TEDxMaastricht
Bart Knols: 3 new ways to kill mosquitoes
Bart Nols (Bart Knols): Ubijmo komarce, okončajmo malariju
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Možemo da iskoristimo sopstvene instinkte komarca protiv njega samog. Na TEDxMaastricht govornik Bart Nols demonstrira domišljata rešenja koja njegov tim razvija za borbu protiv malarije - uključujući limburški sir i smrtonosnu pilulu.
(Snimljeno na TEDxMaastricht.)
Bart Knols - Malariologist
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
(Mosquito buzzing)
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(Zujanje komarca)
00:25
(Swat)
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(Udarac)
00:28
Gotcha.
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Imam te.
00:31
Mosquitos. I hate them.
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Komarci. Mrzim ih.
00:35
Don't you?
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Zar vi ne?
00:37
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
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Taj grozan zvuk zujanja
oko vaše glave noću
oko vaše glave noću
00:40
that drives you absolutely crazy?
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koji vas potpuno izluđuje?
00:42
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
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Znanje da on želi
da zabode iglu u vašu kožu
da zabode iglu u vašu kožu
00:45
and suck out your blood? That's awful, right?
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i isisa vam krv?
To je grozno, zar ne?
To je grozno, zar ne?
00:49
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of
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U stvari, ima samo jedna dobra stvar
koje mogu da se setim
koje mogu da se setim
00:52
when it gets to mosquitos.
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u vezi sa komaracima.
00:54
When they fly into our bedroom at night,
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Kada ulete noću u našu sobu,
00:57
they prefer to bite my wife.
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radije ujedu moju ženu.
01:00
But that's fascinating, right?
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Ali to je fascinantno, zar ne?
01:01
Why does she receive more bites than I do?
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Zašto nju više ujedaju nego mene?
01:06
And the answer is smell, the smell of her body.
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I odgovor je miris, miris njenog tela.
01:10
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals
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I pošto svi imamo drugačiji miris
i proizvodimo hemikalije
i proizvodimo hemikalije
01:13
on our skin that either attract or repel mosquitos,
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u našoj koži koje ili privlače
ili odbijaju komarce,
ili odbijaju komarce,
01:17
some of us are just more attractive than others.
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neki od nas su prosto privlačniji od drugih.
01:21
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just
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Tako moja žena miriše lepše nego ja
01:24
stink more than she does.
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ili ja više smrdim od nje.
01:27
Either way, mosquitos find us in the dark
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U svakom slučaju,
komarci nas nađu u mraku
komarci nas nađu u mraku
01:30
by sniffing us out. They smell us.
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tako što nas njuše.
Namirišu nas.
Namirišu nas.
01:33
And during my Ph.D, I wanted to know exactly
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I u toku mog doktorata,
hteo sam da znam tačno
hteo sam da znam tačno
01:36
what chemicals from our skin mosquitos used,
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koje hemikalije iz naše kože
komarci koriste,
komarci koriste,
01:39
African malarial mosquitos use to track us down at night.
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afrički malarični komarci,
da nas nađu noću.
da nas nađu noću.
01:42
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
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I ima čitav niz jedinjenja koje koriste.
01:46
And this was not going to be an easy task.
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Izgledalo je da to neće biti lak zadatak.
01:49
And therefore, we set up various experiments.
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I zbog toga, sproveli smo
razne eksperimente.
razne eksperimente.
01:52
Why did we set up these experiments?
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Zašto smo sproveli ove eksperimente?
01:55
Because half the world's population runs the risk
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Zato što je polovina
svetskog stanovništva pod rizikom
svetskog stanovništva pod rizikom
01:58
of contracting a killer disease like malaria
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da dobije smrtonosnu bolest
kao što je malarija
kao što je malarija
02:02
through a simple mosquito bite.
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putem običnog ujeda komarca.
02:04
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
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Svakih 30 sekundi negde na ovoj planeti
02:07
a child dies of malaria, and Paul Levy this morning,
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umre jedno dete od malarije
i Pol Levi je jutros
i Pol Levi je jutros
02:10
he was talking about the metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States.
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govorio o metafori Boinga 727
koji se ruši u Sjedinjenim Državama.
koji se ruši u Sjedinjenim Državama.
02:14
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
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U Africi imamo ekvivalent
od sedam džambo džetova 747
od sedam džambo džetova 747
02:20
crashing every day.
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koji se ruše svakog dana.
02:22
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps,
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Ali možda. ako bismo mogli
da privučemo ove komarce u zamke,
da privučemo ove komarce u zamke,
02:26
bait it with our smell, we may be able to stop transmission
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namamimo ih našim mirisom, možda ćemo
uspeti da zaustavimo prenošenje
uspeti da zaustavimo prenošenje
02:29
of disease.
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zaraze.
02:31
Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
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Rešenje ove zagonetke nije bilo lako
02:34
because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
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zato što proizvodimo stotine
raznih hemikalija na koži,
raznih hemikalija na koži,
02:37
but we undertook some remarkable experiments
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ali smo sproveli
neke neobične eksperimente
neke neobične eksperimente
02:39
that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
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koji su nam omogućili da
rešimo ovu zagonetku veoma brzo.
rešimo ovu zagonetku veoma brzo.
02:43
First, we observed that not all mosquito species
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Prvo smo gledali da ne ujedaju
sve vrste komaraca
sve vrste komaraca
02:46
bite on the same part of the body. Strange.
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isti deo tela. Čudno.
02:50
So we set up an experiment
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Tako da smo izveli eksperiment
02:52
whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
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gde smo stavili nagog
dobrovoljca u veliki kavez
dobrovoljca u veliki kavez
02:55
and in that cage we released mosquitos
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i u taj kavez pustili komarce
02:59
to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
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da vidimo koji deo tela te osobe ujedaju.
03:02
And we found some remarkable differences.
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I otkrili smo neke neobične razlike.
03:04
On the left here you see the bites
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Ovde levo vidite ujede
03:07
by the Dutch malarial mosquito on this person.
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holandskog malaričnog komarca
na ovoj osobi.
na ovoj osobi.
03:10
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
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Oni su veoma naginjali ka ujedanju za lice.
03:13
In contrast, the African malarial mosquito
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Nasuprot tome, afrički malarični komarac
03:15
had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person,
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je veoma naginjao ka ujedanju
za članke i stopala ove osobe
za članke i stopala ove osobe
03:21
and that of course we should have known all along
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i to je naravno trebalo već da znamo
03:24
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see? (Laughter)
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jer se oni zovu "mosqui-toes"
(toes - prsti na nogama), vidite? (Smeh)
(toes - prsti na nogama), vidite? (Smeh)
03:28
That's right. (Applause)
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Tako je.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
03:31
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet,
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I tako smo počeli da se
fokusiramo na miris stopala,
fokusiramo na miris stopala,
03:37
on the smell of human feet,
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na miris ljudskih stopala,
03:38
until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
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sve dok nismo naišli na
neobičnu izjavu u literaturi
neobičnu izjavu u literaturi
03:42
that said that cheese smells after feet
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koja kaže da sir miriše na noge,
03:46
rather than the reverse. Think of it.
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a ne obrnuto.
Razmislite o tome.
Razmislite o tome.
03:50
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
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I ovo nas je podstaklo da napravimo
neobičan eksperiment.
neobičan eksperiment.
03:52
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
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Probali smo, sa komadićem limburškog sira,
03:56
which smells badly after feet,
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koji gadno smrdi na noge,
03:59
to attract African malaria mosquitos.
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da privučemo afričke malarične komarce.
04:02
And you know what? It worked.
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I znate šta? Uspelo je.
04:04
In fact, it worked so well that now we have a synthetic mixture
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U stvari, uspelo je tako dobro da
sada imamo sintetičku mešavinu
sada imamo sintetičku mešavinu
04:10
of the aroma of Limburger cheese that we're using in Tanzania
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arome limburškog sira
koji smo koristili u Tanzaniji
koji smo koristili u Tanzaniji
04:14
and has been shown there to be two to three times
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i tamo se pokazalo da je
dva do tri puta
dva do tri puta
04:16
more attractive to mosquitos than humans.
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privlačniji komarcima
nego što su to ljudi.
nego što su to ljudi.
04:20
Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
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Limburg, budi ponosan na svoj sir,
04:24
as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
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jer se on sada koristi
u borbi protiv malarije.
u borbi protiv malarije.
04:27
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:34
That's the cheese, just to show you.
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Ovo je taj sir, samo da vam pokažem.
04:37
My second story is remarkable as well.
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Moja druga priča je isto tako neobična.
04:40
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
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Ona je o čovekovom najboljem prijatelju.
O psima.
O psima.
04:43
And I will show you
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I ja ću vam pokazati
04:44
how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
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kako možemo da koristimo pse
u borbi protiv malarije.
u borbi protiv malarije.
04:48
One of the best ways of killing mosquitos
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Jedan od najboljih načina
za ubijanje komaraca
za ubijanje komaraca
04:51
is not to wait until they fly around like adults
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nije da čekamo dok ne počnu
da lete kao odrasli
da lete kao odrasli
04:54
and bite people and transmit disease.
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i ujedaju ljude i prenose bolest,
04:57
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
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već da ih ubijemo dok
se još nalaze u vodi kao larve.
se još nalaze u vodi kao larve.
05:01
Why? Because they are just like the CIA.
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Zašto? Jer su oni baš kao CIA.
05:06
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
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U toj bari su ove larve koncentrisane.
05:10
They're all together there. They are immobile.
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Sve zajedno su ovde. Nepokretne su.
05:13
They can't escape from that water. They can't fly.
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Ne mogu da pobegnu iz te vode.
Ne mogu da lete.
Ne mogu da lete.
05:16
And they're accessible. You can actually walk up
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I pristupačne su.
Možete da došetate
Možete da došetate
05:19
to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
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do te bare i ubijete ih tu, zar ne?
05:24
So the problem that we face with this is that,
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Problem sa kojim se ovde
suočavamo je taj da su,
suočavamo je taj da su,
05:27
throughout the landscape, all these pools of water
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širom predela, sve ove bare
05:31
with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place,
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sa larvama, razbacane na sve strane,
05:33
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
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što znatno otežava nadzorniku poput ovog
05:36
to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
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da nađe sva ova legla
i poprska ih insekticidima.
i poprska ih insekticidima.
05:40
And last year we thought very, very hard,
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I prošle godine smo razmišljali intenzivno
05:43
how can we resolve this problem? Until we realized
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kako da rešimo ovaj problem.
Dok nismo shvatili
Dok nismo shvatili
05:46
that just like us, we have a unique smell,
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da kao što mi imamo jedinstven miris,
05:49
that mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
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tako i larve komarca imaju
vrlo jedinstven miris.
vrlo jedinstven miris.
05:54
And so we set up another crazy experiment,
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I tako smo izveli
još jedan ludi eksperiment,
još jedan ludi eksperiment,
05:56
because we collected the smell of these larvae,
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zato što smo pokupili miris ovih larvi,
05:58
put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
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stavili ga na komade tkanine i onda
uradili nešto vrlo neobično.
uradili nešto vrlo neobično.
06:02
Here we have a bar with four holes,
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Ovde imamo gredu sa četiri rupe
06:05
and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
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i stavili smo miris larvi u levu rupu.
06:08
Ooh, that was very quick.
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O, to je bilo brzo.
06:09
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
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I onda vidite psa. Zove se Tvid.
On je Border Koli.
On je Border Koli.
06:11
He's examining these holes, and now he's got it already.
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On pretražuje ove rupe
i sada je već našao.
i sada je već našao.
06:14
He's going back to check the control holes again,
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Vraća se da proveri
kontrolne rupe ponovo,
kontrolne rupe ponovo,
06:17
but he's coming back to the first one,
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ali se vraća do prve,
06:18
and now he's locking into that smell,
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i sada pamti taj miris,
06:21
which means that now we can use dogs
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što znači da sada možemo
da koristimo pse
da koristimo pse
06:23
with these inspectors to much better find
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sa ovim nadzornicima
da mnogo lakše nađemo
da mnogo lakše nađemo
06:25
the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field,
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legla komaraca u polju
06:28
and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
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i tako imamo mnogo veći
uticaj na malariju.
uticaj na malariju.
06:30
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep. She's one of the best dog-trainers in the world,
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Ova dama je Elen van der Zvep. Ona je
jedan od najboljih dresera pasa na svetu
jedan od najboljih dresera pasa na svetu
06:34
and she believes that we can do a lot more.
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i ona veruje da možemo
da uradimo mnogo više.
da uradimo mnogo više.
06:37
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
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Pošto znamo takođe da ljudi
koji nose parazite malarije
koji nose parazite malarije
06:41
smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
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mirišu drugačije od ljudi
koji nisu zaraženi,
koji nisu zaraženi,
06:44
she's convinced that we can train dogs
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ona je ubeđena da možemo
da dresiramo pse
da dresiramo pse
06:46
to find people that carry the parasite.
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da nađu ljude koji nose parazite.
06:50
That means that in a population where malaria
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To znači da u populaciji
u kojoj je malarija
u kojoj je malarija
06:52
has gone down all the way, and there's few people remaining with parasites,
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pobeđena i malo je ljudi
ostalo sa parazitima,
ostalo sa parazitima,
06:56
that the dogs can find these people,
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psi mogu da nađu ove ljude,
06:57
we can treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and give the final blow to malaria.
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možemo ih lečiti anti-malaričnim lekovima
i zadati konačan udarac malariji.
i zadati konačan udarac malariji.
07:02
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
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Čovekov najbolji prijatelj
u borbi protiv malarije.
u borbi protiv malarije.
07:05
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable,
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Moja treća priča je možda
još neobičnija.
još neobičnija.
07:08
and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
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i nikada do danas nije pokazana javnosti.
07:13
Yeah.
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Da.
07:15
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best
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Priča je luda, ali verujem
da je to možda najbolja
da je to možda najbolja
07:18
and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever.
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i konačna osveta komarcima.
07:22
In fact, people have told me that now they will enjoy
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U stvari, ljudi su mi rekli
da će sada uživati
da će sada uživati
07:25
being bitten by mosquitos.
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u ujedima komaraca.
07:28
And the question of course is, what would make someone
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I pitanje je naravno,
zbog čega bi neko
zbog čega bi neko
07:31
enjoy being bitten by mosquitos?
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uživao u ujedima komaraca?
07:33
And the answer
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I odgovor
07:34
I have right here in my pocket,
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imam upravo ovde u mom džepu,
07:39
if I get it.
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ako ga nađem.
07:41
It's a tablet, a simple tablet,
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To je tableta, obična tableta
07:45
and when I take it with water,
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i kada je popijem s vodom,
07:48
it does miracles.
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ona ćini čuda.
07:52
Thank you.
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Hvala.
07:56
(Drinking)
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(Pijenje)
07:59
Now let me show you how this works.
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Da vam pokažem kako ovo radi.
08:03
Here in this box I have a cage
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Ovde u kutiji imam kavez
08:06
with several hundred hungry
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sa nekoliko stotina gladnih
08:11
female mosquitos
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ženki komaraca
08:16
that I'm just about to release. (Laughter)
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koje ću upravo pustiti.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
08:20
Just kidding, just kidding.
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Šalim se, šalim se.
08:23
What I'm going to show you is I'm gonna stick my arm into it
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Ono što ću vam pokazati je to da ću
gurnuti ruku unutra
gurnuti ruku unutra
08:26
and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
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i pokazaću vam koliko brzo će oni ujedati.
08:28
Here we go.
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Idemo.
08:30
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
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Ne brinite, radim ovo stalno u laboratoriji.
08:34
There we go. Okay.
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Tako. Okej.
08:38
Now, on the video, on the video here,
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Sada, na snimku, na video snimku,
08:43
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
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pokazaću vam upravo istu stvar,
08:44
except that what I'm showing you on the video
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osim što se, ono što vam
pokazujem na videu
pokazujem na videu
08:47
happened one hour after I took the tablet.
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desilo jedan sat
pošto sam popio tabletu.
pošto sam popio tabletu.
08:50
Have a look. That doesn't work. Okay. Sorry about that.
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Pogledajte. Ovo ne radi. Izvinite.
08:55
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy
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Uvlačim ruku. Dajem im veliki sočni
08:57
blood meal, I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
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obrok od krvi, stresam ih sa ruke
i pratimo ih kroz vreme
i pratimo ih kroz vreme
09:00
to see these mosquitos get very, very sick indeed,
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da bismo videli da se
ovi komarci razboljevaju,
ovi komarci razboljevaju,
09:03
here shown in fast motion,
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ovde je pokazano ubrzano
09:05
and three hours later what we see at the bottom
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i tri sata kasnije vidimo na dnu
09:08
of the cage is dead mosquitos,
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kaveza mrtve komarce,
09:11
very dead mosquitos, and I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
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potpuno mrtve komarce i reći ću,
dame i gospodo,
dame i gospodo,
09:16
we have swapped the cards with mosquitos.
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zamenili smo uloge sa komarcima.
09:18
They don't kill us. We kill them.
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Ne ubijaju oni nas.
Mi ubijamo njih.
Mi ubijamo njih.
09:22
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:30
Now — (Laughter) —
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Sada - (Smeh) -
09:36
Maastricht, be prepared.
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Mastriht, budi spreman.
09:38
Now think of what we can do with this.
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Pomislite šta možemo
da uradimo sa ovim.
da uradimo sa ovim.
09:40
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
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Možemo da iskoristimo ovo
da zaustavimo izbijanje
da zaustavimo izbijanje
09:43
of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
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zaraza koje potiču od komaraca, zar ne?
09:46
And better still, imagine what would happen if,
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I još bolje, zamislite
šta bi se desilo kad bi,
šta bi se desilo kad bi,
09:48
in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs,
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na jako velikom podučju,
svi uzeli ovaj lek,
svi uzeli ovaj lek,
09:51
this drug, for just three weeks.
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samo na tri nedelje
09:53
That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate
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To bi nam dalo mogućnost
da u stvari eliminišemo
da u stvari eliminišemo
09:56
malaria as a disease.
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malariju kao bolest.
09:57
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos.
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Znači sir, psi i pilula
za ubijanje komaraca.
za ubijanje komaraca.
10:01
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing,
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To je vrsta kreativne nauke koju
ja volim da praktikujem,
ja volim da praktikujem,
10:05
for the betterment of mankind,
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za poboljšanje čovečanstva
10:08
but especially for her, so that she can grow up
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ali naročito za nju, da bi
ona mogla da odraste
ona mogla da odraste
10:10
in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause)
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u svetu bez malarije.
Hvala vam. (Aplauz)
Hvala vam. (Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bart Knols - MalariologistBart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria.
Why you should listen
Bart Knols is a malariologist with eleven years of experience managing large-scale research programs in East and Southern Africa. He’s worked at the United Nations (IAEA), served as a consultant for the World Health Organization, and acted as a Board Member of the UBS Bank Optimus Foundation in Switzerland. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed research articles and received the Ig Nobel Prize and an IAEA Special Service Award in 2006 and became a laureate of the Eijkman medal in 2007. He is currently the Managing Director at In2Care BV, Science Director & Managing Partner at Soper Strategies, and serves as Chair of the Advisory Board of the Dutch Malaria Foundation.
Bart Knols | Speaker | TED.com