TED@BCG London
Samuel Cohen: Alzheimer's is not normal aging — and we can cure it
Samuel Cohen: Alzheimerova bolest nije normalno starenje - i možemo ju izliječiti
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Više od 40 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta pati od Alzheimerove bolesti, a očekuje se i drastično povećanje tog broja u nadolazećim godinama. Nije bilo stvarnog napretka u borbi protiv ove bolesti od njezinog otkrića prije više od 100 godina.
Znanstvenik Samuel Cohen predstavlja nov proboj u istraživanju Alzheimerove bolesti, kao i poruku nade. "Alzheimer je bolest," Cohen kaže, "i možemo ju izliječiti."
Samuel Cohen - Research scientist
Samuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Full bio
Samuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the year 1901,
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1901. godine,
00:14
a woman called Auguste was taken
to a medical asylum in Frankfurt.
to a medical asylum in Frankfurt.
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žena pod imenom Auguste je dovedena u
medicinsko utočište u Frankfurtu.
medicinsko utočište u Frankfurtu.
00:18
Auguste was delusional
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Auguste je bila u bunilu
00:20
and couldn't remember
even the most basic details of her life.
even the most basic details of her life.
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i nije se mogla sjetiti najosnovnijih
detalja svog života.
detalja svog života.
00:24
Her doctor was called Alois.
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Ime njezinog liječnika je bilo Alois.
00:27
Alois didn't know how to help Auguste,
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Alois nije znao kako pomoći Auguste,
00:30
but he watched over her until,
sadly, she passed away in 1906.
sadly, she passed away in 1906.
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ali ju je promatrao dok, nažalost,
nije umrla 1906. godine.
nije umrla 1906. godine.
00:34
After she died, Alois performed an autopsy
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Nakon što je umrla, Alois je napravio
autopsiju
autopsiju
00:37
and found strange plaques
and tangles in Auguste's brain --
and tangles in Auguste's brain --
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i pronašao čudne plakove i petlje u
Augustinom mozgu --
Augustinom mozgu --
00:40
the likes of which he'd never seen before.
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kakve nikad prije nije vidio.
00:42
Now here's the even more striking thing.
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Evo još upadljivije stvari.
00:46
If Auguste had instead been alive today,
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Da je Auguste živjela u današnje doba,
00:49
we could offer her no more help
than Alois was able to 114 years ago.
than Alois was able to 114 years ago.
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ne bi joj mogli pomoći više nego Alois
prije 114 godina.
prije 114 godina.
00:56
Alois was Dr. Alois Alzheimer.
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Alois je bio dr. Alois Alzheimer.
01:00
And Auguste Deter
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A Auguste Deter
01:02
was the first patient to be diagnosed with
what we now call Alzheimer's disease.
what we now call Alzheimer's disease.
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prva pacijentica kojoj je dijagnosticirano
ono što danas nazivamo Alzheimerova bolest.
ono što danas nazivamo Alzheimerova bolest.
01:07
Since 1901, medicine has advanced greatly.
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Od 1901. godine medicina je mnogo
napredovala.
napredovala.
01:11
We've discovered antibiotics and vaccines
to protect us from infections,
to protect us from infections,
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Otkrili smo antibiotike i cjepiva
koje nas štite od infekcija,
koje nas štite od infekcija,
01:15
many treatments for cancer,
antiretrovirals for HIV,
antiretrovirals for HIV,
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mnoge postupke za liječenje raka,
antiretroviruse za HIV,
antiretroviruse za HIV,
01:19
statins for heart disease and much more.
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stotine za bolesti srca i mnogo više.
01:22
But we've made essentially no progress
at all in treating Alzheimer's disease.
at all in treating Alzheimer's disease.
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No, nismo nimalo napredovali
u liječenju Alzheimerove bolesti.
u liječenju Alzheimerove bolesti.
01:30
I'm part of a team of scientists
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Ja sam dio tima znanstvenika
01:32
who has been working to find
a cure for Alzheimer's for over a decade.
a cure for Alzheimer's for over a decade.
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koji više od desetljeća rade na tome da
pronađu lijek za Alzheimerovu bolest.
pronađu lijek za Alzheimerovu bolest.
01:35
So I think about this all the time.
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Tako da ja razmišljam o tome cijelo
vrijeme.
vrijeme.
01:38
Alzheimer's now affects
40 million people worldwide.
40 million people worldwide.
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Alzheimerova bolest trenutno pogađa
40 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta.
40 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta.
01:42
But by 2050, it will affect
150 million people --
150 million people --
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A do 2050. godine, pogađat će
150 milijuna ljudi --
150 milijuna ljudi --
01:48
which, by the way,
will include many of you.
will include many of you.
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što će, usput, uključivati mnoge od vas.
01:53
If you're hoping
to live to be 85 or older,
to live to be 85 or older,
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Ako se nadate doživjeti više od 85 godina,
01:57
your chance of getting Alzheimer's
will be almost one in two.
will be almost one in two.
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šansa da ćete dobiti Alzheimerovu bolest
je skoro jedan prema dva.
je skoro jedan prema dva.
02:03
In other words, odds are
you'll spend your golden years
you'll spend your golden years
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Drugim rječima, izgledi su da ćete
provesti svoje zlatne godine
provesti svoje zlatne godine
02:06
either suffering from Alzheimer's
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bolujući od Alzheimerove bolesti
02:09
or helping to look after a friend
or loved one with Alzheimer's.
or loved one with Alzheimer's.
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ili pomažući u skrbi za prijatelja ili
voljenu osobu koja boluje od iste bolesti.
voljenu osobu koja boluje od iste bolesti.
02:14
Already in the United States alone,
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Dosad samo u SAD-u,
02:16
Alzheimer's care costs
200 billion dollars every year.
200 billion dollars every year.
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troškovi skrbi za oboljele od Alzheimerove
bolesti iznose 200 milijardi svake godine.
bolesti iznose 200 milijardi svake godine.
02:21
One out of every five
Medicare dollars get spent on Alzheimer's.
Medicare dollars get spent on Alzheimer's.
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Jedan od svakih pet Medicare
dolara odlazi na Alzheimera.
dolara odlazi na Alzheimera.
02:26
It is today the most expensive disease,
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Ovo je najskuplja bolest današnjice,
02:29
and costs are projected
to increase fivefold by 2050,
to increase fivefold by 2050,
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a predviđa se peterostruko povećanje
troškova do 2050. godine,
troškova do 2050. godine,
02:33
as the baby boomer generation ages.
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kako baby boom generacija stari.
02:36
It may surprise you that, put simply,
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Možda vas iznenađuje, jednostavno rečeno,
02:39
Alzheimer's is one of the biggest medical
and social challenges of our generation.
and social challenges of our generation.
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da je Alzheimerova bolest jedan od najvećih
medicinskih i društvenih izazova naše generacije.
medicinskih i društvenih izazova naše generacije.
02:44
But we've done relatively
little to address it.
little to address it.
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A relativno smo malo napravili povodom
toga.
toga.
02:47
Today, of the top 10
causes of death worldwide,
causes of death worldwide,
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U današnje vrijeme, od prvih 10
uzroka smrti diljem svijeta,
uzroka smrti diljem svijeta,
02:51
Alzheimer's is the only one
we cannot prevent, cure or even slow down.
we cannot prevent, cure or even slow down.
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Alzheimerova bolest je jedina koju ne
možemo sprječiti, izliječiti ili pak usporiti.
možemo sprječiti, izliječiti ili pak usporiti.
02:59
We understand less about the science
of Alzheimer's than other diseases
of Alzheimer's than other diseases
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Znanost iza Alzheimera razumijemo
manje nego ijednu drugu bolest
manje nego ijednu drugu bolest
03:03
because we've invested less time
and money into researching it.
and money into researching it.
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jer smo uložili manje vremena i novca
u njeno istraživanje.
u njeno istraživanje.
03:07
The US government
spends 10 times more every year
spends 10 times more every year
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Vlada SAD-a potroši 10 puta
više svake godine
više svake godine
03:11
on cancer research than on Alzheimer's
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na istraživanje raka u odnosu na
Alzheimerovu bolest
Alzheimerovu bolest
03:14
despite the fact
that Alzheimer's costs us more
that Alzheimer's costs us more
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usprkos činjenici da je Alzheimerova
bolest skuplja
bolest skuplja
03:18
and causes a similar number
of deaths each year as cancer.
of deaths each year as cancer.
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i uzrokuje sličan broj smrti
svake godine kao i rak.
svake godine kao i rak.
03:23
The lack of resources
stems from a more fundamental cause:
stems from a more fundamental cause:
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Nedostatak resursa proizlazi iz
osnovnijeg uzroka:
osnovnijeg uzroka:
03:27
a lack of awareness.
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nedostatak osvještenosti.
03:30
Because here's what few people know
but everyone should:
but everyone should:
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Evo, što malo ljudi zna, a svi bi trebali
znati:
znati:
03:35
Alzheimer's is a disease,
and we can cure it.
and we can cure it.
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Alzheimerovu bolest
možemo izliječiti.
možemo izliječiti.
03:40
For most of the past 114 years,
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Većim dijelom posljednjih 114 godina,
03:42
everyone, including scientists, mistakenly
confused Alzheimer's with aging.
confused Alzheimer's with aging.
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svi su, uključujući znanstvenike, zabunom
zamijenili Alzeheimera za starenje.
zamijenili Alzeheimera za starenje.
03:48
We thought that becoming senile
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Mislili smo da je postati senilan
03:49
was a normal and inevitable
part of getting old.
part of getting old.
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normalan i neizbježan dio starenja.
03:53
But we only have to look at a picture
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No, treba smo pogledati sliku
03:55
of a healthy aged brain compared
to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient
to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient
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zdravo ostarjelog mozga u odnosu
na mozak Alzheimerovog pacijenta
na mozak Alzheimerovog pacijenta
03:58
to see the real physical damage
caused by this disease.
caused by this disease.
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da bi se vidjelo stvarno fizičko
oštećenje od ove bolesti.
oštećenje od ove bolesti.
04:02
As well as triggering severe loss
of memory and mental abilities,
of memory and mental abilities,
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Uz pokretanje ozbiljnog gubitka
pamćenja i mentalnih sposobnosti,
pamćenja i mentalnih sposobnosti,
04:06
the damage to the brain
caused by Alzheimer's
caused by Alzheimer's
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oštećenje mozga posljedicom
Alzheimerove bolesti
Alzheimerove bolesti
04:09
significantly reduces life expectancy
and is always fatal.
and is always fatal.
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znatno smanjuje očekivanu životnu dob
i uvijek je smrtonosno.
i uvijek je smrtonosno.
04:14
Remember Dr. Alzheimer
found strange plaques and tangles
found strange plaques and tangles
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Zapamtite da je Dr. Alzheimer pronašao
čudne plakove i petlje
čudne plakove i petlje
04:17
in Auguste's brain a century ago.
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u Augustinom mozgu prije jednog stoljeća.
04:20
For almost a century,
we didn't know much about these.
we didn't know much about these.
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Skoro cijelo stoljeće,
nismo znali mnogo o njima.
nismo znali mnogo o njima.
04:24
Today we know they're made
from protein molecules.
from protein molecules.
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Danas znamo da ih sazdaju
molekule proteina.
molekule proteina.
04:27
You can imagine a protein molecule
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Možete zamisliti molekulu proteina
04:29
as a piece of paper that normally folds
into an elaborate piece of origami.
into an elaborate piece of origami.
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kao komad papira koji se normalno može
saviti u složen komad origamija.
saviti u složen komad origamija.
04:34
There are spots
on the paper that are sticky.
on the paper that are sticky.
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Pojedine točke na papiru su
ljepljive.
ljepljive.
04:36
And when it folds correctly,
these sticky bits end up on the inside.
these sticky bits end up on the inside.
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Kad ga se presavije točno, ti ljepljivi
djelovi završe u unutrašnjosti.
djelovi završe u unutrašnjosti.
04:41
But sometimes things go wrong,
and some sticky bits are on the outside.
and some sticky bits are on the outside.
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No, ponekad, stvari pođu po zlu, i neki
ljepljivi dijelovi završe na vanjskoj strani.
ljepljivi dijelovi završe na vanjskoj strani.
04:46
This causes the protein molecules
to stick to each other,
to stick to each other,
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Ovo uzrokuje da se molekule proteina
međusobno spoje,
međusobno spoje,
04:49
forming clumps that eventually become
large plaques and tangles.
large plaques and tangles.
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stvarajući grumenje koje naposljetku
postanu veliki plakovi i petlje.
postanu veliki plakovi i petlje.
04:53
That's what we see
in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
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To je ono što vidimo u mozgu pacijenta
Alzheimerove bolesti.
Alzheimerove bolesti.
04:57
We've spent the past 10 years
at the University of Cambridge
at the University of Cambridge
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Posljednjih 10 godina na Sveučilištu
Cambridge smo proveli
Cambridge smo proveli
05:00
trying to understand
how this malfunction works.
how this malfunction works.
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pokušavajući razumijeti kako ove
neispravnosti funkcioniraju.
neispravnosti funkcioniraju.
05:03
There are many steps, and identifying
which step to try to block is complex --
which step to try to block is complex --
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Postoji mnogo koraka, a identifikacija
koji korak treba blokirati je složena --
koji korak treba blokirati je složena --
05:08
like defusing a bomb.
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kao razoružavanje bombe.
05:10
Cutting one wire might do nothing.
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Presjecanje jedne žice možda ne napravi
ništa.
ništa.
05:12
Cutting others might
make the bomb explore.
make the bomb explore.
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Presjecanje nekih drugih možda aktivira
bombu.
bombu.
05:16
We have to find the right step to block,
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Moramo pronaći pravi korak koji treba
blokirati,
blokirati,
05:18
and then create a drug that does it.
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i onda stvoriti lijek koji to radi.
05:21
Until recently, we for the most part
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Donedavno, većinom smo
05:23
have been cutting wires
and hoping for the best.
and hoping for the best.
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presjecali žice i nadali se najboljem.
05:25
But now we've got together
a diverse group of people --
a diverse group of people --
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No, sada smo okupili raznovrsnu grupu
ljudi --
ljudi --
05:28
medics, biologists, geneticists, chemists,
physicists, engineers and mathematicians.
physicists, engineers and mathematicians.
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liječnike, biologe, genetičare, kemičare,
fizičare, inženjere i matematičare.
fizičare, inženjere i matematičare.
05:34
And together, we've managed
to identify a critical step in the process
to identify a critical step in the process
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I zajedno smo uspjeli identificirati
kritičan korak u procesu
kritičan korak u procesu
05:38
and are now testing a new class of drugs
which would specifically block this step
which would specifically block this step
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i sada testiramo novu klasu lijekova
koja bi blokirala posebno taj korak
koja bi blokirala posebno taj korak
05:42
and stop the disease.
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i zaustavila bolest.
05:44
Now let me show you
some of our latest results.
some of our latest results.
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Sada ću vam pokazati neke od
posljednjih rezultata.
posljednjih rezultata.
05:46
No one outside of our lab
has seen these yet.
has seen these yet.
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Nitko izvan našeg laboratorija
ih nije još vidio.
ih nije još vidio.
05:49
Let's look at some videos of what happened
when we tested these new drugs in worms.
when we tested these new drugs in worms.
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Pogledajmo neke snimke što se dogodi
kada testiramo ove nove lijekove na crvima.
kada testiramo ove nove lijekove na crvima.
05:54
So these are healthy worms,
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Ovo su zdravi crvi,
05:56
and you can see
they're moving around normally.
they're moving around normally.
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i kao što možete vidjeti kreću se
normalno.
normalno.
05:59
These worms, on the other hand,
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Ovi crvi, s druge strane,
06:02
have protein molecules
sticking together inside them --
sticking together inside them --
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imaju molekule proteina koje se
iznutra spajaju --
iznutra spajaju --
06:05
like humans with Alzheimer's.
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kao kod ljudi koji boluju od Alzheimera.
06:07
And you can see they're clearly sick.
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I vidite da su očigledno bolesni.
06:09
But if we give our new drugs
to these worms at an early stage,
to these worms at an early stage,
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No, ako damo naš novi lijek ovim crvima
u ranoj fazi,
u ranoj fazi,
06:14
then we see that they're healthy,
and they live a normal lifespan.
and they live a normal lifespan.
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vidimo da su zdravi i
imaju normalni život vijek.
imaju normalni život vijek.
06:19
This is just an initial positive result,
but research like this
but research like this
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Ovo su samo početni pozitivni rezultati,
no istraživanje poput ovog
no istraživanje poput ovog
06:22
shows us that Alzheimer's is a disease
that we can understand and we can cure.
that we can understand and we can cure.
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nam pokazuje da je Alzheimer bolest
koju možemo razumjeti i izliječiti.
koju možemo razumjeti i izliječiti.
06:27
After 114 years of waiting,
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Nakon 114 godina čekanja,
06:30
there's finally real hope
for what can be achieved
for what can be achieved
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napokon postoji stvarna nada
koju možemo dostići
koju možemo dostići
06:32
in the next 10 or 20 years.
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u sljedećih 10 ili 20 godina.
06:36
But to grow that hope,
to finally beat Alzheimer's, we need help.
to finally beat Alzheimer's, we need help.
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No, da bi ta nada narasla, da bi konačno
pobjedili Alzeimerovu bolest, trebamo pomoć.
pobjedili Alzeimerovu bolest, trebamo pomoć.
06:40
This isn't about scientists like me --
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Ovdje se ne radi o znanstvenicima
poput mene --
poput mene --
06:42
it's about you.
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nego o vama.
06:44
We need you to raise awareness
that Alzheimer's is a disease
that Alzheimer's is a disease
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Trebamo vas da proširite svijest
o tome da je Alzheimer bolest
o tome da je Alzheimer bolest
06:48
and that if we try, we can beat it.
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i da ako se budemo trudili, možemo ju
pobjediti.
pobjediti.
06:50
In the case of other diseases,
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U slučaju drugih bolesti,
06:52
patients and their families
have led the charge for more research
have led the charge for more research
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pacijenti i njihove obitelji su preuzeli
vodstvo za više istraživanja
vodstvo za više istraživanja
06:55
and put pressure on governments,
the pharmaceutical industry,
the pharmaceutical industry,
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i pritisnuli vlade, farmaceutsku
industriju,
industriju,
06:58
scientists and regulators.
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znanstvenike i regulatore.
07:01
That was essential for advancing treatment
for HIV in the late 1980s.
for HIV in the late 1980s.
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To je bilo esencijalno pri napretku u
liječenju HIV-a kasnih 1980-tih godina.
liječenju HIV-a kasnih 1980-tih godina.
07:05
Today, we see that same drive
to beat cancer.
to beat cancer.
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Danas, vidimo jednaku akciju protiv
raka.
raka.
07:10
But Alzheimer's patients are often
unable to speak up for themselves.
unable to speak up for themselves.
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No, Alzheimerovi pacijenti često ne
mogu pričati u svoje ime.
mogu pričati u svoje ime.
07:14
And their families, the hidden victims,
caring for their loved ones night and day,
caring for their loved ones night and day,
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A njihove obitelji, skrivene žrtve,
koje skrbe o svojim voljenima danonoćno,
koje skrbe o svojim voljenima danonoćno,
07:19
are often too worn out
to go out and advocate for change.
to go out and advocate for change.
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su često preiscrpljeni da bi izašli i
zagovarali promjenu.
zagovarali promjenu.
07:23
So, it really is down to you.
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Tako da je na vama.
07:27
Alzheimer's isn't,
for the most part, a genetic disease.
for the most part, a genetic disease.
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Alzheimer nije, većim dijelom,
genetska bolest.
genetska bolest.
07:31
Everyone with a brain is at risk.
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Svatko sa mozgom je pod rizikom.
07:34
Today, there are 40 million
patients like Auguste,
patients like Auguste,
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Danas, postoji 40 milijuna pacijenata
poput Auguste,
poput Auguste,
07:38
who can't create the change
they need for themselves.
they need for themselves.
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koji ne mogu stvarati promjenu
koja im je potrebna.
koja im je potrebna.
07:41
Help speak up for them,
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Pomozite podići glas za njih,
07:44
and help demand a cure.
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i pomozite zahtjevati lijek.
07:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:48
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Samuel Cohen - Research scientistSamuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Why you should listen
Samuel Cohen is a Research Fellow in Biophysical Chemistry at St. John's College and the Centre for Misfolding Diseases in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, from where he holds PhD, MSci, MA and BA degrees. Cohen has worked as a consultant in the London office of Boston Consulting Group (BCG), where he specialized in the healthcare, technology and media sectors. His scientific research focuses on neurodegenerative disorders. He is co-author of more than 20 scientific papers, book chapters and patents, and was recently a lead author on a widely-reported study in which researchers made a major breakthrough towards finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
More profile about the speakerSamuel Cohen | Speaker | TED.com