Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison
愛麗絲.高夫曼: 我們如何培養一群孩子進入大學,卻又將另一群孩子送進監獄?
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
travel to adulthood,
a lot about: college.
the excitement that you felt
自己有多麼興奮。
at this very moment.
young people in debt.
大學是一條相當不錯的道路。
結交好朋友,
with pride and with great friends
about the world.
than they had before they got there.
他們比上大學前有了更好的機會。
the second institution
to adulthood in the United States.
are meeting with probation officers
instead of to class.
他們的旅途是去州立感化院。
a trip to a state correctional facility.
將一個年輕人送進監獄的花費,
to prison in New Jersey.
is a cold prison cell
when they come home
步上這條成長的道路,
on this journey to adulthood
and that's because in the past 40 years,
has grown by 700 percent.
in the population.
會員國的監禁率圖表。
大約每十萬人有716人入獄服刑。
我們將貧窮的孩子們送進監獄。
that we're sending to prison,
and Latino communities
the young people trying to make it
a bit worse than this
poor kids to prison,
in halfway houses and on house arrest,
或是進行居家監禁。
to negotiate a police force
communities of color,
of promoting public safety,
以增加市政府收入。
to line city coffers.
historic experiment in punishment:
隱藏在背後的陰暗面是:
they will be stopped, searched and seized.
被攔下來、被搜查、被逮捕。
but in their homes,
other path to adulthood
African-American neighborhood.
歷史上非裔美人居住的地區。
journeys going on simultaneously:
this elite, private university,
the adjacent neighborhood,
are being shipped to prison.
a young woman who was in high school
我開始為一個高中的女孩補習。
away from the university.
from a juvenile detention center.
從少年拘留所回到家裡。
and his friends and family,
about me writing about his life
a dissertation at Princeton
我在普林斯頓大學的博士論文,
and I spent the next six years
在接下來的六年裏,
were facing as they came of age.
在成長過程所要面對的事物。
in this neighborhood,
ran after the other boy.
to the younger boy,
the other child's pocket,
he was carrying any drugs
simply give up running,
against the ground
or flat up against a wall.
and you're never coming home!"
讓你永遠不能回家!」
pull another child's pants down
拉下另一個小孩的褲子,
in this neighborhood,
any contact between police
pedestrians or people in cars,
或是車子裡的人,
with five exceptions.
只有五天平安無事。
break down doors,
in their home.
in this first year and a half,
kick, stomp on or beat young men
a senior in high school.
就讀高中四年級。
and making C's and B's.
he followed him around a lot,
他總是跟在恰克屁股後面,
with a front lawn and a back porch.
房屋前有草地,後有陽台。
all while the boys were growing up.
他們的母親一直有吸毒問題。
to hold down a job for very long.
that supported the family,
for food and clothes
成長中男孩所需的食物和衣服,
a senior in high school.
with aggravated assault.
more than anything.
to adult county jail
被關進郡立的成人監獄。
he couldn't afford it --
他根本負擔不起 --
dragged on and on and on
threw out most of the charges
駁回了大多數的控告,
of court fees hanging over his head.
to re-enroll as a senior,
to be readmitted.
超過高四的就學年齡,無法復學。
issued him a warrant for his arrest
對他發佈一份通緝,
the 225 dollars in court fees
the case ended.
幾個星期發出。
而且還要躲避通緝,
living on the run.
to get his warrant lifted
for the court fees
in his girlfriend's car.
載提姆去學校,
as stolen in California.
of this car it had been stolen.
from a used car auction
outside of the tri-state,
鄰近三個州的範圍,
receiving stolen property.
a few days later,
a stolen property
three years of probation.
hanging over his head,
how to run from the police.
on their back porch
how to spot undercover cars,
how and where to hide.
以及去哪裡躲藏。
where kids were going to college,
孩子們都能上大學的地區,
I got to grow up in.
they're committing crimes!
他們還是有犯罪啊!
living in fear of arrest?
that other young people
with impunity.
但是後者卻不會受罰。
would have ended there,
an aggravated assault case.
I went to college with
if the police had stopped those kids
如果警察把他們攔下來,
as they walked to class?
會有多少人因此留下犯罪紀錄?
in the middle of the night?
really low crime rate?
Crime is down.
the '90s and through the 2000s.
of Sciences last year,
historically high incarceration rates
goes up and down
we send to prison.
in a pretty narrow way:
wrongfully convicted.
of something you did do,
there are perpetrators.
more broadly than that.
in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods,
住在最貧困環境裡的小孩?
of family resources,
the country's worst schools,
in the labor market,
where violence is an everyday problem,
the thinnest possible line --
走在最狹窄的道路上 --
to young kids facing these challenges?
為何我們不給予支持?
jail time and this fugitive existence?
入獄,或是不斷逃亡的日子?
that prioritizes recovery,
that acknowledges
曾經排斥有色人種,
of color in the U.S. have faced
and perpetuate those exclusions.
that believes in black young people,
相信黑人青年的刑事司法系統,
as the enemy to be rounded up.
當作是敵人一樣加以逮捕。
wrote "The New Jim Crow,"
"The New Jim Crow“ 這本書,
incarceration as a civil rights issue
採用和以往不同的方式
they had not seen it before.
Eric Holder have come out very strongly
racial disparity in incarceration.
非常重視。
Stop and Frisk
不再將持有大麻視為犯罪。
decriminalize possession of marijuana.
and California
prison populations, closing prisons,
investing in education.
from the right and the left,
由社會各階層人士共同組成,
and fiscal conservatives,
and libertarians,
to protest police violence
手無寸鐵的黑人青年,
decarceration initiatives
our criminal justice system
that the right and the left
this political moment in my lifetime.
在有生之年可以看到這一刻。
who have been working tirelessly
high incarceration rates
this moment in our lifetime.
how much can we make of it?
我們能因此學到什麼?
struggling to stay out of prison
and return home.
to adulthood are worlds apart,
in these two institutions
of reforming our criminal justice system.
改革刑事司法系統的領導者。
in the fight for equal rights,
年輕人一直扮演著領導的角色。
to be granted dignity
of young people
moment, potentially,
很有可能實現的
build a new criminal justice system,
並且建立一個嶄新的
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologistAlice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.
Why you should listen
As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.
Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.
Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com