TEDxMaastricht
Bart Knols: 3 new ways to kill mosquitoes
巴特.诺尔斯：消灭蚊子，终结疟疾
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我们能用蚊子的本能来消灭它。在TEDx马斯特里赫特，讲者巴特.诺尔斯展示了他的团队正在开发的几种充满了想象力的对抗疟疾的方案——包括林堡奶酪和一种致命毒药。（于TEDx马斯特里赫特拍摄）
Bart Knols - Malariologist
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
(Mosquito buzzing)
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（蚊子叫）
00:25
(Swat)
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（拍打）
00:28
Gotcha.
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打着了！
00:31
Mosquitos. I hate them.
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我恨死蚊子了
00:35
Don't you?
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你们也一样吧
00:37
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
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夜晚那恼人的蚊子叫萦绕耳边
00:40
that drives you absolutely crazy?
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真是让人崩溃
00:42
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
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想象蚊子向你的皮肤里打进一根针
00:45
and suck out your blood? That's awful, right?
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吸走你的血——真是太恶心了！
00:49
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of
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事实上，关于蚊子我只能想到
00:52
when it gets to mosquitos.
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一点还能说得过去
00:54
When they fly into our bedroom at night,
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就是它们晚上飞进我们的卧室
00:57
they prefer to bite my wife.
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比较喜欢咬我太太
01:00
But that's fascinating, right?
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这其中大有玄机
01:01
Why does she receive more bites than I do?
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为什么她比我招蚊子咬？
01:06
And the answer is smell, the smell of her body.
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答案是体味
01:10
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals
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我们的气味各不相同，皮肤制造不同的化学物质
01:13
on our skin that either attract or repel mosquitos,
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有些吸引蚊子，有些则排斥蚊子
01:17
some of us are just more attractive than others.
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有些人确实比较招蚊子
01:21
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just
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所以说我太太比我好闻
01:24
stink more than she does.
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或者说我比她臭
01:27
Either way, mosquitos find us in the dark
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不管怎么样，蚊子在黑暗中通过嗅觉找人
01:30
by sniffing us out. They smell us.
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它们闻得出我们
01:33
And during my Ph.D, I wanted to know exactly
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读博士的时候，我想搞清楚
01:36
what chemicals from our skin mosquitos used,
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蚊子通过我们皮肤上的哪种化学物质来挑人
01:39
African malarial mosquitos use to track us down at night.
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在夜晚，那些非洲疟蚊如何在黑暗中跟踪我们
01:42
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
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它们使用一整组物质
01:46
And this was not going to be an easy task.
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这个任务可不容易完成
01:49
And therefore, we set up various experiments.
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于是我们设计了各种实验
01:52
Why did we set up these experiments?
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我们为什么设计这些实验？
01:55
Because half the world's population runs the risk
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因为世界人口的一半面临着
01:58
of contracting a killer disease like malaria
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身患致命疾病——疟疾的风险
02:02
through a simple mosquito bite.
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而关键是消除蚊子叮咬
02:04
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
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每30秒，世界上的某个角落
02:07
a child dies of malaria, and Paul Levy this morning,
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就有一个孩子死于疟疾。今天早上
02:10
he was talking about the metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States.
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保罗.莱维谈到了美国波音727飞机坠毁事故的隐喻
02:14
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
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而在非洲，(疟疾导致的)死亡相当于7架大型747客机
02:20
crashing every day.
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每天坠毁
02:22
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps,
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也许，如果我们能把蚊子引入陷阱
02:26
bait it with our smell, we may be able to stop transmission
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用我们的体味作为诱饵，也许就能够
02:29
of disease.
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阻止疾病传播
02:31
Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
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解决这个问题可要花不少工夫
02:34
because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
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因为我们的皮肤制造上百种不同的化学物质
02:37
but we undertook some remarkable experiments
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但我们完成了一些了不起的实验
02:39
that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
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帮助我们迅速厘清了解开难题的关键
02:43
First, we observed that not all mosquito species
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首先，我们观察到不是所有的蚊子
02:46
bite on the same part of the body. Strange.
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都叮咬人类身体的同一个部位。这挺奇怪
02:50
So we set up an experiment
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我们设计了一个实验
02:52
whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
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我们让一名全身赤裸的志愿者戴在一个大笼子里
02:55
and in that cage we released mosquitos
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然后放进蚊子
02:59
to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
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看看这些蚊子叮咬哪些身体部位
03:02
And we found some remarkable differences.
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我们发现了显著的差异
03:04
On the left here you see the bites
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你们看到左边图片上的这些咬痕
03:07
by the Dutch malarial mosquito on this person.
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是被荷兰疟蚊叮咬的
03:10
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
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咬痕明显集中于面部
03:13
In contrast, the African malarial mosquito
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而相反的，非洲疟蚊
03:15
had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person,
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却喜欢咬脚踝和脚
03:21
and that of course we should have known all along
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当然，（这可能是因为）众所周知——
03:24
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see? (Laughter)
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蚊子被叫做“mosqui-toes”
（蚊子的英文单词结尾toes是脚趾的意思）
（笑声）
（蚊子的英文单词结尾toes是脚趾的意思）
（笑声）
03:28
That's right. (Applause)
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这太对了（掌声）
03:31
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet,
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于是我们集中研究脚上的气味
03:37
on the smell of human feet,
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研究人类脚上的气味
03:38
until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
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我们在论文中得出了一个惊人的结论
03:42
that said that cheese smells after feet
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奶酪不如脚丫子味道重
03:46
rather than the reverse. Think of it.
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可别搞反了。想想看吧。
03:50
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
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这启发了我们去做另外一项重要的实验
03:52
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
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我们试着用一小块林堡奶酪
03:56
which smells badly after feet,
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它有一种近似脚臭的臭味
03:59
to attract African malaria mosquitos.
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来吸引非洲疟蚊
04:02
And you know what? It worked.
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你们知道吗？竟然有效！
04:04
In fact, it worked so well that now we have a synthetic mixture
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事实上，它的功效让我们开发出一种
04:10
of the aroma of Limburger cheese that we're using in Tanzania
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林堡奶酪气味的人工混合物，在坦桑尼亚使用
04:14
and has been shown there to be two to three times
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事实证明它对于蚊子，较之人类，
04:16
more attractive to mosquitos than humans.
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有两到三倍的吸引力
04:20
Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
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林堡，自豪吧
04:24
as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
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你们的奶酪可是抗击疟疾的利器
04:27
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:34
That's the cheese, just to show you.
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这就是我提到的奶酪
04:37
My second story is remarkable as well.
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我的第二个故事同样精彩
04:40
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
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是关于人类最好的朋友——狗狗们
04:43
And I will show you
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我会向你们展示
04:44
how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
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如何用狗来对付疟疾
04:48
One of the best ways of killing mosquitos
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杀死蚊子的最好办法
04:51
is not to wait until they fly around like adults
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可不是等到成虫飞到我们身边
04:54
and bite people and transmit disease.
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叮咬人类传播疾病的时候
04:57
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
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而是在它们还是水中的幼虫时候
05:01
Why? Because they are just like the CIA.
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为什么？因为它们就像CIA
05:06
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
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在水塘里，幼虫集中在一起
05:10
They're all together there. They are immobile.
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全部固守在一个地方
05:13
They can't escape from that water. They can't fly.
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它们不能逃离那片水塘，它们还不会飞翔
05:16
And they're accessible. You can actually walk up
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它们容易接触。你可以走到池塘边
05:19
to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
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把它们全杀光。是不是？
05:24
So the problem that we face with this is that,
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我们于是遇到的问题是
05:27
throughout the landscape, all these pools of water
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漫山遍野的水塘充斥着幼虫
05:31
with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place,
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它们到处都是
05:33
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
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这让杀虫员
05:36
to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
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很难找到所有的据点来喷洒杀虫剂
05:40
And last year we thought very, very hard,
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去年，我们绞尽脑汁
05:43
how can we resolve this problem? Until we realized
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来找解决之道。直到我们意识到
05:46
that just like us, we have a unique smell,
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就像人类有独特的气味一样
05:49
that mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
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蚊子幼虫也有独特的气味
05:54
And so we set up another crazy experiment,
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我们开始着手另外一项大胆的实验
05:56
because we collected the smell of these larvae,
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我们收集蚊子幼虫的气味
05:58
put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
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弄到布料上，然后做出一项壮举
06:02
Here we have a bar with four holes,
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这根横木上有四个洞
06:05
and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
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我们把沾有幼虫气味的布料放在最左边的洞里面
06:08
Ooh, that was very quick.
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哦，这段放的有点快
06:09
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
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你们看到这只狗，他叫粗花呢，是一只边境牧羊犬
06:11
He's examining these holes, and now he's got it already.
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他在检查这些洞，他已经闻出来了
06:14
He's going back to check the control holes again,
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他回来又检查了一遍控制洞
06:17
but he's coming back to the first one,
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但又回到第一个洞
06:18
and now he's locking into that smell,
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锁定了这个气味
06:21
which means that now we can use dogs
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这意味着我们可以使用狗
06:23
with these inspectors to much better find
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来帮助杀虫员更好地找到
06:25
the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field,
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这片田野里蚊子的繁殖区
06:28
and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
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更好地去打击疟疾
06:30
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep. She's one of the best dog-trainers in the world,
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这位女士名叫艾伦.冯.德.兹威普。她是世界一流的训狗师
06:34
and she believes that we can do a lot more.
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她认为我们能做的还远远不止这些
06:37
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
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由于我们也知道疟疾寄生虫的携带者
06:41
smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
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与没有感染的人有不同的气味
06:44
she's convinced that we can train dogs
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她相信我们也可以通过训练狗
06:46
to find people that carry the parasite.
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来找到这些携带者
06:50
That means that in a population where malaria
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这就意味着在一个疟疾基本得到控制的人群中
06:52
has gone down all the way, and there's few people remaining with parasites,
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只有很少的人是携带者
06:56
that the dogs can find these people,
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而狗能找到这些人
06:57
we can treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and give the final blow to malaria.
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我们可以使用抗疟疾药物为他们治疗，彻底终结疟疾
07:02
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
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狗也是人类抗击疟疾的最好朋友
07:05
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable,
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我的第三个故事也许更有意义
07:08
and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
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而且我得说今天是我第一次对公众讲述这个故事
07:13
Yeah.
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是的
07:15
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best
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这很疯狂，但我相信这也许是最好的
07:18
and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever.
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向蚊子复仇的终极武器
07:22
In fact, people have told me that now they will enjoy
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事实上，有人告诉我他们现在居然
07:25
being bitten by mosquitos.
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享受被蚊子叮咬
07:28
And the question of course is, what would make someone
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这里的疑问当然是，
07:31
enjoy being bitten by mosquitos?
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是什么让人们享受蚊子叮咬？
07:33
And the answer
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答案是
07:34
I have right here in my pocket,
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我口袋里就有
07:39
if I get it.
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我有这个
07:41
It's a tablet, a simple tablet,
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这是一个药片，很简单的一个药片
07:45
and when I take it with water,
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当我用水服下
07:48
it does miracles.
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它能产生奇迹
07:52
Thank you.
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谢谢你
07:56
(Drinking)
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（喝水）
07:59
Now let me show you how this works.
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让我告诉你们它有什么效果
08:03
Here in this box I have a cage
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在这个盒子里有一个笼子
08:06
with several hundred hungry
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关着好几百只
08:11
female mosquitos
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饥饿的雌蚊子
08:16
that I'm just about to release. (Laughter)
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我即将释放它们（笑声）
08:20
Just kidding, just kidding.
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开玩笑，我只是在开玩笑
08:23
What I'm going to show you is I'm gonna stick my arm into it
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我要把胳膊伸进去
08:26
and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
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向你们展示它们咬过来有多迅速
08:28
Here we go.
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开始了！
08:30
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
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别慌，我在实验室里一直这么做
08:34
There we go. Okay.
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好了，开始。
08:38
Now, on the video, on the video here,
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现在我放的这个录像
08:43
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
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会向你们展示同样的情景
08:44
except that what I'm showing you on the video
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唯一的不同是拍这段录像时
08:47
happened one hour after I took the tablet.
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我已经服药一个小时了
08:50
Have a look. That doesn't work. Okay. Sorry about that.
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看看吧。放错了……好。不好意思。
08:55
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy
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我把胳膊放进去，我给了它们一顿大餐
08:57
blood meal, I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
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我把它们晃走，然后跟踪拍摄
09:00
to see these mosquitos get very, very sick indeed,
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它们变得非常非常虚弱
09:03
here shown in fast motion,
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用快进来放
09:05
and three hours later what we see at the bottom
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三个小时后我们再来看笼子的底部
09:08
of the cage is dead mosquitos,
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全是死蚊子
09:11
very dead mosquitos, and I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
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而且死透了。我要说，女士们先生们
09:16
we have swapped the cards with mosquitos.
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我们反败为胜了
09:18
They don't kill us. We kill them.
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它们杀不了我们。我们能杀死它们。
09:22
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
09:30
Now — (Laughter) —
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好了——（笑声）——
09:36
Maastricht, be prepared.
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马斯特里赫特，准备好了！
09:38
Now think of what we can do with this.
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让我们想想我们能做到什么
09:40
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
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我们可以用这种药来控制
09:43
of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
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蚊子传播的瘟疫，对不对？
09:46
And better still, imagine what would happen if,
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更进一步，想象一下这种情形
09:48
in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs,
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在一个广大地区，人人都吃了这种药
09:51
this drug, for just three weeks.
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吃上三个礼拜
09:53
That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate
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这就是个大好机会来真正消灭
09:56
malaria as a disease.
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这个地区的疟疾
09:57
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos.
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用奶酪、狗、和药片来灭蚊
10:01
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing,
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这就是我喜欢研究的“偏门”科学
10:05
for the betterment of mankind,
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为了人类的福祉
10:08
but especially for her, so that she can grow up
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特别是为了她。为了让她能在一个
10:10
in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause)
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没有疟疾的世界长大。谢谢大家（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bart Knols - MalariologistBart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria.
Why you should listen
Bart Knols is a malariologist with eleven years of experience managing large-scale research programs in East and Southern Africa. He’s worked at the United Nations (IAEA), served as a consultant for the World Health Organization, and acted as a Board Member of the UBS Bank Optimus Foundation in Switzerland. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed research articles and received the Ig Nobel Prize and an IAEA Special Service Award in 2006 and became a laureate of the Eijkman medal in 2007. He is currently the Managing Director at In2Care BV, Science Director & Managing Partner at Soper Strategies, and serves as Chair of the Advisory Board of the Dutch Malaria Foundation.
Bart Knols | Speaker | TED.com