Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
Jill Farrant: Hoe we gewassen kunnen laten overleven zonder water
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
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van zeer droogte-tolerant gewas
extremely drought-tolerant crops,
voedselzekerheid kan zorgen,
to providing food security in the world,
droughted state.
dat deze planten dood zijn,
that these plants look dead,
en gaan groeien binnen 12 tot 48 uur.
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
van droogte-tolerant gewas
will go towards providing food security?
is around 7 billion.
happening in Africa.
hebben voorspeld
organizations of the world
a 70 percent increase
van de voedselketen
are at the base of the food chain,
moeten komen van planten.
to have to come from plants.
zijn de mogelijke gevolgen
the potential effects of climate change.
nog niet opgenomen.
gepubliceerd in 2011,
published in 2011,
van klimaatverandering meenam,
of climate change
amongst other things --
door gebrek aan regen.
or infrequent rain.
aan landbouw werd gedaan,
used for agriculture,
vanwege gebrek aan regen.
because of lack of rainfall.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
in fact, much of the world,
om voedsel te produceren.
very smart ways of producing food.
droogte-tolerante gewassen.
some drought-tolerant crops.
to remember about Africa is
er afhankelijk is van regen.
is niet zo makkelijk.
is not the easiest thing in the world.
metabolizing organisms,
is water nodig.
veroorzaakt de dood.
of water results in death.
om dat te voorkomen.
changes to avoid that.
a little bit more water than us,
iets meer water dan wij,
a little bit more than us,
afhankelijk van welke soort,
depending on the species,
to resist or avoid water loss.
te weerstaan of verlies te vermijden.
can be found in succulents.
vind je onder de vetplanten.
at such great cost
zie je bij sommige bomen en struiken.
are found in trees and shrubs.
it through them at all times,
wortels dan takken hebben,
of roots to shoots is so great
omgekeerd is geplant.
has been planted upside down.
voor de watervoorziening.
for hydration of that plant.
tegen waterverlies vind je bij eenjarigen.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
van ons plantaardige voedsel.
of our plant food supplies.
niet veel vegetatie.
you don't see much vegetation growth.
komt, krijg je dit:
in het regenseizoen groeien.
produceren ze zaad
they produce a seed,
that dry and still alive,
in extreme omgevingen liggen
is lie in extremes of environment
evolutie van verdrogingstolerante zaden
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
mogelijk maakten
or angiosperms, onto land.
of bedektzadigen op land.
als belangrijkste voedselleverancier.
as our major form of food supplies.
van ons plantaardige voedsel.
of our plant food supplies.
you can produce a lot of seed.
kan je veel zaad produceren.
dus met veel calorieën erin.
so there's a lot of food calories,
voor tijden met hongersnood,
for times of famine,
vermijdings- of tolerantie-eigenschappen.
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
to help them survive the rest of the year.
om de rest van het jaar te overleven.
in de landbouw
efforts in agriculture
met verbeterde eigenschappen
en tolerantie,
van de werking --
to understand how those work --
uit hun cellen verliezen,
of their cellular water,
bijna-dode toestand leven.
for months to years,
desiccation-tolerant.
tegen extreme omstandigheden.
of environmental conditions.
bloeiende planten die dat kunnen.
plant species that can do this.
van deze drie soorten
of these three species
so you can see how quickly it happens.
heb ik geprobeerd dat te begrijpen.
trying to understand how they do this.
zonder dood te gaan?
opstandingsplanten,
of different resurrection plants,
als model fungeert
of these plants serves as a model
droogte-tolerant wil maken.
to make drought-tolerant.
for example, is a grass,
de grassoort Eragrostis nindensis.
called Eragrostis tef --
to make drought-tolerant.
naar diverse planten te kijken
at a number of plants,
wilde uitzoeken of ze hetzelfde doen.
do they do the same thing?
niet dood te gaan?
all that water and not die?
a systems biology approach
van verdrogingstolerantie.
a comprehensive understanding
ecophysiological level.
op ecofysiologisch niveau.
in de anatomie
as they dried out
een term voor een techniek
which is just a term for a technology
die aan- en uitgaan
in response to drying.
so we look at the proteome.
in response to drying?
vanwege droogte?
die metabolieten maken,
which make metabolites,
because plants are stuck in the ground.
zitten vast in de grond.
'scheikundig arsenaal'
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
tegen alle stress uit hun omgeving.
the stresses of their environment.
de chemische veranderingen door droogte.
involved in drying.
that we do at the molecular level,
op moleculair niveau,
zijn gemaakt van lipide.
are made of lipids.
omdat ze in water zitten.
because they're in water.
those membranes fall apart.
de membranen uit elkaar.
om genen aan te zetten.
to turn on genes.
en biochemiestudies
and biochemical studies
beschermers te begrijpen
the function of the putative protectants
in our other studies.
to try and understand
met hun natuurlijke omgeving.
with its natural environment.
dat ik flink wat kennis nodig had
I needed a comprehensive understanding
voor een bioptische toepassing.
for a biotic application.
genetisch gemodificeerde gewassen wil?"
genetically modified crops?"
van genetische modificatie.
of genetic modification.
wheat, rice and maize,
tarwe, grassen en mais,
from their ancestors,
door hun voorouders,
by conventional breeding.
oprichtingsplantgenen in gewas stop,
resurrection plant genes into crops,
we have tried that approach.
van mijn collega's op de UCT
some of my collaborators at UCT,
een ambitieuze aanpak te beginnen,
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
willen aanzetten
whole suites of genes
in extreem droge omstandigheden.
under extreme drought conditions.
van die eerste benadering.
some of the data from that first approach.
about how genes work.
of double-stranded DNA.
van mensen en planten.
of your body or in a plant's body.
of this gene, the next gene will start.
en waar een nieuw gen begint.
gewoon aan-uitknoppen.
simple on-off switches.
a lot of fine-tuning,
voordat het gen aangaat.
before that gene is switched on.
in biotech studies
een induceerbare promotor,
and see how the plant responds.
en kijken hoe die reageert.
ik ga vertellen,
to talk to you about,
een door droogte ontstane promotor,
a drought-induced promoter,
in a resurrection plant.
dat we niets doen.
is that we do nothing.
uit oprichtingsplanten te halen.
genes from resurrection plants.
particularly drought stress,
van vrije radicalen,
en zelfs gewas kunnen doen afsterven.
and can cause crop death.
dat in Afrika populair is.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
are plants without the genes,
do a hell of a lot better.
that there's considerable similarity
dat er grote overeenkomst is
in seeds and resurrection plants.
in zaden en in oprichtingsplanten.
of ze dezelfde genen gebruiken.
voor zaadverdrogingstolerantie
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
van oprichtingsplanten?
of resurrection plants?
of research from my group
van Henk Hilhorst in Nederland,
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
die bij beide betrokken zijn.
that are involved in both.
aan de hand van mais,
very crudely for maize,
nodig zijn voor verdrogingstolerantie.
for desiccation tolerance.
at the end of their period of development,
aan het eind van hun ontwikkeling,
zetten dezelfde genen aan
switch on the same genes
in hun wortels en bladeren
in their roots and leaves,
en cel-signalen te begrijpen
and cellular signals
in oprichtingsplanten,
in resurrection plants,
in the evolution of resurrection plants
in de evolutie van oprichtingsplanten,
for your attention.
danken je voor je aandacht.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com