to tell you,
"Don't wear hats on your feet."
"Don't wear hats on your feet."
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nitko vam ne treba reći:
"Ne nosi šešir na nogama."
"Ne nosi šešir na nogama."
02:13
What they have to tell you is,
"Can you wear hats inside?
"Can you wear hats inside?
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Ono što vam trebaju reći je:
"Možete li šešire nositi unutra?
"Možete li šešire nositi unutra?
02:16
Who gets to wear a hat?
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Tko nosi šešir?
02:18
What are the kinds of hats
you get to wear?"
you get to wear?"
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Koje vrste šešira se nose?"
02:21
Those are more of the second kind
of grammar,
of grammar,
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To je više druga vrsta gramatike,
02:23
which linguists often call usage,
as opposed to grammar.
as opposed to grammar.
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koju lingvisti često nazivaju upotreba,
kao suprotnost gramatici.
kao suprotnost gramatici.
02:28
Now, sometimes people use this kind of
rules-based grammar
rules-based grammar
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Ponekad ljudi koriste
ove gramatike zasnovane na pravilima
ove gramatike zasnovane na pravilima
02:32
to discourage people from making up words.
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kako bi obeshrabrili ljude
da izmišljaju riječi.
da izmišljaju riječi.
02:35
And I think that is, well, stupid.
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A ja mislim kako je to glupo.
02:37
So, for example,
people are always telling you,
people are always telling you,
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Na primjer, ljudi vam stalno govore:
02:40
"Be creative, make new music, do art,
invent things, science and technology."
invent things, science and technology."
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"Budi kreativan, komponiraj novu glazbu,
bavi se umjetnošću, znanošću i tehnologijom."
bavi se umjetnošću, znanošću i tehnologijom."
02:46
But when it comes to
words, they're like,
words, they're like,
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Ali kada je riječ o riječima, kažu:
02:48
"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here,
whippersnappers. Give it a rest."
whippersnappers. Give it a rest."
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"Nemoj! Ne. Kreativnost ovdje prestaje.
Prestani s tim."
Prestani s tim."
(Smijeh)
02:53
(Laughter)
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02:54
But that makes no sense to me.
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Ako pitate mene, to nema smisla.
02:56
Words are great.
We should have more of them.
We should have more of them.
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Riječi su sjajne.
Trebali bismo ih imati više.
Trebali bismo ih imati više.
02:58
I want you to make
as many new words as possible.
as many new words as possible.
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Želim da smislite
što je moguće više novih riječi.
što je moguće više novih riječi.
03:02
And I'm going to tell you six ways that
you can use to make new words in English.
you can use to make new words in English.
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I reći ću vam šest načina
za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom.
za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom.
03:07
The first way is the simplest way.
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Prvi je najjednostavniji.
03:09
Basically, steal them from other
languages.
languages.
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Jednostavno ih ukradite iz drugih jezika.
03:11
["Go rob other people"]
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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[Kradite od drugih ljudi]
(Smijeh)
(Smijeh)
03:15
Linguists call this borrowing,
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Lingvisti to nazivaju posuđivanjem,
03:17
but we never give the words back ,
so I'm just going to be honest
so I'm just going to be honest
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ali mi nikada ne vraćamo riječi,
tako da ću biti iskrena
tako da ću biti iskrena
03:20
and call it stealing.
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i nazvati to krađom.
Obično uzimamo riječi za stvari koje
volimo, kao na primjer, ukusnu hranu.
volimo, kao na primjer, ukusnu hranu.
03:22
We usually take words for things
that we like, like delicious food.
that we like, like delicious food.
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03:26
We took "kumquat" from Chinese,
we took "caramel" from French.
we took "caramel" from French.
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Uzeli smo 'kumkvat' iz kineskog,
uzeli smo 'karamel' iz francuskog.
uzeli smo 'karamel' iz francuskog.
Jednako tako uzimamo riječi za
fora stvari, poput 'nindža', zar ne?
fora stvari, poput 'nindža', zar ne?
03:29
We also take words
for cool things like "ninja," right?
for cool things like "ninja," right?
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03:32
We took that from Japanese,
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To smo uzeli iz japanskog,
03:34
which is kind of a cool trick because
ninjas are hard to steal from.
ninjas are hard to steal from.
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što je dobra fora jer je od nindža
teško bilo što ukrasti.
teško bilo što ukrasti.
03:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:39
So another way that you
can make words in English
can make words in English
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Drugi način za stvaranje novih riječi
u engleskom
u engleskom
03:42
is by squishing two
other English words together.
other English words together.
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jest spajanje dvije engleske riječi
u jednu.
u jednu.
03:45
This is called compounding.
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To se zove slaganje.
Riječi u engleskom su kao lego kocke:
03:47
Words in English are like Lego:
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03:49
If you use enough force,
you can put any two of them together.
you can put any two of them together.
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Ako primijenite dovoljno sile,
možete spojiti bilo koje dvije.
možete spojiti bilo koje dvije.
(Smijeh)
03:52
(Laughter)
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03:54
We do this all the time in English:
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To stalno radimo u engleskom:
03:56
Words like "heartbroken," "bookworm,"
"sandcastle" all are compounds.
"sandcastle" all are compounds.
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Riječi poput 'slomljenog srca',
'knjiškog moljca',
'knjiškog moljca',
'dvorca od pijeska' su sve složenice.
04:02
So go ahead and make words like
"duckface," just don't make duckface.
"duckface," just don't make duckface.
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Zato slobodno pravite riječi kao što je
'duckface', samo ga ne pravite.
'duckface', samo ga ne pravite.
04:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:07
Another way that you can make words
in English is kind of like compounding,
in English is kind of like compounding,
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Sljedeći način za stvaranje riječi
u engleskom, je sličan slaganju,
u engleskom, je sličan slaganju,
04:11
but instead you use so much force
when you squish the words together
when you squish the words together
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ali ovdje primjenjujete toliku silu
prilikom spajanja dvije riječi,
prilikom spajanja dvije riječi,
04:16
that some parts fall off.
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da neki dijelovi otpadnu.
04:18
So these are blend words,
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To su pomiješane riječi,
04:20
like "brunch" is a blend
of "breakfast" and "lunch."
of "breakfast" and "lunch."
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poput 'brunch' koja je mješavina od
'breakfast' i 'lunch'.
'breakfast' i 'lunch'.
04:24
"Motel" is a blend of "motor" and "hotel."
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'Motel' koji je mješavina
'motor' i 'hotel'.
'motor' i 'hotel'.
04:26
Who here knew that "motel"
was a blend word?
was a blend word?
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Koliko vas je ovdje znalo da je 'motel'
mješavina?
mješavina?
Da, ta je riječ toliko stara u engleskom
04:29
Yeah, that word is so old in English
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04:31
that lots of people don't know that
there are parts missing.
there are parts missing.
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da mnogi ne znaju kako ima dijelova
koji su izostavljeni.
koji su izostavljeni.
04:34
"Edutainment" is a blend
of "education" and "entertainment."
of "education" and "entertainment."
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'Edutainment' je mješavina
od 'education' i 'entertainment'.
od 'education' i 'entertainment'.
04:38
And of course, "electrocute" is a
blend of "electric" and "execute."
blend of "electric" and "execute."
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I naravno, 'electrocute' je
mješavina od 'electric' i 'execute'.
mješavina od 'electric' i 'execute'.
04:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:46
You can also make words
by changing how they operate.
by changing how they operate.
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Također možete stvarati nove riječi
mijenjajući način na koji funkcioniraju.
mijenjajući način na koji funkcioniraju.
04:49
This is called functional shift.
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To se zove funkcijska izmjena.
04:50
You take a word that acts
as one part of speech,
as one part of speech,
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Uzmete riječ koja funkcionira
kao jedna vrsta riječi
kao jedna vrsta riječi
04:53
and you change it into another
part of speech.
part of speech.
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i promijenite je u drugu vrstu riječi.
04:55
Okay, who here knew that "friend"
hasn't always been a verb?
hasn't always been a verb?
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Dobro, koliko vas je znalo da 'friend'
(sprijateljiti se) nije uvijek bio glagol?
(sprijateljiti se) nije uvijek bio glagol?
05:00
"Friend" used to be noun
and then we verbed it.
and then we verbed it.
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'Friend' je bila imenica
i onda smo je 'poglagoljili'.
i onda smo je 'poglagoljili'.
05:05
Almost any word in English can be verbed.
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Skoro svaka riječ u engleskom može biti
'poglagoljena'.
'poglagoljena'.
05:08
You can also take adjectives
and make them into nouns.
and make them into nouns.
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Jednako tako možete i pridjeve
pretvoriti u imenice.
pretvoriti u imenice.
05:10
"Commercial" used to be an adjective
and now it's a noun.
and now it's a noun.
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'Commercial' je bio pridjev,
a sada je imenica.
a sada je imenica.
05:14
And of course, you can "green" things.
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I naravno, možete 'zelenjeti' stvari.
05:17
Another way to make words
in English is back-formation.
in English is back-formation.
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Sljedeći način za stvaranje novih riječi
u engleskom je tvorba unazad.
u engleskom je tvorba unazad.
05:20
You can take a word and you can
kind of squish it down a little bit.
kind of squish it down a little bit.
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Možete uzeti riječ i malo skratiti.
05:23
So for example, in English we had the word
"editor" before we had the word "edit."
"editor" before we had the word "edit."
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Na primjer, u engleskom smo imali riječ
'editor' prije riječi 'edit'.
'editor' prije riječi 'edit'.
05:28
"Edit" was formed from "editor."
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'Edit' je stvoreno od 'editor'.
05:30
Sometimes these back-formations
sound a little silly:
sound a little silly:
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Ponekad ova tvorba unazad zvuči luckasto:
05:33
Bulldozers bulldoze, butlers butle
and burglers burgle.
and burglers burgle.
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buldožeri buldožiraju, batleri batliraju,
a provalnici provaljuju.
a provalnici provaljuju.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:39
Another way to make words in English
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Sljedeći način za stvaranje riječi
na engleskom
na engleskom
05:41
is to take the first letters of something
and squish them together.
and squish them together.
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je uzeti početna slova nečega
i spojiti ih.
i spojiti ih.
05:44
So National Aeronautics and Space
Administration becomes NASA.
Administration becomes NASA.
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Tako 'National Aeronautics and
Space Administration' postaje NASA.
Space Administration' postaje NASA.
05:47
And of course you can do this
with anything, OMG!
with anything, OMG!
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Ovo možete napraviti s bilo čime, OMG!
(op. prev. akronim od Oh My God).
(op. prev. akronim od Oh My God).
05:50
So it doesn't matter how silly
the words are.
the words are.
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Dakle, nema veze koliko su
blesave te riječi.
blesave te riječi.
05:56
They can be really good words of English.
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One mogu biti dobre engleske riječi.
05:58
"Absquatulate" is a perfectly
good word of English.
good word of English.
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'Absquatulate' je savršeno dobra
engleska riječ.
engleska riječ.
06:02
"Mugwump" is a perfectly
good word of English.
good word of English.
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"Mugwump" je savršeno dobra
engleska riječ.
engleska riječ.
06:05
So the words don't have have to sound
normal, they can sound really silly.
normal, they can sound really silly.
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Dakle riječi ne moraju zvučati normalno,
mogu zvučati i blesavo.
mogu zvučati i blesavo.
06:10
Why should you make words?
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Zašto bi trebali stvarati riječi?
06:12
You should make words because every word
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Morali biste stvarati riječi
jer je svaka riječ
jer je svaka riječ
06:14
is a chance to express your idea and get
your meaning across.
your meaning across.
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prilika da objasnite svoju ideju
i prenesete njezin smisao.
i prenesete njezin smisao.
06:18
And new words grab people's attention.
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A nove riječi privlače pažnju ljudi.
06:21
They get people to focus on what
you're saying
you're saying
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Potiču ljude da se fokusiraju
na ono što govorite
na ono što govorite
06:24
and that gives you a better chance to get
your meaning across.
your meaning across.
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i daju vam bolju priliku
da objasnite smisao.
da objasnite smisao.
06:27
A lot of people
on this stage today have said,
on this stage today have said,
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Mnogo ljudi na ovoj bini danas je reklo:
06:30
"In the future, you can do this,
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"U budućnosti možete napraviti to,
06:31
you can help with this, you can
help us explore, you can help us invent."
help us explore, you can help us invent."
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možete nam pomoći s time, pomoći nam
u istraživanju i pronalaženju."
u istraživanju i pronalaženju."
Možete osmisliti novu riječ sada.
06:35
You can make a new word right now.
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06:37
English has no age limit.
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Engleski nema starosno ograničenje.
06:39
Go ahead, start making words today,
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Samo naprijed, počnite stvarati
riječi danas,
riječi danas,
06:41
send them to me, and I will put them
in my online dictionary, Wordnik.
in my online dictionary, Wordnik.
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pošaljite mi ih, i ja ću ih staviti
u svoj rječnik na Internetu, Wordnik.
u svoj rječnik na Internetu, Wordnik.
06:45
Thank you so much.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:46
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erin McKean - Dictionary editorAs the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself.
Why you should listen
Erin McKean's job as a lexicographer involves living in a constant state of research. She searches high and low -- from books to blogs, newspapers to cocktail parties -- for new words, new meanings for old words, or signs that old words have fallen out of use. In June of this year, she involved us all in the search by launching Wordnik, an online dictionary that houses all the traditionally accepted words and definitions, but also asks users to contribute new words and new uses for old words. Wordnik pulls real-time examples of word usage from Twitter, image representations from Flickr along with many more non-traditional, and highly useful, features.
Before Wordnik, McKean was one of the youngest editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary. She continues to serve as the editor of the language quarterly Verbatim ("language and linguistics for the layperson since 1974") and is the author of multiple books, including That's Amore and the entire Weird and Wonderful Words series. All that, and she maintains multiple blogs, too: McKean is the keen observationalist behind A Dress a Day and Dictionary Evangelist. Is there anything she can't do? Surprisingly, she is notoriously bad at Scrabble.
Erin McKean | Speaker | TED.com