Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
Jill Farrant: Kaip augalai gali išgyventi be vandens?
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
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extremely drought-tolerant crops,
ekstremaliai sausrai atsparius augalus,
to providing food security in the world,
išteklius visame pasaulyje,
droughted state.
sausringoje valstijoje.
that these plants look dead,
jog šie augalai yra negyvi,
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
augti per 12-48 valandas.
will go towards providing food security?
kurie užtikrintų maisto aprūpinimą?
is around 7 billion.
yra apie 7 milijardai.
happening in Africa.
vykstančia Afrikoje.
organizations of the world
organizacijos
a 70 percent increase
70 procentų padidėjimo
jog būtų
are at the base of the food chain,
maisto grandinėje,
to have to come from plants.
atkeliauti iš augalų.
the potential effects of climate change.
gali sukelti klimato kaita.
published in 2011,
publikuotų 2011 m.,
of climate change
kaitos poveikius
amongst other things --
be kitų dalykų –
or infrequent rain.
ar nelietingumo.
used for agriculture,
žemdirbystei,
because of lack of rainfall.
dėl lietaus stokos.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
spėjama, įvyks 2050 m.
in fact, much of the world,
ir didelė dalis pasaulio
very smart ways of producing food.
kaip užsiauginti maisto.
some drought-tolerant crops.
dalies sausrai atsparių augalų.
to remember about Africa is
Afriką yra,
palaikoma lietumi.
is not the easiest thing in the world.
nėra pats lengviausias dalykas.
metabolizing organisms,
of water results in death.
gali reikšti mirtį.
changes to avoid that.
kad to išvengtume.
a little bit more water than us,
vandens už mus,
a little bit more than us,
daugiau nei mes,
depending on the species,
priklausomai nuo rūšies,
to resist or avoid water loss.
vandens praradimui.
can be found in succulents.
gali būti randami sukulentuose.
at such great cost
kad turi už tai atsipirkti
are found in trees and shrubs.
medžiuose ir krūmuose.
it through them at all times,
of roots to shoots is so great
tarp šaknų ir šakų yra tokia didelė,
has been planted upside down.
pasodintas aukštyn kojomis.
for hydration of that plant.
palaikytų augalui drėkinimą.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
strategija yra vienmečiuose augaluose.
of our plant food supplies.
mūsų augalinio maisto šaltinio.
you don't see much vegetation growth.
nematome daug augančios žalumos.
they produce a seed,
jie užaugina sėklas,
that dry and still alive,
vis dar gyvi,
is lie in extremes of environment
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
evoliucija atsakinga
or angiosperms, onto land.
as our major form of food supplies.
kaip mūsų pagrindinio maisto šaltinio.
of our plant food supplies.
proc. visų augalinio maisto išteklių.
you can produce a lot of seed.
labai daug sėklų.
so there's a lot of food calories,
todėl jos kaloringos,
for times of famine,
arba bado metu,
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
atsparumui ar toleravimui.
to help them survive the rest of the year.
išgyventi likusius metus.
efforts in agriculture
žemdirbystėje
to understand how those work --
kurie padėjo suprast jų veikimą,
of their cellular water,
savo ląstelinio vandens,
for months to years,
mėnesius ar net metus,
desiccation-tolerant.
toleruojantys.
of environmental conditions.
sunkumus.
plant species that can do this.
kurios gali tai padaryti.
of these three species
so you can see how quickly it happens.
kad suprastumėt, kaip greit tai vyksta.
trying to understand how they do this.
bandydama suprasti, kaip tai veikia.
of different resurrection plants,
prisikeliančių augalų,
ir sausose būsenose,
of these plants serves as a model
veikia kaip modelis
to make drought-tolerant.
sausrą toleruojančiu.
for example, is a grass,
yra žolė,
called Eragrostis tef --
Eragrostis tef –
kaip posmilgės –
to make drought-tolerant.
sausrą toleruojančiu.
at a number of plants,
daugybę kitų augalų
do they do the same thing?
ar jie atlieka tą patį dalyką?
all that water and not die?
savo vandenį ir nemirtų?
a systems biology approach
sisteminės biologijos metodo,
a comprehensive understanding
ecophysiological level.
ekofiziologinio lygio.
as they dried out
kai jie išdžiuvo
which is just a term for a technology
tai yra pavadinimas technologijų,
in response to drying.
reaguojant į džiūvimą.
so we look at the proteome.
todėl žiūrime į proteomą.
in response to drying?
reaguojant į džiūvimą?
which make metabolites,
kurie sudaro metabolitus,
because plants are stuck in the ground.
yra įstrigę žemėje.
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
gerai suderintu chemikalų arsenalu,
the stresses of their environment.
involved in drying.
that we do at the molecular level,
molekulių lygyje,
are made of lipids.
yra sudarytos iš lipidų.
because they're in water.
nes jie yra vandenyje.
those membranes fall apart.
sugriūna.
to turn on genes.
kad įjungtų genus.
and biochemical studies
ir biochemines studijas
the function of the putative protectants
spėjamų apsaugotojų funkciją,
in our other studies.
mūsų tyrimuose.
to try and understand
suprasti,
with its natural environment.
su natūralia aplinka.
I needed a comprehensive understanding
man reikia išsamaus džiūvimo
for a biotic application.
biotiniam pritaikymui.
genetically modified crops?"
modifikuotus augalus?“
of genetic modification.
apibrėžimo.
wheat, rice and maize,
kviečiai, žolės, kukurūzai
from their ancestors,
iš savo protėvių,
by conventional breeding.
veisimu.
resurrection plant genes into crops,
į augalus?
we have tried that approach.
bandėme ir šį metodą.
some of my collaborators at UCT,
kolegos iš Keiptauno universiteto,
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
labai ambicingą metodą,
whole suites of genes
visus genų rinkinius,
augale.
under extreme drought conditions.
žiaurioms sausros sąlygoms.
some of the data from that first approach.
iš mūsų pirmojo metodo.
about how genes work.
veikia genai.
of double-stranded DNA.
of your body or in a plant's body.
mūsų ir augalo ląstelėse.
mygtukas,
of this gene, the next gene will start.
kitas genas prasideda čia.
simple on-off switches.
įjungtas-išjungas mygtukai.
a lot of fine-tuning,
tikslaus derinimo,
before that gene is switched on.
įjungiant genui.
in biotech studies
biotechnologijų studijose,
propaguotoją,
dominančius genus
and see how the plant responds.
koks yra atsakas.
to talk to you about,
a drought-induced promoter,
indukuojančius propaguotojus,
in a resurrection plant.
prisikeliančiuose augaluose.
is that we do nothing.
kad mums nereikia daryti nieko.
genes from resurrection plants.
antioksidantinius genus iš augalo.
particularly drought stress,
ypač sausros sunkumai,
and can cause crop death.
ir dėl to jis gali mirti.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
atmainos, kuri itin populiari Afrikoje.
are plants without the genes,
be genų,
do a hell of a lot better.
geriau, nei tie be genų.
that there's considerable similarity
yra aiškių mechanizmų
in seeds and resurrection plants.
sėklose ir prisikeliančių augalų.
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
kilusius iš sėklų džiūvimo tolerancijos,
of resurrection plants?
of research from my group
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
Hihhorsto grupe Nyderlanduose,
that are involved in both.
atsakinga už abu.
very crudely for maize,
grubiai kukurūzams,
išjungimo mygtuko
for desiccation tolerance.
džiūvimo tolerancijai.
at the end of their period of development,
jų vystymosi pabaigoje,
switch on the same genes
įjungia tuos pačius genus,
in their roots and leaves,
lapuose ir šaknyse,
and cellular signals
ląstelinius signalus,
in resurrection plants,
prisikeliančiuose augaluose,
in the evolution of resurrection plants
evoliuciją prisikeliančiuose augaluose
for your attention.
už jūsų dėmesį.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com