TED2019
Nanfu Wang: What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy
Nanfu Vang (Nanfu Wang): Odrastanje pod kineskom politikom jednog deteta
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„Politika jednog deteta bila je ukinuta u Kini 2015. godine, ali mi tek sad počinjemo da razumemo kako je zapravo bilo živeti pod takvom politikom,“ govori Nanfu Vang, član programa TED Fellows i režiser dokumentarnih filmova. Snimcima iz njenog filma „Zemlja jedinaca" (One Child Nation) ona deli sa nama nikada pre ispričane priče koje otkrivaju složene posledice ove politike, kao i jezivu moć propagande.
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
My name is Nanfu.
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Zovem se Nanfu.
00:15
In Chinese, "nan" means "man."
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Na kineskom, „nan“ znači „muško“.
00:18
And "fu" means "pillar."
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A „fu“ znači „stub“.
00:21
My family had hoped for a boy,
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Moja porodica se nadala muškom detetu,
00:23
who would grow up
to be the pillar of the family.
to be the pillar of the family.
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koji bi kasnije postao stub porodice.
00:27
And when I turned out to be a girl,
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Uprkos tome što sam ispala žensko,
00:29
they named me Nanfu anyway.
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svakako su me nazvali Nanfu.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:33
I was born in 1985,
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Rođena sam 1985,
00:35
six years before China announced
its one-child policy.
its one-child policy.
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šest godina pre nego što je Kina
objavila politiku jednog deteta.
objavila politiku jednog deteta.
00:40
Right after I was born,
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Odmah nakon mog rođenja,
00:43
the local officials came
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
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došli su predstavnici lokalnih organa
i naredili mojoj mami da se steriliše.
00:48
My grandpa stood up to the officials,
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Moj deda im se suprotstavio,
00:51
because he wanted a grandson
to carry on the family name.
to carry on the family name.
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jer je želeo da ima unuka
koji će da nasledi prezime.
koji će da nasledi prezime.
00:55
Eventually, my parents were allowed
to have a second child,
to have a second child,
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Na kraju, mojim roditeljima
je dozvoljeno da imaju drugo dete,
je dozvoljeno da imaju drugo dete,
01:00
but they had to wait for five years
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ali morali su da sačekaju pet godina
01:02
and pay a substantial fine.
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i da plate poveliku kaznu.
01:05
Growing up, my brother and I
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Dok smo odrastali, moj brat i ja
01:08
were surrounded by children
from one-child families.
from one-child families.
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bili smo okruženi jedincima.
01:13
I remember feeling a sense of shame
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Sećam se da sam osećala sramotu
01:16
because I had a younger brother.
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zato što sam imala mlađeg brata.
01:19
I felt like our family did something wrong
for having two children.
for having two children.
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Mislila sam da je moja porodica
nešto zgrešila jer je imala dvoje dece.
nešto zgrešila jer je imala dvoje dece.
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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Tada se nisam pitala
01:25
where this sense of shame
and guilt came from.
and guilt came from.
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odakle dolaze ti osećaji srama i krivice.
01:31
A year and a half ago,
I had my own first child.
I had my own first child.
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Pre godinu i po dana,
rodila sam svoje prvo dete.
rodila sam svoje prvo dete.
01:34
It was the best thing
that ever happened in my life.
that ever happened in my life.
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To je bila najlepša stvar
koja mi se desila u životu.
koja mi se desila u životu.
01:38
Becoming a mother
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Kada sam postala majka,
01:39
gave me a totally new perspective
on my own childhood,
on my own childhood,
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iz potpuno nove perspektive
sam gledala na svoje detinjstvo,
sam gledala na svoje detinjstvo,
01:43
and it brought back
my memories of early life in China.
my memories of early life in China.
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i to me je podsetilo
na moj raniji život u Kini.
na moj raniji život u Kini.
01:49
For the past three decades,
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U prošle tri decenije,
01:51
everyone in my family had to apply
for a permission from the government
for a permission from the government
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svako u mojoj porodici
morao je da traži dozvolu od vlade
morao je da traži dozvolu od vlade
01:56
to have a child.
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kako bi imao dete.
01:58
And I wondered
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I pitala sam se
01:59
what it was like for people
who lived under the one-child policy.
who lived under the one-child policy.
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kako li je bilo ljudima koji su živeli
pod politikom jednog deteta.
pod politikom jednog deteta.
02:04
So I decided to make
a documentary about it.
a documentary about it.
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Tako sam odlučila
da napravim dokumentarac o tome.
da napravim dokumentarac o tome.
02:08
One of the people I interviewed
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Jedna od osoba koje sam intervjuisala
02:10
was the midwife who delivered
all of the babies born in my village,
all of the babies born in my village,
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bila je babica koja je dočekala
sve bebe u mom selu,
sve bebe u mom selu,
02:16
including myself.
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uključujući i mene.
02:18
She was 84 years old
when I interviewed her.
when I interviewed her.
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Imala je 84 godine
kada sam je intervjuisala.
kada sam je intervjuisala.
02:22
I asked her,
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Pitala sam je:
02:24
"Do you remember how many babies
you delivered throughout your career?"
you delivered throughout your career?"
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„Da li se sećaš koliko beba si dočekala
tokom celog svog rada?“
tokom celog svog rada?“
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries.
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Za to nije mogla da mi kaže broj.
02:31
She said she had performed
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Rekla je da je uradila
02:34
60,000 forced abortions
and sterilizations.
and sterilizations.
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60 000 prinudnih abortusa i sterilizacija.
02:40
Sometimes, she said,
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Ponekad, rekla je,
02:43
a late-term fetus
would survive an abortion,
would survive an abortion,
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stariji fetus preživeo bi abortus,
02:46
and she would kill the baby
after delivering it.
after delivering it.
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i ona bi ubila bebu nakon porođaja.
02:49
She remembered how her hands would tremble
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Sećala se kako su joj se ruke tresle
02:53
as she did the work.
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dok je obavljala posao.
02:55
Her story shocked me.
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Njena priča me je šokirala.
02:57
When I set out to make the film,
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Kada sam odlučila da napravim film,
03:00
I expected it would be a simple story
of perpetrators and victims.
of perpetrators and victims.
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očekivala sam de će to biti
jednostavna priča o izvršiocima i žrtvama.
jednostavna priča o izvršiocima i žrtvama.
03:04
People who carried out the policy
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O ljudima koji su sprovodili politiku
03:06
and people who are living
with the consequences.
with the consequences.
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i ljudima koji žive sa posledicama.
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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Ali to nije bilo ono što sam videla.
03:12
As I was finishing
my interview with the midwife,
my interview with the midwife,
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Kada sam završavala intervju sa babicom,
03:15
I noticed an area in her house
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primetila sam deo njene kuće
03:17
that was decorated
with elaborate homemade flags.
with elaborate homemade flags.
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koji je bio ukrašen detaljnim,
ručno rađenim zastavama.
ručno rađenim zastavama.
03:21
And each flag has a picture
of a baby on it.
of a baby on it.
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I svaka zastava ima sliku bebe na sebi.
03:26
These were flags
that were sent by families
that were sent by families
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To su bile zastave
koje su poslale porodice
koje su poslale porodice
03:29
whom she helped treat
their infertility problems.
their infertility problems.
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kojima je pomogla
oko problema neplodnosti.
oko problema neplodnosti.
03:33
She explained that she had had enough
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Objasnila je da joj je bilo dosta
03:36
of performing abortions
and sterilizations --
and sterilizations --
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abortusa i sterilizacija,
03:38
that the only work she did now
was to help families have babies.
was to help families have babies.
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pa je sada jedini njen posao
da pomogne porodicama da dobiju bebe.
da pomogne porodicama da dobiju bebe.
03:44
She said she was full of guilt
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Rekla je da je bila puna krivice
03:47
for carrying out the one-child policy,
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zato što je sprovodila
politiku jednog deteta,
politiku jednog deteta,
03:50
and she hoped that by helping
families have babies,
families have babies,
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i nadala se da će pomaganjem
porodicama da dobiju bebe
porodicama da dobiju bebe
03:53
she could counteract
what she did in the past.
what she did in the past.
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moći da se iskupi
za ono što je uradila u prošlosti.
za ono što je uradila u prošlosti.
03:57
It became clear to me
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
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Postalo mi je jasno
da je i ona bila žrtva te politike.
da je i ona bila žrtva te politike.
04:02
Every voice was telling her
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Sve u njoj joj je govorilo
04:05
that what she did was right
and necessary for China's survival.
and necessary for China's survival.
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da su njeni postupci ispravni
i neophodni za opstanak Kine.
i neophodni za opstanak Kine.
04:10
And she did what she thought
was right for her country.
was right for her country.
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Radila je ono što je mislila
da je dobro za njenu zemlju.
da je dobro za njenu zemlju.
04:14
I know how strong that message was.
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Znam koliko je bila snažna ta poruka.
04:17
It was everywhere
around myself when I grew up.
around myself when I grew up.
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Bila je svuda oko mene dok sam odrastala.
04:20
It was printed on matches,
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Štampana je na šibicama,
04:23
playing cards,
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kartama za igru,
04:24
textbooks, posters.
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udžbenicima, posterima.
04:27
The propaganda praising
the one-child policy
the one-child policy
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Propaganda koja hvali
politiku jednog deteta
politiku jednog deteta
04:29
was everywhere around us.
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bila je svuda oko nas.
04:30
[Anyone who refuses to sterilize
will be arrested.]
will be arrested.]
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[Svako ko odbije sterilizaciju
biće uhapšen]
biće uhapšen]
04:33
And so were the threats
against disobeying it.
against disobeying it.
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A bile su tu i pretnje
u slučaju neposlušnosti.
u slučaju neposlušnosti.
04:35
The message seeped into our minds
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Poruke su nam toliko bile usađene u glave
04:38
so much so that I grew up
feeling embarrassed
feeling embarrassed
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da sam odrastala sramoteći se
04:41
for having a younger brother.
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toga što imam mlađeg brata.
04:45
With each person I filmed,
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Snimajući ljude,
04:49
I saw how their minds and hearts
can be influenced by the propaganda,
can be influenced by the propaganda,
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videla sam kako propaganda može da utiče
na njihove umove i na njihova srca,
na njihove umove i na njihova srca,
04:55
and how their willingness
to make sacrifices for the greater good
to make sacrifices for the greater good
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i kako se njihova spremnost na žrtvovanje
za nešto veće i bitnije
za nešto veće i bitnije
05:00
can be twisted into something
very dark and tragic.
very dark and tragic.
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izvrće u nešto vrlo mračno i tragično.
05:04
China is not the only place
where this happens.
where this happens.
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Kina nije jedino mesto
u kome se ovo dešava.
u kome se ovo dešava.
05:08
There is no country on earth
where propaganda isn't present.
where propaganda isn't present.
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Ne postoji ni jedna jedina zemlja na svetu
u kojoj nije prisutna propaganda.
u kojoj nije prisutna propaganda.
05:14
And in societies that are supposed to be
more open and free than China,
more open and free than China,
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A u društvima koja bi trebalo da budu
otvorenija i slobodnija nego u Kini,
otvorenija i slobodnija nego u Kini,
05:18
it can be even harder to recognize
what propaganda looks like.
what propaganda looks like.
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može da bude još teže
da se propaganda prepozna.
da se propaganda prepozna.
05:23
It hides in plain sight as news reports,
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Sakriva se na otvorenom, u vestima,
05:27
TV commercials, political campaigning
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reklamama, političkim kampanjama
05:31
and in our social media feeds.
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i društvenim mrežama.
05:34
It works to change our minds
without our knowledge.
without our knowledge.
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Bez našeg primećivanja nam menja misli.
05:40
Every society is vulnerable
to accepting propaganda as truth,
to accepting propaganda as truth,
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Svako društvo podložno je
prihvatanju propagande kao istine,
prihvatanju propagande kao istine,
05:45
and no society where propaganda
replaces the truth
replaces the truth
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a nijedno društvo gde propaganda
zamenjuje istinu
zamenjuje istinu
05:48
can be truly free.
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ne može biti istinski slobodno.
05:50
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:51
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmakerNanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.
Why you should listen
Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.
Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com