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Andreas Ekström: The moral bias behind your search results
Andreas Ekström: Moralna pristranost iza vaših rezultata pretrage
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Programi za pretraživanje postali su izvori informacija i arbitri istine kojima najviše vjerujemo. No, možemo li ikada dobiti nepristran rezultat pretrage? Švedski autor i novinar Andreas Ekström tvrdi da je tako nešto filozofska nemogućnost. U ovom razboritom govoru on nas poziva da učvrstimo veze između tehnologije i humanističkih znanosti i podsjeća nas da iza svakog algoritma stoji skup osobnih uvjerenja koja niti jedan kod ne može u potpunosti ukloniti.
Andreas Ekström - Author and journalist
Andreas Ekström describes the power structures of the digital revolution. Full bio
Andreas Ekström describes the power structures of the digital revolution. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Kada god posjetim neku školu
i razgovaram s učenicima,
i razgovaram s učenicima,
00:13
So whenever I visit a school
and talk to students,
and talk to students,
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uvijek ih pitam istu stvar:
00:15
I always ask them the same thing:
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00:18
Why do you Google?
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Zašto guglate?
00:20
Why is Google the search engine
of choice for you?
of choice for you?
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Zašto ste odabrali Google
kao svoj pretraživač?
kao svoj pretraživač?
00:24
Strangely enough, I always get
the same three answers.
the same three answers.
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Začudo, uvijek dobivam
ista tri odgovora.
ista tri odgovora.
00:27
One, "Because it works,"
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Prvi, "Zato jer radi,"
00:29
which is a great answer;
that's why I Google, too.
that's why I Google, too.
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što je sjajan odgovor;
i ja guglam iz istog razloga.
i ja guglam iz istog razloga.
00:32
Two, somebody will say,
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Drugi, netko će reći,
00:34
"I really don't know of any alternatives."
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"Ne znam za druge mogućnosti."
00:37
It's not an equally great answer
and my reply to that is usually,
and my reply to that is usually,
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To nije podjednako sjajan odgovor
i na to obično uzvraćam,
i na to obično uzvraćam,
00:40
"Try to Google the word 'search engine,'
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"Pokušajte guglati riječ 'pretraživač',
00:42
you may find a couple
of interesting alternatives."
of interesting alternatives."
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mogli biste naći par
zanimljivih mogućnosti."
zanimljivih mogućnosti."
00:45
And last but not least, thirdly,
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I zadnji, ali ne manje važan, treći,
00:47
inevitably, one student will raise
her or his hand and say,
her or his hand and say,
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neizbježno će neki od učenika
dignuti ruku i reći,
dignuti ruku i reći,
00:50
"With Google, I'm certain to always get
the best, unbiased search result."
the best, unbiased search result."
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"S Googleom sam siguran da ću uvijek
dobiti najbolji, nepristran rezultat.
dobiti najbolji, nepristran rezultat.
00:57
Certain to always get the best,
unbiased search result.
unbiased search result.
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Siguran da će uvijek dobiti najbolji,
nepristran rezultat pretraživanja.
nepristran rezultat pretraživanja.
01:05
Now, as a man of the humanities,
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Kao čovjek od
humanističkih znanosti,
humanističkih znanosti,
01:07
albeit a digital humanities man,
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premda digitalno humanističkih,
01:09
that just makes my skin curl,
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od toga se naprosto naježim,
čak iako, i sam shvaćam da je ta vjera,
01:11
even if I, too, realize that that trust,
that idea of the unbiased search result
that idea of the unbiased search result
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ta ideja nepristranog
rezultata pretraživanja
rezultata pretraživanja
01:16
is a cornerstone in our collective love
for and appreciation of Google.
for and appreciation of Google.
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kamen temeljac naše kolektivne
ljubavi i uvažavanja Googlea.
ljubavi i uvažavanja Googlea.
01:20
I will show you why that, philosophically,
is almost an impossibility.
is almost an impossibility.
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Pokazat ću vam zašto je to,
filozofski gledano, gotovo nemoguće.
filozofski gledano, gotovo nemoguće.
01:24
But let me first elaborate,
just a little bit, on a basic principle
just a little bit, on a basic principle
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No, dozvolite mi da prvo pojasnim,
sasvim ukratko, osnovni princip
sasvim ukratko, osnovni princip
01:28
behind each search query
that we sometimes seem to forget.
that we sometimes seem to forget.
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iza svakog upita za pretragu,
koji izgleda ponekad zaboravljamo.
koji izgleda ponekad zaboravljamo.
01:31
So whenever you set out
to Google something,
to Google something,
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Kada se god spremate nešto guglati
01:33
start by asking yourself this:
"Am I looking for an isolated fact?"
"Am I looking for an isolated fact?"
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započnite pitajući se ovo:
"Tražim li izdvojenu činjenicu?"
"Tražim li izdvojenu činjenicu?"
01:38
What is the capital of France?
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Koji je glavni grad Francuske?
01:41
What are the building blocks
of a water molecule?
of a water molecule?
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Koji su sastavni dijelovi molekule vode?
01:43
Great -- Google away.
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Sjajno -- odguglajte.
01:46
There's not a group of scientists
who are this close to proving
who are this close to proving
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Ne postoji grupa znanstvenika
koja bi bila ovako blizu dokaza
koja bi bila ovako blizu dokaza
01:49
that it's actually London and H30.
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da je to ustvari London i H3O.
01:51
You don't see a big conspiracy
among those things.
among those things.
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U tim stvarima nećete
vidjeti veliku zavjeru.
vidjeti veliku zavjeru.
01:53
We agree, on a global scale,
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U globalu se slažemo
01:55
what the answers are
to these isolated facts.
to these isolated facts.
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koji su odgovori na
ove izdvojene činjenice.
ove izdvojene činjenice.
01:58
But if you complicate your question
just a little bit and ask something like,
just a little bit and ask something like,
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No, ako samo malo zakomplicirate
svoje pitanje i upitate nešto poput,
svoje pitanje i upitate nešto poput,
02:03
"Why is there
an Israeli-Palestine conflict?"
an Israeli-Palestine conflict?"
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"Zašto postoji
izraelsko-palestinski sukob?",
izraelsko-palestinski sukob?",
vi više baš ne tražite pojedinu činjenicu,
02:06
You're not exactly looking
for a singular fact anymore,
for a singular fact anymore,
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02:09
you're looking for knowledge,
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vi tražite znanje,
02:11
which is something way more
complicated and delicate.
complicated and delicate.
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što je nešto puno
kompliciranije i osjetljivije.
kompliciranije i osjetljivije.
02:14
And to get to knowledge,
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A da bi došli do znanja,
02:16
you have to bring 10 or 20
or 100 facts to the table
or 100 facts to the table
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morate prikupiti 10 ili
20 ili 100 činjenica,
20 ili 100 činjenica,
02:19
and acknowledge them and say,
"Yes, these are all true."
"Yes, these are all true."
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potvrditi ih i reći,
"Da, sve su one istinite."
"Da, sve su one istinite."
02:22
But because of who I am,
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Ali, zbog onoga tko sam ja,
02:23
young or old, black or white,
gay or straight,
gay or straight,
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mlad ili star, crn ili bijel,
gej ili strejt,
gej ili strejt,
02:26
I will value them differently.
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vrednovat ću ih različito.
02:27
And I will say, "Yes, this is true,
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I reći ću, "Da, ovo je istina,
ali ovo mi je važnije od onoga."
02:29
but this is more important
to me than that."
to me than that."
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02:31
And this is where it becomes interesting,
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I upravo ovdje postaje zanimljivo,
jer ovdje postajemo ljudska bića.
02:33
because this is where we become human.
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02:35
This is when we start
to argue, to form society.
to argue, to form society.
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Tu se počinjemo prepirati,
formirati društvo.
formirati društvo.
No, da bismo stvarno nekuda dospjeli,
ovdje trebamo filtrirati svoje činjenice,
ovdje trebamo filtrirati svoje činjenice,
02:38
And to really get somewhere,
we need to filter all our facts here,
we need to filter all our facts here,
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02:42
through friends and neighbors
and parents and children
and parents and children
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putem prijatelja i susjeda
i roditelja i djece
i roditelja i djece
02:44
and coworkers and newspapers
and magazines,
and magazines,
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i suradnika i novina i časopisa,
02:46
to finally be grounded in real knowledge,
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da bismo na kraju bili
potkovani pravim znanjem
potkovani pravim znanjem
02:50
which is something that a search engine
is a poor help to achieve.
is a poor help to achieve.
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u čemu vam je pretraživač slaba pomoć.
02:55
So, I promised you an example
just to show you why it's so hard
just to show you why it's so hard
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Obećao sam vam primjer
samo da pokažem zašto je
tako teško doći do
tako teško doći do
03:01
to get to the point of true, clean,
objective knowledge --
objective knowledge --
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istinskog, čistog, objektivnog znanja --
03:05
as food for thought.
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kao materijal za razmišljanje.
03:06
I will conduct a couple of simple
queries, search queries.
queries, search queries.
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Postavit ću par jednostavnih upita,
upita za pretraživanje.
upita za pretraživanje.
03:10
We'll start with "Michelle Obama,"
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Počet ćemo sa "Michelle Obama",
03:14
the First Lady of the United States.
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prvom damom Sjedinjenih država.
03:16
And we'll click for pictures.
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I kliknut ćemo za slike.
03:19
It works really well, as you can see.
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To stvarno dobro radi, kao što vidite.
03:21
It's a perfect search
result, more or less.
result, more or less.
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Savršen rezultat pretrage, manje više.
03:24
It's just her in the picture,
not even the President.
not even the President.
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Na slici je samo ona,
čak nema ni predsjednika.
čak nema ni predsjednika.
03:27
How does this work?
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Kako to funkcionira?
03:29
Quite simple.
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Sasvim jednostavno.
03:31
Google uses a lot of smartness
to achieve this, but quite simply,
to achieve this, but quite simply,
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Google koristi puno domišljatosti
da bi ovo postigao,
da bi ovo postigao,
no ukratko, gledaju se dvije stvari
prije svega.
prije svega.
03:34
they look at two things
more than anything.
more than anything.
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03:36
First, what does it say in the caption
under the picture on each website?
under the picture on each website?
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Prvo, što piše u tekstu
ispod slike na svakoj web stranici?
ispod slike na svakoj web stranici?
03:41
Does it say "Michelle Obama"
under the picture?
under the picture?
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Piše li "Michelle Obama" ispod slike?
Prilično dobra indikacija
da je na slici stvarno ona.
da je na slici stvarno ona.
03:43
Pretty good indication
it's actually her on there.
it's actually her on there.
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Drugo, Google gleda datoteku slike,
03:46
Second, Google looks at the picture file,
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03:48
the name of the file as such
uploaded to the website.
uploaded to the website.
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ime datoteke kao takve,
prenesene na web stranicu.
prenesene na web stranicu.
03:51
Again, is it called "MichelleObama.jpeg"?
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Ponovo, zove li se datoteka
"MichelleObama.jpeg"?
"MichelleObama.jpeg"?
03:54
Pretty good indication it's not
Clint Eastwood in the picture.
Clint Eastwood in the picture.
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Prilično dobra indikacija
da na slici nije Clint Eastwood.
da na slici nije Clint Eastwood.
03:57
So, you've got those two and you get
a search result like this -- almost.
a search result like this -- almost.
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Dakle, imate to dvoje i dobivate
ovakav rezultat pretrage -- skoro.
ovakav rezultat pretrage -- skoro.
04:02
Now, in 2009, Michelle Obama
was the victim of a racist campaign,
was the victim of a racist campaign,
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2009. godine Michele Obama je bila
žrtva rasističke kampanje
žrtva rasističke kampanje
04:08
where people set out to insult her
through her search results.
through her search results.
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u kojoj su je ljudi počeli
vrijeđati putem rezultata pretrage.
vrijeđati putem rezultata pretrage.
04:13
There was a picture distributed
widely over the Internet
widely over the Internet
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Postojala je slika
naširoko rasprostranjena Internetom
naširoko rasprostranjena Internetom
na kojoj je njeno lice bilo
izobličeno da liči na majmuna.
izobličeno da liči na majmuna.
04:16
where her face was distorted
to look like a monkey.
to look like a monkey.
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04:18
And that picture was published all over.
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I ta je slika bila objavljena posvuda.
04:22
And people published it
very, very purposefully,
very, very purposefully,
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A ljudi su je objavljivali
vrlo, vrlo promišljeno,
kako bi se pojavila na vrhu
rezultata pretrage.
rezultata pretrage.
04:25
to get it up there in the search results.
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04:27
They made sure to write
"Michelle Obama" in the caption
"Michelle Obama" in the caption
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Pazili su da ispod slike
pišu "Michelle Obama"
pišu "Michelle Obama"
04:30
and they made sure to upload the picture
as "MichelleObama.jpeg," or the like.
as "MichelleObama.jpeg," or the like.
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i pazili su da sliku prenose kao
"MichelleObama.jpeg" ili tome slično.
"MichelleObama.jpeg" ili tome slično.
Shvaćate zašto --
04:34
You get why -- to manipulate
the search result.
the search result.
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da bi manipulirali rezultatima pretrage.
04:37
And it worked, too.
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I to je stvarno funkcioniralo.
04:38
So when you picture-Googled
for "Michelle Obama" in 2009,
for "Michelle Obama" in 2009,
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Pa kada ste guglali slike za
"Michelle Obama" 2009.
"Michelle Obama" 2009.
04:41
that distorted monkey picture
showed up among the first results.
showed up among the first results.
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ta izobličena majmunska slika
pojavljivala se među prvim rezultatima.
pojavljivala se među prvim rezultatima.
04:44
Now, the results are self-cleansing,
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E sada, rezultati pretrage
se sami proćišćavaju,
se sami proćišćavaju,
04:48
and that's sort of the beauty of it,
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i u tome je neka vrsta ljepote toga,
04:50
because Google measures relevance
every hour, every day.
every hour, every day.
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jer Google mjeri relevantnost
svakog sata, svakog dana.
svakog sata, svakog dana.
04:53
However, Google didn't settle
for that this time,
for that this time,
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Međutim Google se ovaj puta
nije zadovoljio time,
nije zadovoljio time,
04:56
they just thought, "That's racist
and it's a bad search result
and it's a bad search result
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mislili su, "To je rasistički
i to je loš rezultat pretrage
i to je loš rezultat pretrage
04:59
and we're going to go back
and clean that up manually.
and clean that up manually.
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i mi ćemo to počistiti ručno.
05:02
We are going to write
some code and fix it,"
some code and fix it,"
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Napisat ćemo nekakav kod i to popraviti,"
05:05
which they did.
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što su i učinili.
05:07
And I don't think anyone in this room
thinks that was a bad idea.
thinks that was a bad idea.
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I mislim da nitko u ovoj dvorani
ne misli da je to bila loša ideja.
ne misli da je to bila loša ideja.
05:11
Me neither.
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Niti ja.
No zatim, prošlo je nekoliko godina,
05:14
But then, a couple of years go by,
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05:17
and the world's most-Googled Anders,
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i najguglaniji Anders na svijetu,
05:20
Anders Behring Breivik,
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Anders Behring Brevik,
05:23
did what he did.
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učinio je ono što je učinio.
05:24
This is July 22 in 2011,
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Bilo je to 22. srpnja 2011.
05:26
and a terrible day in Norwegian history.
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užasan dan u norveškoj povijesti.
05:29
This man, a terrorist, blew up
a couple of government buildings
a couple of government buildings
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Ovaj čovjek, terorist, dignuo je u zrak
par vladinih zgrada
par vladinih zgrada
baš nadomak mjesta na kojem se
upravo nalazimo u Oslu, u Norveškoj
upravo nalazimo u Oslu, u Norveškoj
05:33
walking distance from where we are
right now in Oslo, Norway
right now in Oslo, Norway
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05:36
and then he traveled
to the island of Utøya
to the island of Utøya
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i onda je otputovao na otok Utoyau
05:38
and shot and killed a group of kids.
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i pucao i ubio grupu djece.
05:41
Almost 80 people died that day.
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Skoro 80 ljudi je poginulo toga dana.
I mnogi ljudi bi ovaj čin nasilja
opisali kao dva koraka,
opisali kao dva koraka,
05:44
And a lot of people would describe
this act of terror as two steps,
this act of terror as two steps,
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05:48
that he did two things: he blew up
the buildings and he shot those kids.
the buildings and he shot those kids.
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da je učinio dvije stvari:
digao u zrak zgrade i ubio tu djecu.
digao u zrak zgrade i ubio tu djecu.
To nije istina.
05:52
It's not true.
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Bilo je tri koraka.
05:54
It was three steps.
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05:56
He blew up those buildings,
he shot those kids,
he shot those kids,
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Digao je u zrak te zgrade,
ubio tu djecu,
ubio tu djecu,
05:58
and he sat down and waited
for the world to Google him.
for the world to Google him.
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i sjeo i čekao da ga svijet počne guglati.
06:03
And he prepared
all three steps equally well.
all three steps equally well.
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A sva tri koraka je pripremio
podjednako dobro.
podjednako dobro.
I ako je postojao netko
tko je to smjesta shvatio,
tko je to smjesta shvatio,
06:06
And if there was somebody
who immediately understood this,
who immediately understood this,
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bio je to švedski web programer,
06:09
it was a Swedish web developer,
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06:10
a search engine optimization expert
in Stockholm, named Nikke Lindqvist.
in Stockholm, named Nikke Lindqvist.
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stručnjak za optimizaciju pretraživača
u Stockholmu, Nikke Lindquist.
u Stockholmu, Nikke Lindquist.
06:14
He's also a very political guy
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On je također politički aktivan
i odmah se pojavio u
društvenim medijima,
društvenim medijima,
06:16
and he was right out there
in social media, on his blog and Facebook.
in social media, on his blog and Facebook.
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na svom blogu i Facebooku.
06:19
And he told everybody,
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I svima je rekao,
06:20
"If there's something that
this guy wants right now,
this guy wants right now,
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"Ako postoji nešto što ovaj
momak želi ovoga časa,
momak želi ovoga časa,
06:23
it's to control the image of himself.
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to je kontrola nad slikom o sebi.
06:26
Let's see if we can distort that.
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Hajde da vidimo možemo li to poremetiti.
Da vidimo možemo li mi u
civiliziranom svijetu
civiliziranom svijetu
06:29
Let's see if we, in the civilized world,
can protest against what he did
can protest against what he did
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protestirati protiv onog što je učinio
06:33
through insulting him
in his search results."
in his search results."
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vrijeđajući ga kroz rezultate
pretraga o njemu."
pretraga o njemu."
06:36
And how?
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A kako?
06:38
He told all of his readers the following,
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Svim svojim čitateljima rekao je sljedeće,
06:40
"Go out there on the Internet,
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"Otiđite na Internet,
06:42
find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks --
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nađite slike psećeg govna na pločnicima
06:46
find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks --
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nađite slike psećeg govna na pločnicima,
06:48
publish them in your feeds,
on your websites, on your blogs.
on your websites, on your blogs.
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objavite ih u svojim sadržajima,
na svojim web stranicama i blogovima.
na svojim web stranicama i blogovima.
06:52
Make sure to write the terrorist's
name in the caption,
name in the caption,
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Ne zaboravite ispod slike
napisati ime terorista,
napisati ime terorista,
06:55
make sure to name
the picture file "Breivik.jpeg."
the picture file "Breivik.jpeg."
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ne zaboravite datoteku slike
nazvati "Breivik.jpeg".
nazvati "Breivik.jpeg".
06:59
Let's teach Google that that's
the face of the terrorist."
the face of the terrorist."
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Hajde da naučimo Google
da je to lice terorista.
da je to lice terorista.
07:05
And it worked.
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I to je radilo.
Dvije godine poslije kampanje
protiv Michelle Obama,
protiv Michelle Obama,
07:07
Two years after that campaign
against Michelle Obama,
against Michelle Obama,
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07:10
this manipulation campaign
against Anders Behring Breivik worked.
against Anders Behring Breivik worked.
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ova manipulacijska kampanja
protiv Andersa Breivika je radila.
protiv Andersa Breivika je radila.
07:14
If you picture-Googled for him weeks after
the July 22 events from Sweden,
the July 22 events from Sweden,
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Ako ste guglali njegove slike
tjednima poslije događaja
22. srpnja u Švedskoj
22. srpnja u Švedskoj
07:18
you'd see that picture of dog poop
high up in the search results,
high up in the search results,
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vidjeli biste sliku psećeg govna
pri vrhu rezultata pretrage,
pri vrhu rezultata pretrage,
07:22
as a little protest.
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kao mali protest.
Začudo, Google ovaj puta
nije intervenirao.
nije intervenirao.
07:25
Strangely enough, Google
didn't intervene this time.
didn't intervene this time.
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07:30
They did not step in and manually
clean those search results up.
clean those search results up.
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Nisu uskočili i ručno
očistili te rezultate pretrage.
očistili te rezultate pretrage.
Pa, evo pitanja za milijun dolara,
07:35
So the million-dollar question,
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ima li ikakve razlike između
ova dva događanja?
ova dva događanja?
07:37
is there anything different
between these two happenings here?
between these two happenings here?
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Ima li ikakve razlike između onoga
što se dogodilo Michelle Obama
što se dogodilo Michelle Obama
07:41
Is there anything different between
what happened to Michelle Obama
what happened to Michelle Obama
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i onoga što se dogodilo
Andersu Behringu Breiviku?
Andersu Behringu Breiviku?
07:44
and what happened
to Anders Behring Breivik?
to Anders Behring Breivik?
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07:46
Of course not.
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Naravno da nema.
To je potpuno ista stvar,
07:48
It's the exact same thing,
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ipak je Google intervenirao u
jednom slučaju, a u drugom nije.
jednom slučaju, a u drugom nije.
07:50
yet Google intervened in one case
and not in the other.
and not in the other.
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07:53
Why?
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Zašto?
Zato jer je Michelle Obama
uvažena osoba, eto zašto,
uvažena osoba, eto zašto,
07:55
Because Michelle Obama
is an honorable person, that's why,
is an honorable person, that's why,
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07:58
and Anders Behring Breivik
is a despicable person.
is a despicable person.
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a Anders Behring Breivik
je osoba vrijedna prezira.
je osoba vrijedna prezira.
08:02
See what happens there?
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Vidite što se ovdje događa?
08:03
An evaluation of a person takes place
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Dešava se procjena osobe
08:06
and there's only one
power-player in the world
power-player in the world
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a samo je jedan moćni igrač na svijetu
08:10
with the authority to say who's who.
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s autoritetom da kaže tko je tko.
"Ti nam se sviđaš, ti nam se ne sviđaš.
08:13
"We like you, we dislike you.
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08:15
We believe in you,
we don't believe in you.
we don't believe in you.
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U tebe vjerujemo,
u tebe ne vjerujemo.
u tebe ne vjerujemo.
Ti si u pravu, ti nisi u pravu.
Ti si iskren, ti nisi.
Ti si iskren, ti nisi.
08:17
You're right, you're wrong.
You're true, you're false.
You're true, you're false.
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Ti si Obama, a ti si Brevik."
08:20
You're Obama, and you're Breivik."
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To je moć, ako sam je ikada vidio.
08:22
That's power if I ever saw it.
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Zato od vas tražim da upamtite
da iza svakog algoritma
da iza svakog algoritma
08:27
So I'm asking you to remember
that behind every algorithm
that behind every algorithm
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08:30
is always a person,
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uvijek stoji osoba,
08:32
a person with a set of personal beliefs
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osoba sa svojim osobnim uvjerenjima
08:35
that no code can ever
completely eradicate.
completely eradicate.
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koja nikakav kôd ne može
u potpunosti ukloniti.
u potpunosti ukloniti.
08:37
And my message goes
out not only to Google,
out not only to Google,
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I moja poruka nije
upućena samo Googleu,
upućena samo Googleu,
08:40
but to all believers in the faith
of code around the world.
of code around the world.
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već svima koji vjeruju u kôd,
diljem svijeta.
diljem svijeta.
08:43
You need to identify
your own personal bias.
your own personal bias.
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Trebali biste prepoznati vlastite
osobne pristranosti.
osobne pristranosti.
08:46
You need to understand that you are human
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Trebali biste razumjeti da ste ljudi
08:48
and take responsibility accordingly.
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i preuzeti odgovornost u skladu s tim.
08:51
And I say this because I believe
we've reached a point in time
we've reached a point in time
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A to kažem jer vjerujem
da je došlo vrijeme
da je došlo vrijeme
08:54
when it's absolutely imperative
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kada je apsolutno nužno
08:56
that we tie those bonds
together again, tighter:
together again, tighter:
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da ponovo povežemo te veze, čvršće:
08:59
the humanities and the technology.
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humanističke znanosti i tehnologiju.
09:02
Tighter than ever.
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Čvršće no ikada.
09:04
And, if nothing else, to remind us
that that wonderfully seductive idea
that that wonderfully seductive idea
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I, ako ništa drugo, da nas podsjeća
da ta prekrasno zavodljiva ideja
da ta prekrasno zavodljiva ideja
09:07
of the unbiased, clean search result
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nepristranog, čistog rezultata pretrage,
09:10
is, and is likely to remain, a myth.
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jest, i vjerojatno će ostati, mit.
09:13
Thank you for your time.
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Hvala vam na vremenu.
09:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andreas Ekström - Author and journalistAndreas Ekström describes the power structures of the digital revolution.
Why you should listen
Andreas Ekström is staff writer at Sydsvenskan, a daily morning paper in Malmö, Sweden.
His passion is educating for digital equality, and he has a vision for a world in which we share the wealth -- not only financially, but also in terms of knowledge and power. Andreas is the author of six books, a columnist and a commentator, and he often lectures and leads seminars on the digital revolution.
Andreas Ekström | Speaker | TED.com