TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Zak: Trust, morality -- and oxytocin?
Pol Zak (Paul Zak): Poverenje, moralnost - i oksitocin
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Šta pokreće našu želju za moralnim ponašanjem? Neuroekonomist Pol Zak pokazuje zašto veruje da je oksitocin (on ga naziva "moralnim molekulom") odgovoran za poverenje, empatiju i druga osećanja koja pomažu u izgradnji stabilnog društva.
Paul Zak - Neuroeconomist
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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Postoji li nešto svojstveno samo ljudskim bićima?
00:18
There is.
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Postoji.
00:20
We're the only creatures
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Mi smo jedina bića sa
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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potpuno razvijenim moralnim osećanjima.
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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Kao socijalna bića, opsednuti smo moralnošću.
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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Želimo da znamo zašto ljudi rade to što rade.
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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Ja sam lično opsednut moralnošću.
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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I to zahvaljujući ovoj ženi,
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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Sestri Meri Marasteli,
00:37
also known as my mom.
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poznatoj i kao moja majka.
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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Kao dečak iz oltara, udisao sam mnogo tamjana,
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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naučio da izgovaram fraze na latinskom,
00:46
but I also had time to think
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ali sam imao vremena i da razmišljam
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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o tome da li autoritarna moralnost moje majke
00:50
applied to everybody.
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može da se primeni na sve ljude.
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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Saznao sam da su i religiozni i nereligiozni ljudi
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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podjednako opsednuti moralnošću.
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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Pomislio sam da možda postoji jednostavna
00:59
for moral decisions.
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osnova moralnih odluka.
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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Ali želeo sam da odem dalje
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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od izjave da nas naš mozak čini moralnim.
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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Želim da znam da li postoji hemija moralnosti.
01:08
I want to know
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Želim da znam da li
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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postoji moralni molekul.
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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I posle deset godina eksperimentisanja,
01:14
I found it.
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pronašao sam ga.
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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Da li želite da ga vidite? Poneo sam malo sa sobom.
01:20
This little syringe
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Ovaj mali špric
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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sadrži moralni molekul.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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On se zove oksitocin.
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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Oksitocin je jednostavan, stari molekul
01:39
found only in mammals.
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koji postoji samo kod sisara.
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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Kod glodara je poznat po tome
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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što čini da majke brinu o svom potomstvu,
01:45
and in some creatures,
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a kod nekih drugih bića
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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omogućava kohabitaciju u jazbini.
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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Ali kod ljudi je jedino bio poznat
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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po olakšavanju porođaja i dojenja kod žena,
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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a tokom seksa oslobađa se kod oba pola.
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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Palo mi je na pamet da je možda oksitocin moralni molekul.
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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Uradio sam ono što većina nas radi - isprobao sam ga na kolegama.
02:03
One of them told me,
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Jedan od njih mi je rekao:
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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"Pol, to je najgluplja ideja na svetu."
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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Rekao je: "On postoji samo kod žena.
02:10
It can't be that important."
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Nemoguće je da je toliko važan."
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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Ali suprotstavio sam se: "I muški mozak ga proizvodi.
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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Mora postojati razlog za to."
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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Ali bio je u pravu, bila je to glupa ideja.
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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Ali tako glupa se mogla testirati.
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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Drugim rečima, mislio sam da mogu dizajnirati eksperiment
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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da utvrdim da li oksitocin čini ljude moralnima.
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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Ispostavilo se da nije bilo tako jednostavno.
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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Prvo, oksitocin je stidljiv molekul.
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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Osnovni nivoi su skoro nula, ukoliko
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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nema stimulusa koji bi uzrokovao njegovo otpuštanje.
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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A kada se proizvede, ima polu-život od tri minuta
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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i veoma brzo se raspada na sobnoj temperaturi.
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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U ovom eksperimentu bi trebalo da proizvedem juriš oksitocina,
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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da ga brzo uhvatim i držim ohlađenim.
02:48
I think I can do that.
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Mislim da mogu to da uradim.
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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Srećom, oksitocin se proizvodi
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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i u mozgu i u krvotoku, pa
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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sam mogao da sprovedem eksperiment bez učenja neurohirurgije.
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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Onda je trebalo da izmerim moralnost.
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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Veliki je izazov uhvatiti se u koštac sa Moralnošću s velikim M.
03:05
So I started smaller.
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Počeo sam skromnije.
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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Proučavao sam jednu jedinu vrlinu:
03:10
trustworthiness.
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pouzdanost.
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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Zašto? Početkom decenije sam dokazao
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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da su zemlje sa većim brojem pouzdanih
03:18
are more prosperous.
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ljudi naprednije.
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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U tim zemljama dešava se više ekonomskih transakcija
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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i stvara se više bogatstva,
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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dok se siromaštvo smanjuje.
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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U siromašnim zemljama uglavnom vlada nepoverenje.
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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Dakle ako razumem hemiju poverenja,
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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doprineću smanjenju siromaštva.
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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Ali sam i skeptičan.
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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Ne želim samo da pitam ljude: "Da li ste pouzdani?"
03:39
So instead I use
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Umesto toga, koristim
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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Džeri Megvajer pristup istraživanju.
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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Ako ste toliko dobri,
03:45
show me the money.
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pokažite mi novac.
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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U mojoj laboratoriji mi iskušavamo
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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ljude sa vrlinom i manom, koristeći novac.
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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Pokazaću vam kako to radimo.
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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Pozovemo neke ljude u eksperiment.
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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Svi dobiju deset dolara ako pristanu da dođu.
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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Dajemo im mnogo instrukcija i nikada ih ne obmanjujemo.
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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Onda ih uz pomoć kompjutera podelimo u parove.
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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U okviru para, jedna osoba dobija poruku
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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"Da li želiš da deo od svojih deset dolara,
04:08
you earned for being here
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koje si zaradio svojim prisustvom,
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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pošalješ nekome drugom u laboratoriji?"
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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Trik je u tome da ne vidite ko je to,
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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ne možete s tom osobom da razgovarate.
04:16
You only do it one time.
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Imate samo jednu priliku.
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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Cifra koje se odreknete
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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se utrostruči na računu druge osobe.
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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Učinićete ih mnogo bogatijim.
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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Njima kompjuter pošalje poruku:
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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osoba 1 poslala Vam je ovoliko novca.
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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Da li želite sve da zadržite ili
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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želite da određenu sumu pošaljete nazad?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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Razmislite na tren o ovom eksperimentu.
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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Sedećete na tvrdim stolicama sat ipo vremena.
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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Neki ludi naučnici će ubadati iglu u vašu ruku
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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i uzeti 4 bočice krvi.
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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I sada treba da se odreknete novca i pošaljete ga neznancu?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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To je bilo rođenje vampirske ekonomije.
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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Donesite odluku i dajte mi malo krvi.
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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Zapravo, ekonomisti koji se bave eksperimentima
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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su sproveli ovaj test širom sveta,
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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sa mnogo više novca,
04:58
and the consensus view
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i zajednički zaključak bio je
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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da je relacija između prve i druge osobe mera poverenja,
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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a povratak od druge ka prvoj
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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je mera pouzdanosti.
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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Zapravo, ekonomisti su bili zbunjeni
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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time da bi druga osoba uopšte vratila novac.
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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Pretpostavili su da je novac dobar,
05:15
why not keep it all?
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zašto ne zadržati sve?
05:17
That's not what we found.
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To nije ono što smo mi utvrdili.
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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Pronašli smo da 90% njih šalje novac,
05:22
and of those who received money,
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a od onih koji su ga primili,
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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95% je vratilo određenu sumu.
05:26
But why?
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Ali zašto?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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Mereći nivo oksitocina pronašli smo
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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da što više novca druga osoba primi,
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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njen mozak proizvodi više oksitocina
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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i što imaju više oksitocina,
05:36
the more money they returned.
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više novca vraćaju.
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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Imamo biologiju pouzdanosti.
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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Ali čekajte. Šta nije u redu sa ovim eksperimentom?
05:45
Two things.
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Dve stvari.
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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Prvo, ništa se u telu ne dešava u izolaciji.
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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Merili smo devet drugih molekula koji interaguju sa oksitocinom
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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ali nisu imali nikakvog uticaja.
05:55
But the second is
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A drugo, još
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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uvek sam imao samo indirektnu vezu
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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između oksitocina i pouzdanosti.
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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Nisam zasigurno znao da
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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oksitocin uzrokuje pouzdanost.
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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Da bih sproveo taj eksperiment,
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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znao sam da moram ući u mozak
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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i direktno manipulisati oksitocinom.
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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Koristio sam sve osim bušilice
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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da bih ubacio oksitocin u sopstveni mozak.
06:16
And I found I could do it
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Shvatio sam da to mogu da uradim
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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sa nazalnim inhalatorom.
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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U saradnji sa kolegama u Cirihu
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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200 muškaraca je dobilo oksitocin ili placebo,
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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prošli su kroz isti test sa novcem i
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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pronašli smo da oni na oksitocinu ne samo da su pokazali više poverenja,
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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broj ljudi koji je poslao novac strancu
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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je mnogostruko povećan -
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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i to bez promene raspoloženja ili kognicije.
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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Dakle, oksitocin jeste molekul poverenja,
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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ali da li je i moralni molekul?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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Koristeći inhalator za oksitocin,
06:47
we ran more studies.
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izvršili smo još studija.
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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Pokazali smo da porast oksitocina
06:51
increases generosity
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uzrokuje darežljivost prilikom
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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jednosmernih novčanih transakcija
06:55
by 80 percent.
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do 80%.
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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Pokazali smo da povećava donacije
06:59
by 50 percent.
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u humanitarne svrhe do 50%.
07:01
We've also investigated
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Takođe smo istraživali nefarmakološke
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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načine za podizanje nivoa oksitocina.
07:05
These include massage,
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Oni uključuju masažu,
07:07
dancing and praying.
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ples i molitvu.
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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Da, moja majka je bila srećna zvog ovog poslednjeg.
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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I kada god podignemo nivo oksitocina,
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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ljudi rado posežu za novčanicima
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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i dele novac sa neznancima.
07:18
But why do they do this?
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Ali zašto to rade?
07:20
What does it feel like
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Kakav je osećaj kada vam
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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je mozak preplavljen oksitocinom?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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Da bismo ovo ispitali, sproveli smo eksperiment
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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u kom su ljudi gledali jedan snimak
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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oca i njegovog četvorogodišnjeg sina
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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koji boluje od smrtonosnog raka mozga.
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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Posle gledanja smo ih zamolili da procene osećanja,
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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a izvadili smo im krv pre i posle, da bismo izmerili oksitocin.
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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Promena u nivou oksitocina
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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bila je prediktor njihovog osećanja empatije.
07:45
So it's empathy
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Dakle empatija čini
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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da se povežemo sa drugim ljudima.
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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Zbog empatije pomažemo drugim ljudima.
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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Empatija nas čini moralnim.
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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Ova ideja nije nova.
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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Tada nepoznati filozof Adam Smit
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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je 1795. napisao knjigu
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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pod nazivom "Teorija moralnih osećanja".
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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U ovoj knjizi, Smit je govorio da nismo
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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moralna bića zbog nekih viših razloga,
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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već zbog vrlo jednostavnih.
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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Rekao je da smo društvena bića
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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i zato delimo osećanja drugih.
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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Ako uradim nešto što vas povređuje, osećaću bol.
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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Dakle to izbegavam.
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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Ako uradim nešto što vas usrećuje, podeliću vaše zadovoljstvo.
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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Onda nastojim da to i radim.
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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To je bio isti Adam Smit koji je, 17 godina kasnije
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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napisao knjigu pod nazivom "Bogatstvo naroda" -
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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koja predstavlja osnovu ekonomije.
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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On je, ustvari, bio moralni filozof
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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i bio je u pravu u vezi s razlozima moralnosti.
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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Ja sam samo našao molekul koji je u osnovi toga.
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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Ali znati za taj molekul je vredno,
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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jer on nam govori kako da pojačamo ovo ponašanje,
08:47
and what turns it off.
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kao i šta ga umanjuje.
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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On nam posebno govori
08:51
why we see immorality.
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zašto primećujemo nemoralnost.
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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Da bismo istraživali nemoralnost,
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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povešću vas do 1980.
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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Radim na benzijskoj pumpi
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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u predgrađu Santa Barbare u Kaliforniji.
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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Po ceo dan sedite na pumpi i
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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mogu vam reći, vidite mnogo morala i nemorala.
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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Jedne nedelje popodne jedan čovek prilazi kasi
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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držeći prelepu kutiju za nakit.
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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Otvara je, a unutra je biserna ogrlica.
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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Kaže: "Hej, bio sam u muškom toaletu.
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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Našao sam ovo. Šta misliš da treba da uradim?"
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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"Ne znam, stavi u izgubljeno-nađeno."
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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"Ali mnogo je vredno. Moramo
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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da pronađemo vlasnika". Kažem: "Da."
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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Pokušavamo da odlučimo šta ćemo da uradimo,
09:27
and the phone rings.
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kad zvoni telefon.
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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Jedan čovek veoma uzbuđeno govori:
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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"Bio sam na vašoj pumpi nedavno,
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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kupio sam nakit za ženu i ne mogu da ga nađem."
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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Ja kažem: "Biserna ogrlica?" "Da."
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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"Hej, jedan momak ju je upravo našao."
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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"O, spasili ste mi život. Evo mog broja.
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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Recite momku da sačeka pola sata.
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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Dolazim i daću mu nagradu od 200 dolara."
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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Super, ja kažem momku: "Vidi, opusti se.
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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Dobićeš debelu nagradu. Život je lep."
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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On kaže: "Ne mogu to da uradim.
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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Imam razgovor za posao u Galeni za 15 minuta,
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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potreban mi je taj posao, moram da idem."
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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Ponovo me pita: "Šta misliš da treba da uradimo?"
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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Ja sam srednjoškolac. Nemam pojma.
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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Kažem mu: "Ja ću ti to čuvati."
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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On kaže: "Znaš, tako si ljubazan, hajde da podelimo nagradu.
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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Ostaviću ti nakit, daj mi sto dolara,
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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a kada taj tip dođe..."
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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Kapirate? Bio sam prevaren.
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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Ovo je klasična prevara
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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u kojoj sam ja bio meta.
10:18
So the way many cons work
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Mnoge prevare ne funkcionišu tako
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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da varalica navede žrtvu da mu veruje, nego
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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pokazuje da on veruje žrtvi.
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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Znamo šta se dalje dešava.
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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Žrtvin mozak oslobađa oksitocin,
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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otvarate tašnu ili novčanik, dajete sav novac.
10:33
So who are these people
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Ko su ti ljudi koji manipulišu
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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našim sistemom oksitocina?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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Testirajući hiljade pojedinaca,
10:41
that five percent of the population
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otkrili smo da pet procenata populacije
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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ne oslobađa oksitocin pri stimulusima.
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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Ako im verujete, njihov mozak uopšte ne oslobađa oksitocin.
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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Ako je novac u igri, oni će sve zadržati.
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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U mojoj laboratoriji imamo tehnički naziv za njih.
10:55
We call them bastards.
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Zovemo ih nitkovima.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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To nisu ljudi sa kojima želite da popijete pivo.
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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Imaju mnoge karakteristike psihopata.
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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Postoje i drugi načini da se inhibira sistem.
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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Jedan je nepravilnim odgojem.
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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Proučavali smo seksualno zlostavljane žene
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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i oko polovina njih ne odgovara na stimuluse oksitocinom.
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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Da bi se ovaj sistem pravilno razvio,
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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potrebno je dovoljno nege.
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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Visok stres takođe inhibira oksitocin.
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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Svima nam je poznato da se, kada smo pod
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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stresom, ne ponašamo najbolje.
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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Još jedan interesantan način kako se oksitocin inhibira
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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je kroz aktivnost testosterona.
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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U eksperimentima smo muškarcima ubrizgavali testosteron.
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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Umesto da dele novac,
11:40
they become selfish.
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postaju sebični.
11:42
But interestingly,
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Zanimljivo je da muškarci sa
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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visokim nivoom testosterona češće koriste
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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sopstveni novac da kazne druge za njihovu sebičnost.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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Razmislite o ovome. To znači da u okviru svoje biologije
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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posedujemo jin i jang moralnosti.
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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Imamo oksitocin koji nas povezuje sa drugima,
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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čini da osećamo ono što oni osećaju.
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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I imamo testosteron.
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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Muškarci ga imaju deset puta više nego žene,
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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dakle oni to češće rade -
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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testosteron čini da želimo da kaznimo
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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one koji se ponašaju nemoralno.
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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Nije nam potreban bog ili vlada da kaže šta da radimo.
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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Sve se nalazi unutar nas.
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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Možda se pitate:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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sve su to lepi laboratorijski eksperimenti,
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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a da li važe u stvarnom životu?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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Da i ja sam brinuo zbog toga.
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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Zato sam izašao iz laboratorije,
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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da proverim da li ovo ima smisla u našim životima.
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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Prošlog leta sam prisustvovao venčanju u južnoj Engleskoj.
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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Bilo je 200 ljudi u ovoj divnoj viktorijanskoj vili.
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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Ja nisam poznavao nijednu osobu.
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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Dovezao sam se u svom iznajmljenom autu.
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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Poneo sam centrifugu i suvi led
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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i igle i epruvete.
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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Uzeo sam krv od mlade i mladoženje,
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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od zvanica i porodice i prijatelja,
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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pre i odmah nakon izgovaranja "Da".
12:50
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
12:52
And guess what?
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I pogađajte šta je bilo?
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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Venčanja uzrokuju oslobađanje oksitocina
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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ali na jedan veoma specifičan način.
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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Ko je u centru galaksije venčanja?
13:01
The bride.
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Mlada.
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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Njen nivo oksitocina je bio najviši.
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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Ko voli venčanja skoro jednako kao mlada?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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Njena majka, tako je.
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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Njena majka je bila broj dva.
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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Potom mladoženjin otac, pa mladoženja,
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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sledi porodica pa prijatelji -
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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okupljeni oko mlade
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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kao planete oko Sunca.
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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Mislim da nam to govori da smo napravili ovaj ritual
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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tako da nas poveže sa novim parom,
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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na emocionalnom nivou.
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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Zašto? Jer je potrebno da budu uspešni u reprodukciji
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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kako bi održali vrstu.
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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Brinuo sam da moji eksperimenti poverenja sa malom sumom novca
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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nisu dobro pokazivali koliko često poveravamo život neznancima.
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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Iako se bojim visine, nedavno
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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sam se vezao za drugo ljudsko biće
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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i iskočio iz aviona na visini od 4000 metara.
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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Izvadio sam krv pre i posle
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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i imao sam ogroman skok oksitocina.
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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Postoji toliko mnogo načina na koje se možemo povezati sa ljudima.
13:55
For example, through social media.
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Na primer, putem društvenih medija.
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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Mnogi ljudi upravo sad tvituju.
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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Istraživali smo ulogu društvenih medija
14:01
and found the using social media
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i pronašli da njihovo korišćenje izaziva
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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stabilni, dvocifren porast oksitocina.
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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Nedavno sam izveo eksperiment za korejski javni servis.
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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Učestvovali su novinari i producenti.
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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Jedan od momaka, imao je možda 22 godine,
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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imao je povišenje oksitocina od 150%.
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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Mislim, neverovatno; niko to nema.
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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On je tajno koristio društvene medije.
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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Koreancima sam u izveštaju napisao:
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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"Vidite, ne znam šta je ovaj momak radio,
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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ali pretpostavljam da je bio u kontaktu sa majkom ili devojkom."
14:29
They checked.
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Proverili su.
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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Posećivao je Fejsbuk stranicu svoje devojke.
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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Eto. To je povezanost.
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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Postoji hiljade načina da se povežemo sa drugima
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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i oni su univerzalni.
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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Pre dve nedelje sam
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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tek bio stigao iz Papue Nove Gvineje
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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gde sam išao u planine - gde
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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veoma izolovana plemena nezavisnih zemljoradnika
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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žive kako su živeli vekovima.
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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U planinama postoji 800 različitih jezika.
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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Ovo su najprimitivniji ljudi na planeti.
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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Ali i kod njih se oslobađa oksitocin.
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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Dakle, on nas povezuje sa drugima.
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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Čini da osećamo ono što i drugi.
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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Veoma je lako navesti nečiji
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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mozak da oslobodi oksitocin.
15:13
I know how to do it,
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Ja znam kako, a moj omiljeni način
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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da to učinim je zapravo najjednostavniji.
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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Pokazaću vam.
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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Dođi. Zagrli me.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
15:28
There you go.
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Eto vidite.
15:30
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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Moja sklonost ka grljenju drugih ljudi
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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donela mi je nadimak doktor Ljubav.
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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Srećan sam da sa svetom podelim još malo
15:45
it's great,
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ljubavi, to je sjajno,
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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ali evo vam recepta od doktora Ljubavi:
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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osam zagrljaja dnevno.
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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Otkrili smo da su ljudi koji oslobađaju
15:54
are happier.
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više oksitocina, srećniji.
15:56
And they're happier
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A srećniji su jer su svi
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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njihovi odnosi kvalitetniji.
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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Dr Ljubav prepisuje osam zagrljaja dnevno.
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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Osam zagrljaja dnevno - bićete srećniji
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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i svet će biti bolje mesto.
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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Ako ne volite da dodirujete ljude, mogu vam gurnuti ovo u nos.
16:11
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
16:13
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:15
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Zak - NeuroeconomistA pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business.
Why you should listen
What’s behind the human instinct to trust and to put each other’s well-being first? When you think about how much of the world works on a handshake or on holding a door open for somebody, why people cooperate is a huge question. Paul Zak researches oxytocin, a neuropeptide that affects our everyday social interactions and our ability to behave altruistically and cooperatively, applying his findings to the way we make decisions. A pioneer in a new field of study called neuroeconomics, Zak has demonstrated that oxytocin is responsible for a variety of virtuous behaviors in humans such as empathy, generosity and trust. Amazingly, he has also discovered that social networking triggers the same release of oxytocin in the brain -- meaning that e-connections are interpreted by the brain like in-person connections.
A professor at Claremont Graduate University in Southern California, Zak believes most humans are biologically wired to cooperate, but that business and economics ignore the biological foundations of human reciprocity, risking loss: when oxytocin levels are high in subjects, people’s generosity to strangers increases up to 80 percent; and countries with higher levels of trust – lower crime, better education – fare better economically.
He says: "Civilization is dependent on oxytocin. You can't live around people you don't know intimately unless you have something that says: Him I can trust, and this one I can't trust."
Paul Zak | Speaker | TED.com