ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison

Alice Goffman: Kako nekatere otroke pripravljamo za fakulteto- nekatere pa za zapor

Filmed:
1,909,544 views

V Združenih državah sta 2 instituciji, ki vodita najstnike na poti v odraslost: fakulteta in zapor. Sociologinja Alice Goffman je preživela 6 let v težavni soseski v Filadelfiji in na lastni koži doživela kako otroci afriško-ameriškega in latino ozadja drvijo po poti v zapor - začenši z zelo majhnimi kršitvami. V čutnem govoru se vpraša tudi: "Zakaj ponujamo samo lisice in zaporno kazen?".
- Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

Na poti ameriških otrok v odraslost,
00:13
On the pathpot that AmericanAmeriški childrenotroci
travelpotovanje to adulthoododraslosti,
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00:16
two institutionsinstitucije overseenadzira the journeypotovanje.
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sta dve instituciji, ki igrata
pomembno vlogo.
00:20
The first is the one we hearslišite
a lot about: collegekolegij.
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O prvi neprestano veliko poslušamo:
fakulteta.
00:24
Some of you maylahko rememberZapomni si
the excitementvznemirjenje that you feltčutil
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Nekateri se še spomnite navdušenja,
ki ste ga čutili,
00:26
when you first setnastavite off for collegekolegij.
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ko ste se pripravljali za faks.
00:29
Some of you maylahko be in collegekolegij right now
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Nekateri ste v tem trenutku še študentje
00:31
and you're feelingobčutek this excitementvznemirjenje
at this very momenttrenutek.
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in ta občutek navdušenja še vedno čutite.
00:35
CollegeKolegij has some shortcomingspomanjkljivosti.
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Faks ima kar nekaj pomanjkljivosti.
00:37
It's expensivedraga; it leaveslisti
youngmladi people in debtdolg.
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Je drag in mlade ljudi porine v dolgove.
00:41
But all in all, it's a prettylepa good pathpot.
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A ne glede na vse, je še vedno
dobra izbira.
00:43
YoungYoung people emergePojavi se from collegekolegij
with prideponos and with great friendsprijatelji
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Mladina s faksa odide s ponosom in
zelo dobrimi prijatelji,
00:49
and with a lot of knowledgeznanje
about the worldsvet.
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ter z veliko znanja o svetu.
00:51
And perhapsmorda mostnajbolj importantlypomembno,
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In, kar je morda najpomembnejše,
00:53
a better chancepriložnost in the laborporod markettrg
than they had before they got there.
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z boljšimi možnostmi za trg dela,
kot so jih imeli prej.
00:57
TodayDanes I want to talk about
the seconddrugič institutioninstitucija
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Danes pa bi vam rada govorila
o tisti drugi instituciji,
01:00
overseeingnadzor nad the journeypotovanje from childhoodotroštvo
to adulthoododraslosti in the UnitedVelika StatesDržave.
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ki prav tako igra pomembno vlogo na poti
v odraslost v Združenih državah.
01:06
And that institutioninstitucija is prisonzapor.
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Ta institucija pa je zapor.
01:10
YoungYoung people on this journeypotovanje
are meetingsrečanje with probationpreizkušnji officersuradniki
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Mladina na tej poti se srečuje
s častniki za pogojni odpust,
01:14
insteadnamesto tega of with teachersučitelji.
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namesto z učitelji.
01:16
They're going to courtsodišče datesdatumi
insteadnamesto tega of to classrazred.
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Namesto na predavanja hodijo na sodišče.
01:20
TheirNjihovega juniorJunior yearleto abroadv tujini is insteadnamesto tega
a trippotovanje to a statedržava correctionalpopravek facilityobjekt.
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Njihov prvi letnik zamenja pot
v popravni dom.
01:25
And they're emergingnastajajoče from theirnjihovi 20s
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Komaj so dopolnili 20 let,
01:28
not with degreesstopinj in businessposlovanje and Englishangleščina,
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nimajo diplom iz Angleščine ali
Poslovanja,
01:31
but with criminalkriminalec recordsevidence.
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imajo pa kazensko evidenco.
01:34
This institutioninstitucija is alsotudi costingvrednotenja us a lot,
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Tudi ta institucija nas veliko stane,
01:37
about 40,000 dollarsdolarjev a yearleto
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okoli 40 000 dolarjev na leto,
01:38
to sendpošlji a youngmladi personoseba
to prisonzapor in NewNove JerseyJersey.
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zato, da mladino pošiljamo v zapor
v New Jerseyu.
01:43
But here, taxpayersdavkoplačevalci are footingpodlago the billračun
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A v tem primeru so davkoplačevalci tisti,
ki plačujejo
01:45
and what kidsotroci are gettingpridobivanje
is a coldhladno prisonzapor cellcelica
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in tisto, kar otroci dobijo v mrzlih
zaporniških celicah,
01:49
and a permanentstalno markoznačite againstproti them
when they come home
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je trajno zaznamovanost,
ko se vrnejo domov
01:52
and applyveljajo for work.
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in se prijavijo za delo.
01:54
There are more and more kidsotroci
on this journeypotovanje to adulthoododraslosti
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Vedno več otrok gre po tej poti
v odraslost,
01:58
than ever before in the UnitedVelika StatesDržave
and that's because in the pastpreteklost 40 yearslet,
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več kot kdajkoli prej v Združenih državah
in to zato, ker je v zadnjih 40-ih letih
02:03
our incarcerationzapiranjem rateoceniti
has growngoji by 700 percentodstotkov.
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stopnja prestajanja zaporne kazni
zrasla za 700 procentov.
02:09
I have one slidezdrs for this talk.
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Imam en diapozitiv za ta govor.
02:11
Here it is.
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Tukaj je.
02:13
Here'sTukaj je our incarcerationzapiranjem rateoceniti,
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To je naša stopnja prestajanja kazni,
02:15
about 716 people perna 100,000
in the populationprebivalstvo.
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približno 716 ljudi na 100 000
v populaciji.
02:23
Here'sTukaj je the OECDOECD countriesdržave.
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Tu so navedene države OESR.
02:30
What's more, it's poorslabo kidsotroci
that we're sendingpošiljanje to prisonzapor,
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Kar je pomembno so revni otroci,
ki ji pošiljamo v zapor,
02:33
too manyveliko drawnpripravljen from African-AmericanAfriško-ameriški
and LatinoLatino communitiesskupnosti
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premnogi afriško-ameriškega
in latino ozadja,
02:37
so that prisonzapor now standsstojala firmlytrdno betweenmed
the youngmladi people tryingposkušam to make it
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zato da lahko zapor trdno stoji
med mladimi, ki si želijo uspeti
02:41
and the fulfillmentizpolnitev of the AmericanAmeriški DreamSanje.
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in izpolnitvijo ameriških sanj.
02:45
The problem'sproblem je actuallydejansko
a bitbit worseslabše than this
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Problem je v bistvu dosti hujši,
kot to,
02:48
'causevzrok we're not just sendingpošiljanje
poorslabo kidsotroci to prisonzapor,
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ker ne pošiljamo v zapor samo
ubogih otrok,
02:50
we're saddlingsaddling poorslabo kidsotroci with courtsodišče feespristojbine,
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a jim nalagamo še sodne stroške,
02:53
with probationpreizkušnji and paroleparole restrictionsomejitve,
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z omejitvami za pogojni izpust
02:56
with low-levelnizko stopnjo warrantsnalogov,
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in sodnimi nalogi
pa jih prosimo, da živijo v domovih
za resocialzacijo in hišnem priporu,
02:58
we're askingsprašujem them to livev živo
in halfwayna pol poti houseshiše and on househiša arrestaretirati,
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03:01
and we're askingsprašujem them
to negotiatepogajati se a policepolicija forcesila
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ter da naj se pogajajo s policijo,
03:05
that is enteringvstopanje poorslabo
communitiesskupnosti of colorbarva,
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ki vstopa v ne-belske revne skupnosti ,
03:07
not for the purposesnamene
of promotingspodbujanje publicjavnost safetyvarnost,
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a ne z namenom zagotavljanja varnosti,
03:10
but to make arrestaretirati countsšteje,
to lineline citymesto coffersblagajne.
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temveč zato, da izpolnijo normo aretacij
in polnijo občinske blagajne.
03:18
This is the hiddenskrito undersidespodnji strani to our
historiczgodovinsko experimentposkus in punishmentkazen:
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To je slaba stran tega našega
zgodovinskega poskusa kazni:
03:22
youngmladi people worriedzaskrbljen that at any momenttrenutek,
they will be stoppedustavil, searchediskali and seizedzasegli.
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mladina, ki jo neprestano skrbi, kdaj jih
bo nekdo ustavil, pregledal in aretiral.
03:28
Not just in the streetsulice,
but in theirnjihovi homesdomove,
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Pa ne samo na ulicah,
tudi v njihovih domovih,
03:31
at schoolšola and at work.
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v šolah in v službi.
03:34
I got interestedzainteresirani in this
other pathpot to adulthoododraslosti
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Za to drugo pot na poti v odraslost
sem se začela zanimati,
03:38
when I was myselfjaz a collegekolegij studentštudent
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ko sem bila še študentka
03:40
attendingprisotnost the UniversityUniverza of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
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na Univerzi v Pensilvaniji,
03:42
in the earlyzgodaj 2000s.
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v začetku leta 2000.
03:44
PennPenn sitssedi withinznotraj a historiczgodovinsko
African-AmericanAfriško-ameriški neighborhoodsoseska.
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Penn leži v zgodovinski
afriško-ameriški soseski.
03:48
So you've got these two parallelvzporedno
journeyspotovanja going on simultaneouslyhkrati:
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Tako imate v bistvu 2 vzporedni poti,
ki se dogajata istočasno:
03:53
the kidsotroci attendingprisotnost
this eliteelita, privatezasebno universityuniverza,
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otroke, ki obiskujejo to elitno in zasebno
univerzo,
03:56
and the kidsotroci from
the adjacentbližnji neighborhoodsoseska,
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ter otroke iz sosednje soseske,
03:58
some of whomkoga are makingizdelavo it to collegekolegij,
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nekatere, ki bodo šli na faks,
04:00
and manyveliko of whomkoga
are beingbiti shippedstaja to prisonzapor.
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ter mnoge, ki jih pošiljajo v zapor.
04:04
In my sophomoreletniku yearleto, I startedzačel tutoringtutorstvo
a youngmladi womanženska who was in highvisoko schoolšola
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V drugem letniku sem začela poučevati
mlado žensko, ki je bila v srednji šoli
04:09
who livedživel about 10 minutesminut
away from the universityuniverza.
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in je živela slabih 10 minut od univerze.
04:12
SoonKmalu, her cousinbratranec cameprišel home
from a juvenilemladostnik detentionpridržanje centercenter.
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Kmalu zatem je njen bratranec prišel
iz centra za mladostniški pripor.
04:15
He was 15, a freshmannovinec in highvisoko schoolšola.
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Star je bil 15, prvi letnik srednje šole.
04:18
I beganzačel to get to know him
and his friendsprijatelji and familydružina,
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Počasi sem ga začela spoznavati,
njegove prijatelje in družino
04:22
and I askedvprašal him what he thought
about me writingpisanje about his life
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in prosila sem ga za dovoljenje,
da bi pisala o njem
04:25
for my seniorstarejši thesisteza in collegekolegij.
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za svoje diplomsko delo.
04:28
This seniorstarejši thesisteza becamepostati
a dissertationdisertacija at PrincetonPrinceton
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To delo je postalo dizertacija
za Princeton
04:32
and now a bookknjigo.
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in je sedaj knjiga.
04:33
By the endkonec of my sophomoreletniku yearleto,
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Pred koncem drugega letnika
04:35
I movedpreselil into the neighborhoodsoseska
and I spentpreživel the nextNaslednji sixšest yearslet
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pa sem se že preslila v sosesko
in tam preživela šest let,
04:38
tryingposkušam to understandrazumeti what youngmladi people
were facingsooča as they cameprišel of agestarost.
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ter poskušala razumeti s čim se soočajo
mladi ljudje, ko so dovolj stari.
04:44
The first weekteden I spentpreživel
in this neighborhoodsoseska,
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V prvem tednu, ko sem bila tam,
04:46
I saw two boysfantje, fivepet and sevensedem yearslet oldstar,
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sem videla 2 fantka, stara 5 in 7 let ,
04:48
playigraj this gameigro of chaseChase,
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ki sta se lovila,
04:50
where the olderstarejši boyfant
rantekel after the other boyfant.
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kjer je starejši fantek lovil mlajšega.
04:53
He playedigral the coppolicaj.
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Igral je policaja.
04:54
When the coppolicaj caughtujet up
to the youngermlajši boyfant,
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Ko je policaj ujel mlajšega fanta,
04:56
he pushedpotisnila him down,
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ga je porinil ob tla,
04:58
handcuffedlisice him with imaginaryimaginarni handcuffslisic,
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ga vklenil z namišljenimi lisicami,
05:00
tookvzel a quarterčetrtletje out of
the other child'sotroka pocketžep,
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mu vzel kovanec iz žepa,
05:03
sayinggovoriti, "I'm seizingzaseg that."
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rekoč: "Tole ti bom zasegel."
05:06
He askedvprašal the childotrok if
he was carryingprenašanje any drugsdroge
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Otroka je spraševal,
ali ima pri sebi kaj drog,
05:10
or if he had a warrantza prijetje.
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ali če ima kak zaporni nalog.
05:12
ManyVeliko timeskrat, I saw this gameigro repeatedponovi,
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Velikokrat sem videla to igro,
05:14
sometimesvčasih childrenotroci would
simplypreprosto give up runningteče,
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dostikrat so otroci prenehali bežati
05:17
and stickpalico theirnjihovi bodiestelesa flatstanovanje
againstproti the groundtla
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in se ulegli na tla
05:19
with theirnjihovi handsroke abovenad theirnjihovi headsglave,
or flatstanovanje up againstproti a wallzid.
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z rokami nad glavo ali obrazom ob steno.
05:22
ChildrenOtroci would yellvikati at eachvsak other,
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En drugemu so vpili:
05:24
"I'm going to lockzaklepanje you up,
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"Zaprl te bom.
05:25
I'm going to lockzaklepanje you up
and you're never comingprihajajo home!"
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Zaprl te bom in nikoli več ne boš
prišel domov."
05:29
OnceEnkrat I saw a six-year-oldšestletno childotrok
pullpotegnite anotherdrugo child'sotroka pantshlače down
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Nekoč sem videla 6-letnega otroka,
ki je drugemu otroku slekel hlače
05:33
and try to do a cavityvotlino searchIskanje.
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in ga poskušal pregledati še analno.
05:36
In the first 18 monthsmesecev that I livedživel
in this neighborhoodsoseska,
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V prvih 18-ih mesecih mojega življenja
v tisti soseski,
05:39
I wrotenapisal down everyvsak time I saw
any contactstik betweenmed policepolicija
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sem zapisala vsak kontakt med policijo
05:43
and people that were my neighborssosedje.
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in ljudmi, ki so bili moji sosedi.
05:46
So in the first 18 monthsmesecev,
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Tako sem prvih 18 mesecev
05:48
I watchedgledal the policepolicija stop
pedestrianspešci or people in carsavtomobili,
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opazovala policiste, ki so ustavljali
pešce ali ljudi v avtmobilih,
05:52
searchIskanje people, runteči people'sljudje namesimena,
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jih preiskovali in preiskovali
njihova imena,
05:54
chaseChase people throughskozi the streetsulice,
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ali pa jih lovili po ulicah,
05:56
pullpotegnite people in for questioningzaslišanje,
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jih odpeljali na zaslišanja,
05:58
or make an arrestaretirati everyvsak singlesamski day,
with fivepet exceptionsizjeme.
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ali pa opravili aretacijo vsak dan,
s petimi izjemami.
06:03
Fifty-twoFifty-dva timeskrat, I watchedgledal the policepolicija
breakodmor down doorsvrata,
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52x sem videla policijo, ki je podrla vrata,
06:07
chaseChase people throughskozi houseshiše
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lovila ljudi v njihovih hišah,
06:09
or make an arrestaretirati of someonenekdo
in theirnjihovi home.
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ali pa aretirala nekoga v njihovem domu.
06:12
FourteenŠtirinajst timeskrat
in this first yearleto and a halfpol,
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14x v tem letu in pol
06:15
I watchedgledal the policepolicija punchudarec, chokezaduši,
kickkick, stompstomp on or beatpremagati youngmladi menmoški
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sem gledala, kako policisti tepejo,
brcajo, davijo mlade ljudi,
06:20
after they had caughtujet them.
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po tem, ko so jih ujeli.
06:24
BitKošček by bitbit, I got to know two brothersBratje,
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Počasi sem spoznala 2 brata,
06:26
ChuckChuck and TimTim.
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Chuck and Tim.
06:28
ChuckChuck was 18 when we metsrečal,
a seniorstarejši in highvisoko schoolšola.
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Chuck je bil takrat star 18,
v zadnjem letniku srednje šole.
06:31
He was playingigranje on the basketballkošarka teamekipa
and makingizdelavo C'sC je and B'sB.
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Bil je del košarkarske ekipe in pri pouku
imel trojke in štirice.
06:34
His youngermlajši brotherbrat, TimTim, was 10.
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Njegov mlajši brat,Tim, pa je bil star 10 let.
06:36
And TimTim lovedLjubil sem ChuckChuck;
he followedsledi him around a lot,
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In Tim je oboževal Chucka;
povsod mu je sledil,
06:39
lookedpogledal to ChuckChuck to be a mentormentor.
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si želel, da bi mu bil Chuck mentor.
06:42
They livedživel with theirnjihovi mommama and grandfatherdedek
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Živela sta z mamo in dedkom
06:44
in a two-storydvonadstropna rowvrstico home
with a frontspredaj lawntravnik and a back porchveranda.
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v dvonadstropni vrstni hiši, z zelenico
spredaj in veradno zadaj.
06:47
TheirNjihovega mommama was strugglingbori se with addictionodvisnosti
all while the boysfantje were growingrastoče up.
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Njuna mama se je borila z odvisnostjo
cel čas njunega odraščanja.
06:51
She never really was ablesposoben
to holddržite down a jobdelo for very long.
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Nobene službe ni bila sposobna
obdržati za dolgo časa.
06:55
It was theirnjihovi grandfather'sdedka pensionpokojnine
that supportedpodprto the familydružina,
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Dedkova pokojnina je bila tisti prihodek,
ki jih je preživljal,
06:58
not really enoughdovolj to payplačati
for foodhrano and clothesoblačila
127
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3203
ki pa seveda ni zadoščal
za hrano, oblačila
07:01
and schoolšola suppliesdobave for growingrastoče boysfantje.
128
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2731
in šolske potrebščine
za odraščujoča fanta.
07:04
The familydružina was really strugglingbori se.
129
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Družina se je resnično težko prebijala.
07:06
So when we metsrečal, ChuckChuck was
a seniorstarejši in highvisoko schoolšola.
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2379
Ko smo se torej spoznali je bil Chuck v
zadnjem letniku srednje šole.
07:08
He had just turnedobrnjen 18.
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Ravno je dopolnil 18 let.
07:11
That winterzima, a kidfant in the schoolyardšolskem
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Tisto zimo je neki otrok
na šolskem dvorišču
07:14
calledpozval Chuck'sChuck's mommama a crackcrack whorekurba.
133
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3259
Chuckovi mami rekel
vlačuga narkomanka.
07:18
ChuckChuck pushedpotisnila the kid'sotrok faceobraz into the snowsneg
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Chuck ga je potisnil
z obrazom naprej v sneg
07:20
and the schoolšola copspolicaji chargedzaračuna him
with aggravatedposlabšajo assaultnapad.
135
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3825
in šolski policaji so ga obtožili
za nasilni napad.
07:24
The other kidfant was fine the nextNaslednji day,
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1750
Napadeni otrok je bil v redu,
07:26
I think it was his prideponos that was injuredranjenih
more than anything.
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3473
mislim, da je bil njegov ponos bolj
prizadet, kot karkoli drugega.
07:29
But anywayvseeno, sinceod ChuckChuck was 18,
138
437952
1713
Kakorkoli, ker je bil Chuck 18,
07:31
this aggkumulativno. assaultnapad caseprimera sentposlano him
to adultodrasla oseba countyobčine jailzapora
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je bil zaradi napada poslan v ječo
07:34
on StateDržava RoadCesti in northeastseverovzhod PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia,
140
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2425
na State Roadu,
v severozahodni Filadelfiji,
07:37
where he satsedel, unablene morem to payplačati the bailvarščine --
he couldn'tni mogel affordprivoščiti it --
141
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4067
kjer je sedel, ni mogel plačati varščine--
ni si je mogel privoščiti --
07:41
while the trialposkus datesdatumi
draggedVlečeno on and on and on
142
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3199
datumi sojenja pa so se
vlekli in vlekli,
07:44
throughskozi almostskoraj his entirecelotno seniorstarejši yearleto.
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2722
dokler se ni njegov zadnji letnik
skoraj zaključil.
07:47
FinallyKončno, nearblizu the endkonec of this seasonsezona,
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3050
Končno, proti koncu sezone,
07:50
the judgesodnik on this assaultnapad caseprimera
threwvrgel out mostnajbolj of the chargesstroški
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3347
je sodnik ovrgel večino obtožb
07:54
and ChuckChuck cameprišel home
146
462323
1334
in Chuck je prišel domov
07:55
with only a fewmalo hundredsto dollars'dolarjev " worthvredno
of courtsodišče feespristojbine hangingvisi over his headglava.
147
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s samo nekaj 100 dolarji vrednih sodnih
stroškov, ki jih je moral plačati.
08:00
TimTim was prettylepa happyvesel that day.
148
468004
2543
Tim je bil tisti dan zelo vesel.
08:02
The nextNaslednji fallpadec, ChuckChuck triedposkušal
to re-enrollponovno včlanitev as a seniorstarejši,
149
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2754
Naslednjo jesen se je Chuck poskušal
ponovno vpisati,
08:05
but the schoolšola secretarysekretar told him that
150
473301
2014
a mu je šolska tajnica povedala,
08:07
he was then 19 and too oldstar
to be readmittedponovno sprejeti.
151
475315
3131
da je bil z 19. leti prestar,
da bi bil ponovno sprejet.
08:10
Then the judgesodnik on his assaultnapad caseprimera
issuedizdala him a warrantza prijetje for his arrestaretirati
152
478446
3667
Zatem je še sodnik, ki mu je sodil,
izdal nalog za aretacijo,
08:14
because he couldn'tni mogel payplačati
the 225 dollarsdolarjev in courtsodišče feespristojbine
153
482113
3275
ker ni mogel plačati 225-ih dolarjev
za sodne stroške,
08:17
that cameprišel duedolžan a fewmalo weekstednih after
the caseprimera endedkončal.
154
485388
3527
ki bi jih moral plačati
le nekaj tednov po koncu sojenja.
08:20
Then he was a highvisoko schoolšola dropoutosipa
livingživeti on the runteči.
155
488915
4020
In tako je pustil šolo in začel
živeti na begu.
08:24
Tim'sTim's first arrestaretirati cameprišel laterpozneje that yearleto
156
492935
2052
Timova 1. aretacija je prišla
leto kasneje.
08:26
after he turnedobrnjen 11.
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1783
po tem, ko je dopolnil 11.
08:28
ChuckChuck had managedupravlja
to get his warrantza prijetje lifteddvignejo
158
496770
2130
Chucku je uspelo, da so nalog umaknili
08:30
and he was on a paymentplačilo plannačrt
for the courtsodišče feespristojbine
159
498900
2661
in vključil se je v plan plačevanja
sodnih stroškov,
08:33
and he was drivingvožnja TimTim to schoolšola
in his girlfriend'spunca je caravto.
160
501561
3510
ko je vozil Tima v šolo v avtu
svoje punce.
08:37
So a coppolicaj pullspotegne them over, runsteče the caravto,
161
505071
2735
Ustavil ju je policaj, pregledal avto
08:39
and the caravto comesprihaja up
as stolenukraden in CaliforniaCalifornia.
162
507806
3785
in ugotovil, da je bil
le-ta ukraden v Kaliforniji.
08:43
ChuckChuck had no ideaideja where in the historyzgodovina
of this caravto it had been stolenukraden.
163
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Chuck ni imel pojma, kako je bil
avto lahko ukraden.
08:47
His girlfriend'spunca je unclestric boughtkupil it
from a used caravto auctiondražbi
164
515714
3476
Stric njegove punce ga je kupil na
dražbi rabljeni avtomobilov
08:51
in northeastseverovzhod PhillyPhilly.
165
519190
1467
v severozahodni Filiji.
08:52
ChuckChuck and TimTim had never been
outsidezunaj of the tri-statetri-članica,
166
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2828
Chuck in Tim nista bila še nikoli
zunaj države,
08:55
let alonesam to CaliforniaCalifornia.
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2349
kaj šele v Kaliforniji.
08:57
But anywayvseeno, the copspolicaji down at the precinctokrajnih
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2098
A kljub vsemu so policaji na postaji
08:59
chargedzaračuna ChuckChuck with
receivingsprejema stolenukraden propertynepremičnine.
169
527932
3568
Chucka obtožili sprejema ukradene
lastnine.
09:03
And then a juvenilemladostnik judgesodnik,
a fewmalo daysdnevi laterpozneje,
170
531500
2812
In kasneje je mladostniško sodišče,
nekaj dni za tem,
09:06
chargedzaračuna TimTim, agestarost 11,
171
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2152
obtožilo Tima, starega 11,
09:08
with accessorydodatek to receivingsprejema
a stolenukraden propertynepremičnine
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3073
za pomoč pri sprejemanju ukradene lastnine
09:11
and then he was placedpostavljen on
threetri yearslet of probationpreizkušnji.
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3653
in dodelili so mu tri leta pogojne kazni.
09:16
With this probationpreizkušnji sentencestavek
hangingvisi over his headglava,
174
544430
2902
Ker mu je ta kazen visela nad glavo
09:19
ChuckChuck satsedel his little brotherbrat down
175
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2087
se je Chuck z njim usedel
09:21
and beganzačel teachingpoučevanje him
how to runteči from the policepolicija.
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3449
in ga začel učiti, kako bežati
pred policijo.
09:24
They would sitsedi sidestran by sidestran
on theirnjihovi back porchveranda
177
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2332
Sedela sta en ob drugem na verandi,
09:27
looking out into the shareddeljeno alleywayozka ulica
178
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2064
gledala na skupno ulico
09:29
and ChuckChuck would coachtrener TimTim
how to spotspot undercoverpod krinko carsavtomobili,
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3840
in Chuck je Tima učil, kako opaziti
avte pod krinko,
09:33
how to negotiatepogajati se a late-nightpozno zvečer policepolicija raidRAID,
how and where to hideskriti.
180
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kako spogajati nočno racijo,
kako in kje se skriti.
09:39
I want you to imaginezamislite for a seconddrugič
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1680
Za trenutek si predstavljajte,
09:40
what ChuckChuck and Tim'sTim's livesživi would be like
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2369
kakšno bi bilo njuno življenje,
09:43
if they were livingživeti in a neighborhoodsoseska
where kidsotroci were going to collegekolegij,
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4749
če bi živela v soseski, kjer so otroci
hodili na faks
09:47
not prisonzapor.
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1429
in ne v zapor.
09:49
A neighborhoodsoseska like the one
I got to growrastejo up in.
185
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3153
V taki soseski, kjer sem sama imela
možnost odraščati.
09:53
Okay, you mightmorda say.
186
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1465
Ok, verjetno boste rekli,
09:54
But ChuckChuck and TimTim, kidsotroci like them,
they're committingzaveza crimeskazniva dejanja!
187
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3752
a otroci kot sta onadva delajo zločine,
09:58
Don't they deservezaslužiti to be in prisonzapor?
188
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2126
ali si ne zaslužijo biti v zaporu?
10:00
Don't they deservezaslužiti to be
livingživeti in fearstrah of arrestaretirati?
189
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3814
Si ne zaslužijo živeti v strahu pred
aretacijo?
10:04
Well, my answerodgovor would be no.
190
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3122
No, moj odgovor bi bil ne.
10:07
They don't.
191
595350
1080
Ne zaslužijo si tega.
10:08
And certainlyzagotovo not for the sameenako things
that other youngmladi people
192
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3027
Še posebno pa ne zaradi stvari,
zaradi katerih drugi otroci,
10:11
with more privilegeprivilegij are doing
with impunitynekaznovanost.
193
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3444
ki imajo več privilegijev, niso kaznovani.
10:14
If ChuckChuck had goneizginil to my highvisoko schoolšola,
194
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1817
Če bi Chuck hodil na mojo srednjo šolo,
10:16
that schoolyardšolskem fightboj
would have endedkončal there,
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604718
2323
bi se tisti pretep na dvorišču
tam tudi končal,
10:19
as a schoolyardšolskem fightboj.
196
607041
1676
bil bi samo pretep na dvorišču.
10:20
It never would have becomepostane
an aggravatedposlabšajo assaultnapad caseprimera.
197
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3550
Nikoli ne bi postal primer nasilnega
napada.
10:24
Not a singlesamski kidfant that
I wentšla to collegekolegij with
198
612937
2821
Niti en otrok, s katerim
sem hodila na faks,
10:27
has a criminalkriminalec recordzapis right now.
199
615758
1679
danes nima kriminalne kartoteke.
10:29
Not a singlesamski one.
200
617437
1874
Niti eden.
10:31
But can you imaginezamislite how manyveliko mightmorda have
if the policepolicija had stoppedustavil those kidsotroci
201
619311
4005
Si lahko predstavljate koliko bi jo
lahko imelo, če bi jih ustavili policaji
10:35
and searchediskali theirnjihovi pocketsžepi for drugsdroge
as they walkedhodil to classrazred?
202
623316
3867
in iskali drogo v njihovih žepih
na poti na predavanja?
10:39
Or had raidedracijo theirnjihovi fratfrat partiesstranke
in the middlesredi of the night?
203
627183
4061
Ali pa vdrli na njihove zabave sredi noči?
10:44
Okay, you mightmorda say.
204
632384
1272
Ok, verjetno boste rekli,
10:45
But doesn't this highvisoko incarcerationzapiranjem rateoceniti
205
633656
1990
ali visoka stopnja zaporne kazni
ne pomeni
10:47
partlydelno accountračun for our
really lownizka crimekriminal rateoceniti?
206
635646
2753
delno tudi nizke stopnje zločina?
10:50
CrimeKriminalu is down. That's a good thing.
207
638399
2424
Zločin se je zmanjšal. To je dobra stvar.
10:52
TotallyPopolnoma, that is a good thing.
CrimeKriminalu is down.
208
640823
2487
V glavnem je to dobra stvar.
Zločin se je zmanjšal.
10:55
It droppedpadla precipitouslyprecipitously in
the '90s and throughskozi the 2000s.
209
643310
3527
Strmo je upadel v 90-ih in v 2000.
10:58
But accordingglede na to a committeekomite of academicsakademiki
210
646837
2045
A po mnenju komiteja akademikov,
11:00
convenedsklicani by the NationalNacionalni AcademyAkademija
of SciencesZnanosti last yearleto,
211
648882
3654
ki ga je sklicala Nacionalna Akademija
Znanosti lansko leto,
11:04
the relationshiprazmerje betweenmed our
historicallyzgodovinsko highvisoko incarcerationzapiranjem ratesstopnje
212
652536
4009
je razmerje med našo zgodovinsko visoko
stopnjo prestajanja zaporne kazni
11:08
and our lownizka crimekriminal rateoceniti is prettylepa shakynevarno.
213
656545
3584
in nizko stopnjo zločina zelo majavo.
11:12
It turnszavrti out that the crimekriminal rateoceniti
goesgre up and down
214
660129
3440
Izkazalo se je, da se stopnja zločina
viša in niža,
11:15
irrespectivene glede na to of how manyveliko youngmladi people
we sendpošlji to prisonzapor.
215
663569
4526
ne glede na to, koliko mladih ljudi
pošljemo v zapor.
11:21
We tendnagibati se to think about justicepravičnost
in a prettylepa narrowozek way:
216
669265
3093
O pravici radi mislimo zelo ozkogledo:
11:24
good and badslab, innocentnedolžen and guiltykriv.
217
672358
3604
dobro in slabo, nedolžen, kriv.
11:27
InjusticeKrivice is about beingbiti
wrongfullyneupravičeno convictedobsojen.
218
675962
3355
Nepravica pomeni po krivem obtožen.
11:31
So if you're convictedobsojen
of something you did do,
219
679317
2315
Če si torej obtožen za nekaj,
kar si storil,
11:33
you should be punishedkaznovan for it.
220
681632
1835
moraš biti za to tudi kaznovan.
11:35
There are innocentnedolžen and guiltykriv people,
221
683467
1766
Obstajajo nedolžni in krivi ljudje,
11:37
there are victimsžrtve and
there are perpetratorsstorilci.
222
685233
2437
imamo žrtve in imamo storilce.
11:39
Maybe we could think a little bitbit
more broadlysplošno than that.
223
687670
4401
Mogoče bi lahko razmišljali
malo bolj na široko.
11:44
Right now, we're askingsprašujem kidsotroci who livev živo
in the mostnajbolj disadvantagedprikrajšane neighborhoodssoseske,
224
692071
4434
V tem trenutku pričakujemo od otrok,
ki živijo v najbolj zapostavljenih soseskah,
11:48
who have the leastvsaj amountznesek
of familydružina resourcesvirov,
225
696505
2281
ki imajo najmanj družinskih sredstev,
11:50
who are attendingprisotnost
the country'sdržave worstnajhujše schoolsšole,
226
698786
2561
ki obiskujejo najslabše šole v okrožju,
11:53
who are facingsooča the toughestnajtežje time
in the laborporod markettrg,
227
701347
2906
ki se soočajo s težkimi časi
na trgu dela,
11:56
who are livingživeti in neighborhoodssoseske
where violencenasilje is an everydayvsak dan problemproblem,
228
704253
3653
ki živijo v soseskah, kjer je nasilje
vsakodnevni problem,
11:59
we're askingsprašujem these kidsotroci to walkhodi
the thinnestNajtanjši possiblemogoče lineline --
229
707906
4573
prosimo jih, da hodijo po zelo tanki
črti --
12:04
to basicallyv bistvu never do anything wrongnarobe.
230
712479
3811
da nikoli ne naredijo ničesar narobe.
12:08
Why are we not providingzagotavljanje supportpodporo
to youngmladi kidsotroci facingsooča these challengesizzivi?
231
716290
4501
Zakaj jim ne ponujamo podpore,
ko se soočajo s takimi izzivi?
12:12
Why are we offeringponudba only handcuffslisic,
jailzapora time and this fugitivenezajetih existenceobstoj?
232
720791
7246
Ponujamo samo lisice, zaporne kazni
in življenje na begu.
12:20
Can we imaginezamislite something better?
233
728037
2506
Si ne moremo predstavljati
česa boljšega?
12:22
Can we imaginezamislite a criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem
that prioritizesdaje prednost recoveryokrevanje,
234
730543
4255
Si lahko predstavljamo sodni sistem,
ki v ospredje postavlja okrevanje,
12:26
preventionpreprečevanje, civicdržavljanski inclusionvključitev,
235
734798
2587
preventivo in vključitev v družbo
12:29
ratherprecej than punishmentkazen?
236
737385
2701
namesto kazni?
12:32
(ApplauseAplavz)
237
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3389
(aplavz)
12:39
A criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem
that acknowledgespriznava
238
747855
2275
Sodni sistem, ki priznava
12:42
the legacyzapuščina of exclusionizključitev that poorslabo people
of colorbarva in the U.S. have faceds katerimi se srečujejo
239
750130
3980
tradicijo izključitve, ki so jo revni
ne-belci v ZDA občutili
12:46
and that does not promotespodbujati
and perpetuateohranjati those exclusionsizključitve.
240
754110
4156
in ne promovira in ohranja
teh izključitev.
12:50
(ApplauseAplavz)
241
758266
3385
(aplavz)
12:55
And finallykončno, a criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem
that believesverjame in blackčrna youngmladi people,
242
763291
4562
In za konec, sodni sistem, ki verjame
v mlade temnopolte ljudi,
12:59
ratherprecej than treatingzdravljenje blackčrna youngmladi people
as the enemysovražnik to be roundedzaokroženo up.
243
767853
3864
namesto, da jih tretira kot sovražnika,
ki ga je treba obkoliti.
13:03
(ApplauseAplavz)
244
771717
3723
(aplavz)
13:11
The good newsnovice is that we alreadyže are.
245
779460
2827
Dobra novica je, da smo že.
13:14
A fewmalo yearslet agonazaj, MichelleMichelle AlexanderAleksander
wrotenapisal "The NewNove JimJim CrowVrana,"
246
782287
4823
Pred nekaj leti, je Michelle Alexander
napisala "Novi Jim Crow",
13:19
whichki got AmericansAmeričani to see
incarcerationzapiranjem as a civilcivilno rightspravice issuetežava
247
787110
4013
ki je američanom odprla oči, da je
zaporna kazen velik problem
13:23
of historiczgodovinsko proportionsrazsežnosti in a way
they had not seenvidel it before.
248
791123
4356
državljanskih pravic,
na način kot še nikoli prej.
13:27
PresidentPredsednik ObamaObama and AttorneyOdvetnik GeneralSplošna
EricEric HolderImetnik have come out very stronglymočno
249
795479
3759
Predsednik Obama in državni tožilec Eric
Holder sta se močno borila
13:31
on sentencingobsodbo reformreforme,
250
799238
1717
za reformo zapornih kazni
13:32
on the need to addressnaslov
racialrasni disparityneskladje in incarcerationzapiranjem.
251
800955
3744
in potrebo po naslavljanju rasnega
razkoraka pri priprtjih.
13:36
We're seeingvidenje statesdržave throwmetati out
Stop and FriskFrisk
252
804699
2610
Vidimo lahko, da države poudarjajo
"Stop" in "Pregled",
13:39
as the civilcivilno rightspravice violationkršitev that it is.
253
807309
3036
kot kršitev človeških pravic.
13:42
We're seeingvidenje citiesmesta and statesdržave
decriminalizedecriminalize possessionposest of marijuanamarihuana.
254
810345
5055
Vidimo tudi, kako mesta in države
dekriminalizirajo uporabo marihuane.
13:47
NewNove YorkYork, NewNove JerseyJersey
and CaliforniaCalifornia
255
815400
1857
New York, New Jersey in Kalifornija
13:49
have been droppingspuščanje theirnjihovi
prisonzapor populationsprebivalstva, closingzapiranje prisonszapori,
256
817257
3837
so začele zmanjševati populacijo v
zaporih, zapore zapirati,
13:53
while alsotudi seeingvidenje a bigvelik droppadec in crimekriminal.
257
821094
2281
a hkrati občutijo
znatno zmanjšanje zločina.
13:55
TexasTexas has gottengotten into the gameigro now,
258
823375
1693
Tudi Teksas se je pridružil
13:57
alsotudi closingzapiranje prisonszapori,
investingnaložbe in educationizobraževanje.
259
825068
3845
in zapira zapore, vlaga v izobrazbo.
14:00
This curiousradoveden coalitionkoalicija is buildingstavbe
from the right and the left,
260
828913
3657
To zanimivo združenje gradi,
od desnih in levih,
14:04
madeizdelane up of formernekdanji prisonerszaporniki
and fiscalfiskalni conservativeskonservativci,
261
832570
3448
ki sestoji iz bivših zapornikov in
fiskalnih konzervativcev
14:08
of civilcivilno rightspravice activistsaktivisti
and libertarianslibertarians,
262
836018
3331
do aktivistov za človeške pravice
in liberalcev,
14:11
of youngmladi people takingjemanje to the streetsulice
to protestprotest policepolicija violencenasilje
263
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3980
ter mladih, ki na ulicah protestirajo
proti nasilju policije
14:15
againstproti unarmedneoborožene blackčrna teenagersnajstniki,
264
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2836
nad neoboroženimi črnimi najstniki
14:18
and olderstarejši, wealthierbogatejše people --
265
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2046
in starejših, bogatejših ljudi --
14:20
some of you are here in the audienceobčinstvo --
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848211
1871
nekateri ste danes v občinstvu,
14:22
pumpingčrpanje bigvelik moneydenar into
decarcerationdecarceration initiativespobude
267
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3935
prinašate denar v ideje zmanjševanja
zaporne kazni.
14:27
In a deeplygloboko dividedrazdeljen CongressKongres,
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1750
V močno razdeljenem Kongresu,
14:29
the work of reformingreforma
our criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem
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2703
je delo reformiranja
našega sodnega sistema
14:31
is just about the only thing
that the right and the left
270
859810
2792
edina tema, o kateri se
tako levi kot desni
14:34
are comingprihajajo togetherskupaj on.
271
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2585
strinjajo.
14:37
I did not think I would see
this politicalpolitično momenttrenutek in my lifetimeživljenska doba.
272
865187
3914
Nisem verjela, da bom ta politični
trenutek doživela.
14:41
I think manyveliko of the people
who have been workingdelo tirelesslyneutrudno
273
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3608
Verjamem, da ogromno ljudi,
ki neutrudno delajo,
14:44
to writepiši about the causesvzroki and consequencesposledice
274
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2162
da bi zapisali vzroke in posledice
14:46
of our historicallyzgodovinsko
highvisoko incarcerationzapiranjem ratesstopnje
275
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2232
naše zgodovinsko visoke stopnje
zaporne kazni
14:49
did not think we would see
this momenttrenutek in our lifetimeživljenska doba.
276
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3766
niso verjeli, da bodo dočakali
ta trenutek.
14:52
The questionvprašanje for us now is,
how much can we make of it?
277
880870
3783
A vprašati se moramo, kaj se iz tega
lahko naučimo?
14:56
How much can we changesprememba?
278
884653
2965
Koliko lahko spremenimo?
14:59
I want to endkonec with a call to youngmladi people,
279
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2564
Rada bi zaključila s pozivom mladim
ljudem,
15:02
the youngmladi people attendingprisotnost collegekolegij
280
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1634
mladim, ki obiskujejo faks
15:03
and the youngmladi people
strugglingbori se to stayostani out of prisonzapor
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891816
3110
in tistim, ki se borijo,
da ne pristanejo v zaporu,
15:06
or to make it throughskozi prisonzapor
and returnvrnitev home.
282
894926
3104
ali, da bi se prebili skozi zapor
in se vrnili domov.
15:10
It maylahko seemzdi se like these pathspoti
to adulthoododraslosti are worldssvetove apartRazen,
283
898030
4033
Morda se zdi, da sta ti 2 poti na poti
v odraslost svetove narazen,
15:14
but the youngmladi people participatingsodelujoči
in these two institutionsinstitucije
284
902063
4442
a mladi, ki so del teh dveh institucij
15:18
conveyingposredovanje us to adulthoododraslosti,
285
906505
1925
in odraščajo,
15:20
they have one thing in commonpogosti:
286
908430
2565
imajo eno skupno stvar:
15:22
BothOba can be leadersvoditelji in the work
of reformingreforma our criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem.
287
910995
4682
oboji so lahko voditelji v delu za
reformo našega sodnega sistema.
15:28
YoungYoung people have always been leadersvoditelji
in the fightboj for equalenako rightspravice,
288
916483
3332
Mladi so bili vedno vodje v boju
za enakopravnost,
15:31
the fightboj for more people
to be grantedodobreno dignitydostojanstvo
289
919815
2265
dostojanstvo
15:34
and a fightingboj chancepriložnost at freedomsvobodo.
290
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2555
in možnost borbe za svobodo.
15:36
The missionposlanstvo for the generationgeneracije
of youngmladi people
291
924635
2379
Naloga generacije mladih,
15:39
comingprihajajo of agestarost in this, a sea-changeVelika sprememba
momenttrenutek, potentiallypotencialno,
292
927014
4980
ki postanejo dovolj stari v tem tako
pomembnem trenutku je,
15:43
is to endkonec massmasa incarcerationzapiranjem and
buildzgraditi a newnovo criminalkriminalec justicepravičnost systemsistem,
293
931994
5264
da zaključijo to množično pošiljanje
v zapor in zgradijo nov sodni sistem,
15:49
emphasispoudarek on the wordbeseda justicepravičnost.
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s poudarkom na besedi pravica.
15:52
Thankshvala.
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1404
Hvala.
15:53
(ApplauseAplavz)
296
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3579
(aplavz)
Translated by Doris Kos
Reviewed by Nika Kotnik

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com

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