TED2019
Nanfu Wang: What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy
Nanfu Wang: Kako je bilo odraščati pod kitajsko politiko enega otroka
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Kitajska politika enega otroka se je končala leta 2015, a šele zdaj začenjamo razumeti, kako je bilo živeti pod tem programom, pravi TED fellow ustvarjalka dokumentarnih filmov Nanfu Wang. S posnetki iz njenega filma "One Child Nation" (Narod enega otroka) z nami deli zgodbe, ki razkrivajo zapletene posledice te politike, in razkrije potuhnjeno moč propagande.
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
My name is Nanfu.
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Ime mi je Nanfu.
00:15
In Chinese, "nan" means "man."
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V kitajščini "nan" pomeni "moški".
00:18
And "fu" means "pillar."
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In "fu" pomeni "steber".
00:21
My family had hoped for a boy,
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Moja družina je upala,
da bo dobila fantka,
da bo dobila fantka,
00:23
who would grow up
to be the pillar of the family.
to be the pillar of the family.
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ki bi odrasel v steber družine.
00:27
And when I turned out to be a girl,
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In ko se je izkazalo, da sem deklica,
00:29
they named me Nanfu anyway.
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so me vseeno poimenovali Nanfu.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:33
I was born in 1985,
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Rodila sem se leta 1985,
00:35
six years before China announced
its one-child policy.
its one-child policy.
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šest let preden je Kitajska
oznanila politiko enega otroka.
oznanila politiko enega otroka.
00:40
Right after I was born,
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Takoj po mojem rojstvu
00:43
the local officials came
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
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so prišli lokalni uradniki
in ukazali mami, naj se sterilizira.
in ukazali mami, naj se sterilizira.
00:48
My grandpa stood up to the officials,
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Moj dedek se jim je uprl,
00:51
because he wanted a grandson
to carry on the family name.
to carry on the family name.
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ker si je želel vnuka,
ki bi nadaljeval družinsko ime.
ki bi nadaljeval družinsko ime.
00:55
Eventually, my parents were allowed
to have a second child,
to have a second child,
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Sčasoma so mojim staršem dovolili,
da imajo drugega otroka,
da imajo drugega otroka,
01:00
but they had to wait for five years
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a so morali počakati pet let
01:02
and pay a substantial fine.
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in plačati visoko kazen.
01:05
Growing up, my brother and I
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Med odraščanjem sva bila brat in jaz
01:08
were surrounded by children
from one-child families.
from one-child families.
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obdana z otroki iz družin z enim otrokom.
01:13
I remember feeling a sense of shame
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Spominjam se občutka sramu,
01:16
because I had a younger brother.
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ker sem imela mlajšega brata.
01:19
I felt like our family did something wrong
for having two children.
for having two children.
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Počutila sem se, kot da je naša družina
z dvema otrokoma storila nekaj narobe.
z dvema otrokoma storila nekaj narobe.
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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Takrat se nisem spraševala,
01:25
where this sense of shame
and guilt came from.
and guilt came from.
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odkod prihajata moj sram in krivda.
01:31
A year and a half ago,
I had my own first child.
I had my own first child.
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Pred letom in pol sem rodila
svojega prvega otroka.
svojega prvega otroka.
01:34
It was the best thing
that ever happened in my life.
that ever happened in my life.
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To je bila najboljša stvar,
ki se mi je v zgodila v življenju.
ki se mi je v zgodila v življenju.
01:38
Becoming a mother
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To, da sem postala mati,
01:39
gave me a totally new perspective
on my own childhood,
on my own childhood,
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mi je dalo popolnoma nov pogled
na lastno otroštvo
na lastno otroštvo
01:43
and it brought back
my memories of early life in China.
my memories of early life in China.
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in prineslo nazaj spomine
na otroštvo na Kitajskem.
na otroštvo na Kitajskem.
01:49
For the past three decades,
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V zadnjih treh desetletjih
01:51
everyone in my family had to apply
for a permission from the government
for a permission from the government
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so morali vsi v moji družini
zaprositi vlado za dovoljenje,
zaprositi vlado za dovoljenje,
01:56
to have a child.
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da so lahko imeli otroka.
01:58
And I wondered
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In spraševala sem se,
01:59
what it was like for people
who lived under the one-child policy.
who lived under the one-child policy.
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kako je bilo ljudem,
ki so živeli pod politiko enega otroka.
ki so živeli pod politiko enega otroka.
02:04
So I decided to make
a documentary about it.
a documentary about it.
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Zato sem se odločila
o tem narediti dokumentarec.
o tem narediti dokumentarec.
02:08
One of the people I interviewed
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Ena od oseb, ki sem jih intervjuvala,
02:10
was the midwife who delivered
all of the babies born in my village,
all of the babies born in my village,
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je bila babica, ki je bila zraven
pri vseh porodih v moji vasi,
pri vseh porodih v moji vasi,
02:16
including myself.
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vklučno z mojim.
02:18
She was 84 years old
when I interviewed her.
when I interviewed her.
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Ko sem jo intervjuvala,
je bila stara 84 let.
je bila stara 84 let.
02:22
I asked her,
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Vprašala sem jo:
02:24
"Do you remember how many babies
you delivered throughout your career?"
you delivered throughout your career?"
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"Se spominjate, koliko otrok
ste pomagali roditi v svoji karieri?"
ste pomagali roditi v svoji karieri?"
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries.
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Števila porodov ni poznala.
02:31
She said she had performed
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Rekla je, da je opravila
02:34
60,000 forced abortions
and sterilizations.
and sterilizations.
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60 000 prisilnih splavov in sterilizacij.
02:40
Sometimes, she said,
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Včasih, je rekla,
02:43
a late-term fetus
would survive an abortion,
would survive an abortion,
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je zarodek v zadnjem
trimesečju splav preživel
trimesečju splav preživel
02:46
and she would kill the baby
after delivering it.
after delivering it.
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in ga je nato ubila.
02:49
She remembered how her hands would tremble
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Spominja se, kako so se ji tresle roke,
02:53
as she did the work.
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ko je opravljala to delo.
02:55
Her story shocked me.
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Njena zgodba me je šokirala.
02:57
When I set out to make the film,
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Ko sem se odločila posneti ta film,
03:00
I expected it would be a simple story
of perpetrators and victims.
of perpetrators and victims.
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sem pričakovala, da bo preprosta
zgodba o storilcih in žrtvah.
zgodba o storilcih in žrtvah.
03:04
People who carried out the policy
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Ljudje, ki so to politiko izvajali,
03:06
and people who are living
with the consequences.
with the consequences.
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in ljudje, ki živijo z njenimi posledicami.
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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A nisem videla tega.
03:12
As I was finishing
my interview with the midwife,
my interview with the midwife,
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Ko sem zaključevala intervju z babico,
03:15
I noticed an area in her house
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sem opazila predel njene hiše,
03:17
that was decorated
with elaborate homemade flags.
with elaborate homemade flags.
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ki je bil okrašen z dovršenimi,
doma izdelanimi zastavami.
doma izdelanimi zastavami.
03:21
And each flag has a picture
of a baby on it.
of a baby on it.
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In na vsaki zastavi je slika otroka.
03:26
These were flags
that were sent by families
that were sent by families
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To so bile zastave,
ki so jih poslale družine,
ki so jih poslale družine,
03:29
whom she helped treat
their infertility problems.
their infertility problems.
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ki jim je pomagala
pri zdravljenju neplodnosti.
pri zdravljenju neplodnosti.
03:33
She explained that she had had enough
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Razložila mi je, da je imela dovolj
03:36
of performing abortions
and sterilizations --
and sterilizations --
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opravljanja splavov in sterilizacij,
03:38
that the only work she did now
was to help families have babies.
was to help families have babies.
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da je edino delo, ki ga opravlja sedaj,
pomoč družinam imeti otroke.
pomoč družinam imeti otroke.
03:44
She said she was full of guilt
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Rekla je, da jo muči krivda,
03:47
for carrying out the one-child policy,
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ker je izvajala politiko enega otroka,
03:50
and she hoped that by helping
families have babies,
families have babies,
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in da upa, da bo s tem
ko pomaga družinam pri zanositvi,
ko pomaga družinam pri zanositvi,
03:53
she could counteract
what she did in the past.
what she did in the past.
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lahko popravila,
kar je storila v preteklosti.
kar je storila v preteklosti.
03:57
It became clear to me
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
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Postalo mi je jasno,
da je bila tudi ona žrtev te politike.
da je bila tudi ona žrtev te politike.
04:02
Every voice was telling her
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Vsi glasovi so ji govorili,
04:05
that what she did was right
and necessary for China's survival.
and necessary for China's survival.
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da je to, kar počne, prav
in nujno za preživetje Kitajske.
in nujno za preživetje Kitajske.
04:10
And she did what she thought
was right for her country.
was right for her country.
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In storila je, kar je mislila,
da je prav za njeno državo.
da je prav za njeno državo.
04:14
I know how strong that message was.
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Vem, kako močno je bilo to sporočilo.
04:17
It was everywhere
around myself when I grew up.
around myself when I grew up.
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Med mojim odraščanjem
je bilo vse okrog mene.
je bilo vse okrog mene.
04:20
It was printed on matches,
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Bilo je natisnjeno na vžigalicah,
04:23
playing cards,
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igralnih kartah,
04:24
textbooks, posters.
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učbenikih, posterjih.
04:27
The propaganda praising
the one-child policy
the one-child policy
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Propaganda, ki je poveličevala
politiko enega otroka,
politiko enega otroka,
04:29
was everywhere around us.
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je bila vse okoli nas.
04:30
[Anyone who refuses to sterilize
will be arrested.]
will be arrested.]
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[Kdor se bo upiral
sterilizaciji, bo aretiran.]
sterilizaciji, bo aretiran.]
04:33
And so were the threats
against disobeying it.
against disobeying it.
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Prav tako so bile tu grožnje,
če ne bi ubogali.
če ne bi ubogali.
04:35
The message seeped into our minds
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To sporočilo se je v naš um zasidralo
04:38
so much so that I grew up
feeling embarrassed
feeling embarrassed
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tako močno, da me je bilo
med odraščanjem sram,
med odraščanjem sram,
04:41
for having a younger brother.
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da imam mlajšega brata.
04:45
With each person I filmed,
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Pri vseh ljudeh, ki sem jih posnela,
04:49
I saw how their minds and hearts
can be influenced by the propaganda,
can be influenced by the propaganda,
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sem videla, kako je
na njihov um in srce vplivala propaganda,
na njihov um in srce vplivala propaganda,
04:55
and how their willingness
to make sacrifices for the greater good
to make sacrifices for the greater good
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in kako se je njihova privolitev
v žrtvovanje za skupno dobro
v žrtvovanje za skupno dobro
05:00
can be twisted into something
very dark and tragic.
very dark and tragic.
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lahko sprevrgla
v nekaj zelo temnega in tragičnega.
v nekaj zelo temnega in tragičnega.
05:04
China is not the only place
where this happens.
where this happens.
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Kitajska ni edini kraj, kjer se to dogaja.
05:08
There is no country on earth
where propaganda isn't present.
where propaganda isn't present.
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Ni države na svetu,
kjer propaganda ne bi bila prisotna.
kjer propaganda ne bi bila prisotna.
05:14
And in societies that are supposed to be
more open and free than China,
more open and free than China,
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In v družbah, ki naj bi bile
bolj svobodne in odprte kot Kitajska,
bolj svobodne in odprte kot Kitajska,
05:18
it can be even harder to recognize
what propaganda looks like.
what propaganda looks like.
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je celo težje prepoznati,
kako propaganda izgleda.
kako propaganda izgleda.
05:23
It hides in plain sight as news reports,
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Skrije se vsem na očeh kot poročila,
05:27
TV commercials, political campaigning
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TV reklame, politične kampanje
05:31
and in our social media feeds.
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in objave na socialnih omrežjih.
05:34
It works to change our minds
without our knowledge.
without our knowledge.
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Spremeni naš um, ne da bi to vedeli.
05:40
Every society is vulnerable
to accepting propaganda as truth,
to accepting propaganda as truth,
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V vsaki družbi obstaja možnost,
da sprejme propagando kot resnico,
da sprejme propagando kot resnico,
05:45
and no society where propaganda
replaces the truth
replaces the truth
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in nobena družba,
kjer propaganda zamenja resnico,
kjer propaganda zamenja resnico,
05:48
can be truly free.
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ne more biti resnično svobodna.
05:50
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:51
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmakerNanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.
Why you should listen
Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.
Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com