Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
Джилл Фаррант: Як допомогти зерновим культурам вижити без води
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
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extremely drought-tolerant crops,
посухостійких врожаїв,
to providing food security in the world,
droughted state.
that these plants look dead,
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
will go towards providing food security?
гарантують харчову безпеку?
is around 7 billion.
happening in Africa.
здебільшого в Африці.
organizations of the world
організації
a 70 percent increase
are at the base of the food chain,
харчового ланцюга,
здебільшого, їх.
to have to come from plants.
the potential effects of climate change.
published in 2011,
of climate change
amongst other things --
or infrequent rain.
used for agriculture,
because of lack of rainfall.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
in fact, much of the world,
very smart ways of producing food.
способами виробництва харчів.
some drought-tolerant crops.
to remember about Africa is
is not the easiest thing in the world.
metabolizing organisms,
of water results in death.
changes to avoid that.
й цього уникнути.
a little bit more water than us,
a little bit more than us,
дещо більше, ніж ми:
depending on the species,
to resist or avoid water loss.
can be found in succulents.
at such great cost
are found in trees and shrubs.
it through them at all times,
of roots to shoots is so great
has been planted upside down.
for hydration of that plant.
потрібні корені.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
of our plant food supplies.
you don't see much vegetation growth.
they produce a seed,
that dry and still alive,
is lie in extremes of environment
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
or angiosperms, onto land.
as our major form of food supplies.
як нашого основного харчового продукту.
це 95% наших харчів.
of our plant food supplies.
you can produce a lot of seed.
so there's a lot of food calories,
for times of famine,
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
to help them survive the rest of the year.
efforts in agriculture
властивостями -
to understand how those work --
якщо протягом
або ж ефемери.
of their cellular water,
for months to years,
й вони зазеленіють
desiccation-tolerant.
of environmental conditions.
plant species that can do this.
здатні на таке.
of these three species
so you can see how quickly it happens.
trying to understand how they do this.
of different resurrection plants,
що відновлюються -
й сухому станах -
Одна з них - це те, що
of these plants serves as a model
to make drought-tolerant.
for example, is a grass,
наприклад, є трава.
called Eragrostis tef --
to make drought-tolerant.
at a number of plants,
do they do the same thing?
однаковий механізм,
all that water and not die?
a systems biology approach
системний біологічний
a comprehensive understanding
- згідно з ним,
від молекули до цілої рослини
ecophysiological level.
as they dried out
which is just a term for a technology
це лише термін, який позначає
аналізуємо, які гени
in response to drying.
у відповідь на посуху.
so we look at the proteome.
тому ми дивимось на протеом.
in response to drying?
which make metabolites,
because plants are stuck in the ground.
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
хімічний арсенал,
the stresses of their environment.
involved in drying.
that we do at the molecular level,
на процес засихання.
are made of lipids.
because they're in water.
бо перебувають у воді.
those membranes fall apart.
для активації генів.
to turn on genes.
and biochemical studies
захисних речовин,
the function of the putative protectants
in our other studies.
щоб зрозуміти
to try and understand
with its natural environment.
I needed a comprehensive understanding
повністю зрозуміти
for a biotic application.
використання біотиків.
я маю намір
genetically modified crops?"
усе залежить
of genetic modification.
wheat, rice and maize,
пшениця, рис, маїс -
from their ancestors,
by conventional breeding.
resurrection plant genes into crops,
рослини, здатної до відновлення,
на ваше запитання - "так".
we have tried that approach.
some of my collaborators at UCT,
Кейптауна -
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
амбітний проект,
whole suites of genes
всі найкращі гени,
under extreme drought conditions.
в екстремальних умовах посухи.
вирішувати вам.
some of the data from that first approach.
about how genes work.
що гени складаються
of double-stranded DNA.
з хромосомами, які
of your body or in a plant's body.
людини чи рослини.
що це кінець
of this gene, the next gene will start.
simple on-off switches.
a lot of fine-tuning,
і наявності багатьох
before that gene is switched on.
in biotech studies
and see how the plant responds.
to talk to you about,
a drought-induced promoter,
in a resurrection plant.
is that we do nothing.
Рослина сама відчуває посуху.
genes from resurrection plants.
Чому антиоксидантні гени?
particularly drought stress,
які дуже шкідливі
and can cause crop death.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
Ліворуч від стрілки
are plants without the genes,
do a hell of a lot better.
Моє дослідження
that there's considerable similarity
стійкості до висихання
in seeds and resurrection plants.
одні й ті самі гени?
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
які запобігають
відновитися?
of resurrection plants?
of research from my group
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
that are involved in both.
very crudely for maize,
for desiccation tolerance.
Оскільки насіння маїсу
at the end of their period of development,
Рослини, здатні до відновлення, вмикають
switch on the same genes
мають ці гени у своїх
in their roots and leaves,
and cellular signals
in resurrection plants,
в зернових культурах.
in the evolution of resurrection plants
зробила за час еволюції
10-40 мільйонів років тому.
for your attention.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com