TEDGlobal 2012
Andreas Schleicher: Use data to build better schools
Andreas Šlajher (Andreas Schleicher): Koristimo podatke da bismo stvorili bolje škole
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Kako možemo da izmerimo šta jedan obrazovni sistem čini uspešnim? Andreas Šlajher nas vodi kroz PISA test, merenje na globalnom nivou koje upoređuje države među sobom - onda koristi prikupljene podatke u poboljšanju školstva. Pogledajte da biste videli koje mesto na njihovoj listi zauzima vaša zemlja i saznajte koji je to faktor koji jedan školski sistem čini boljim od drugih.
Andreas Schleicher - Education surveyor
What makes a great school system? To find out, Andreas Schleicher administers a test to compare student performance around the world. Full bio
What makes a great school system? To find out, Andreas Schleicher administers a test to compare student performance around the world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Radical openness is still a distant future
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Radikalna otvorenost je još uvek
u dalekoj budućnosti
u dalekoj budućnosti
00:19
in the field of school education.
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na polju obrazovanja.
00:21
We have such a hard time figuring out
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Teško nam je da shvatimo
00:23
that learning is not a place but an activity.
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da učenje nije mesto
već aktivnost.
već aktivnost.
00:28
But I want to tell you the story of PISA,
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Želim da vam ispričam
priču o PISA projektu,
priču o PISA projektu,
00:31
OECD's test to measure the knowledge and skills
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to je test kojim OECD
meri znanje i veštine
meri znanje i veštine
00:33
of 15-year-olds around the world,
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petnaestogotišnjaka
širom sveta,
širom sveta,
00:35
and it's really a story of how international comparisons
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to je u stvari priča o tome
kako međunarodnim upoređivanjem
kako međunarodnim upoređivanjem
00:40
have globalized the field of education that we usually treat
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globalizujemo polje obrazovanja
što obično smatramo
što obično smatramo
00:43
as an affair of domestic policy.
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problemom lokalne politike.
00:46
Look at how the world looked in the 1960s,
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Pogledajte kako je svet
izgledao 1960-ih,
izgledao 1960-ih,
00:48
in terms of the proportion of people
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u smislu procenta ljudi
00:50
who had completed high school.
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koji su završili
srednju školu.
srednju školu.
00:53
You can see the United States ahead of everyone else,
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Vidite da su
Sjedinjene Države ispred svih
Sjedinjene Države ispred svih
00:57
and much of the economic success of the United States
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i veliki deo ekonomskog uspeha
Sjedinjenih Država
Sjedinjenih Država
00:59
draws on its long-standing advantage
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proizlazi iz njene
dugoročne prednosti
dugoročne prednosti
01:02
as the first mover in education.
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kao prvaka u obrazovanju.
01:05
But in the 1970s, some countries caught up.
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Ali u '70-im, neke zemlje
su je sustigle.
su je sustigle.
01:08
In the 1980s, the global expansion
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'80-ih, globalno širenje
01:11
of the talent pool continued.
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talenata se nastavilo.
01:13
And the world didn't stop in the 1990s.
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A svet se nije zaustavio
ni u '90-im.
ni u '90-im.
01:17
So in the '60s, the U.S. was first.
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Dakle, '60-ih,
SAD su bile prve.
SAD su bile prve.
01:19
In the '90s, it was 13th,
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u '90-im su bile trinaeste
01:22
and not because standards had fallen,
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i ne zato što je standard opao,
01:24
but because they had risen so much faster elsewhere.
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već zato što je porastao mnogo brže
na svim drugim mestima.
na svim drugim mestima.
01:28
Korea shows you what's possible in education.
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Koreja vam pokazuje
mogućnosti u obrazovanju.
mogućnosti u obrazovanju.
01:32
Two generations ago, Korea had the standard of living
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Pre dve generacije
Koreja je imala životni standard
Koreja je imala životni standard
01:35
of Afghanistan today,
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današnjeg Avganistana
01:37
and was one of the lowest education performers.
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i bila je jedna od država
sa najviše neobrazovanih ljudi.
sa najviše neobrazovanih ljudi.
01:41
Today, every young Korean finishes high school.
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Danas, svaki mladi Korejanac
završi srednju školu.
završi srednju školu.
01:47
So this tells us that, in a global economy,
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Ovo nam govori da,
u globalnoj ekonomiji,
u globalnoj ekonomiji,
01:50
it is no longer national improvement that's the benchmark for success,
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nacionalni razvoj
više nije merilo uspeha,
više nije merilo uspeha,
01:54
but the best performing education systems internationally.
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već internacionalno najuspešniji
obrazovni sistem.
obrazovni sistem.
02:00
The trouble is that
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Problem je što
02:02
measuring how much time people spend in school
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merenjem koliko vremena
ljudi provedu u školi
ljudi provedu u školi
02:04
or what degree they have got is not always
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ili koju diplomu imaju,
nije uvek
nije uvek
02:06
a good way of seeing what they can actually do.
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dobar pokazatelj onoga
što oni zapravo umeju da rade.
što oni zapravo umeju da rade.
02:11
Look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on our streets,
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Pogledajte štetnu mešavinu nezaposlenih
diplomaca na ulicama,
diplomaca na ulicama,
02:15
while employers say they cannot find the people
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dok poslodavci govore
kako ne mogu da nađu ljude
kako ne mogu da nađu ljude
02:17
with the skills they need.
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sa neophodnim veštinama.
02:21
And that tells you that better degrees don't automatically translate
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To nam govori da bolje diplome
ne znače nužno
ne znače nužno
02:24
into better skills and better jobs and better lives.
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da ćete imati bolje veštine,
bolji posao i bolji život.
bolji posao i bolji život.
02:29
So with PISA, we try to change this
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PISA testom, pokušavamo
da promenimo ovo
da promenimo ovo
02:31
by measuring the knowledge and skills
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direktnim merenjem
znanja i veština
znanja i veština
02:33
of people directly.
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kod ljudi.
02:37
And we took a very special angle to this.
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Posmatramo ovo
iz posebnog ugla.
iz posebnog ugla.
02:38
We were less interested in whether students can simply
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Manje nas je zanimala
sposobnost studenata da prosto
sposobnost studenata da prosto
02:41
reproduce what they have learned in school,
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reprodukuju šta su naučili
u školi,
u školi,
02:44
but we wanted to test whether they can extrapolate
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hteli smo da proverimo
da li oni umeju da iskoriste
da li oni umeju da iskoriste
02:47
from what they know
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ono što znaju
02:49
and apply their knowledge in novel situations.
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i da primene svoje znanje
u novim situacijama.
u novim situacijama.
02:53
Now, some people have criticized us for this.
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Sada, neki ljudi su protiv ovoga.
02:55
They say, you know, such a way of measuring outcomes
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Kažu, znate, takav način
merenja uspeha
merenja uspeha
02:57
is terribly unfair to people, because we test students
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nije pošten prema ljudima,
jer mi testiramo učenike
jer mi testiramo učenike
03:00
with problems they haven't seen before.
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na problemima
koje nisu ranije videli.
koje nisu ranije videli.
03:03
But if you take that logic, you know,
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Ali vodeći se
tom logikom, znate,
tom logikom, znate,
03:05
you should consider life unfair, because
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vi govorite da je život nepošten,
03:08
the test of truth in life is not whether we can remember
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zato što merilo uspeha u životu nije
mogućnost da se setimo
mogućnost da se setimo
03:11
what we learned in school,
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šta smo naučili u školi,
03:12
but whether we are prepared for change,
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već da li smo
spremni za promene,
spremni za promene,
03:16
whether we are prepared for jobs that haven't been created,
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da li smo spremni za poslove
koji još ne postoje,
koji još ne postoje,
03:18
to use technologies that haven't been invented,
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za tehnologiju
koja još uvek nije izmišljena,
koja još uvek nije izmišljena,
03:20
to solve problems we just can't anticipate today.
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za probleme koje danas
ne možemo da predvidimo.
ne možemo da predvidimo.
03:25
And once hotly contested,
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Nekada je bio oštro osporavan,
03:28
our way of measuring outcomes has actually quickly become the standard.
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a naš način merenja uspeha
ubrzo je postao standard.
ubrzo je postao standard.
03:31
In our latest assessment in 2009,
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U našoj poslednjoj proceni 2009.
03:33
we measured 74 school systems
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testirali smo 74 školska sistema
03:37
that together cover 87 percent of the economy.
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koji zajedno pokrivaju
87 posto ekonomije.
87 posto ekonomije.
03:40
This chart shows you the performance of countries.
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Ovaj grafikon pokazuje
uspeh nekih zemalja.
uspeh nekih zemalja.
03:44
In red, sort of below OECD average.
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Crveno, nekako ispod
OECD proseka.
OECD proseka.
03:47
Yellow is so-so, and in green are the countries doing really well.
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Žuto je osrednje, a zeleno su države
kojima ide jako dobro.
kojima ide jako dobro.
03:50
You can see Shanghai, Korea, Singapore in Asia;
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Vidite da Šangaj,
Koreja, Singapur u Aziji,
Koreja, Singapur u Aziji,
03:55
Finland in Europe;
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Finska u Evropi,
03:56
Canada in North America doing really well.
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Kanada u Severnoj Americi
dobro napreduju.
dobro napreduju.
04:01
You can also see that there is a gap of almost
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Isto tako možete da vidite
da postoji razlika od gotovo
da postoji razlika od gotovo
04:03
three and a half school years between
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tri ipo školske godine između
04:05
15-year-olds in Shanghai and 15-year-olds in Chile,
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Šangajskih i Čileanskih
petnaestogodišnjaka,
petnaestogodišnjaka,
04:08
and the gap grows to seven school years
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a razlika raste i do
sedam školskih godina
sedam školskih godina
04:11
when you include the countries with really poor performance.
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kada uključimo zemlje
sa vrlo lošim rezultatima.
sa vrlo lošim rezultatima.
04:15
There's a world of difference in the way in which
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Na neki način,
postoji mnogo razlika u načinu
postoji mnogo razlika u načinu
04:17
young people are prepared for today's economy.
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pripremanja mladih
za današnju ekonomiju.
za današnju ekonomiju.
04:22
But I want to introduce a second important dimension
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Želim da uvedem
i drugu važnu dimenziju
i drugu važnu dimenziju
04:26
into this picture.
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u ovu priču.
04:28
Educators like to talk about equity.
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Nastavnici vole da govore
o jednakosti.
o jednakosti.
04:33
With PISA, we wanted to measure how they actually deliver equity,
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PISA testom smo hteli da izmerimo
koliko jednakosti oni pružaju
koliko jednakosti oni pružaju
04:36
in terms of ensuring that people
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brinući pri tom da ljudi
04:39
from different social backgrounds have equal chances.
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iz različitih društvenih slojeva
imaju iste prilike za uspeh.
imaju iste prilike za uspeh.
04:42
And we see that in some countries, the impact
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Vidimo da je
u nekim zemljama uticaj
u nekim zemljama uticaj
04:44
of social background on learning outcomes
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društvenih slojeva
na rezultate školovanja
na rezultate školovanja
04:46
is very, very strong.
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veoma, veoma snažan.
04:47
Opportunities are unequally distributed.
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Mogućnosti nisu jednako podeljene.
04:50
A lot of potential of young children is wasted.
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Mnogo potencijala kod mladih ljudi
je uzalud potrošeno.
je uzalud potrošeno.
04:53
We see in other countries that it matters much less
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Vidimo da je u drugim zemljama
manje važno
manje važno
04:56
into which social context you're born.
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iz kog društvenog sloja potičete.
05:00
We all want to be there, in the upper right quadrant,
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Svi mi želimo da budemo ovde,
u gornjem desnom uglu,
u gornjem desnom uglu,
05:02
where performance is strong and learning opportunities are equally distributed.
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gde su rezultati dobri, a prilike za učenje
jednako raspodeljene.
jednako raspodeljene.
05:07
Nobody, and no country, can afford to be there,
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Niko, nijedna zemlja
ne sme da dozvoli da bude tamo,
ne sme da dozvoli da bude tamo,
05:09
where performance is poor
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gde je učinak loš
05:11
and there are large social disparities.
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i gde postoje
velike socijalne nejednakosti.
velike socijalne nejednakosti.
05:14
And then we can debate, you know, is it better
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A onda možemo da raspravljamo,
znate, da li je bolje
znate, da li je bolje
05:16
to be there, where performance is strong
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biti tamo, gde su rezultati dobri
05:18
at the price of large disparities?
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po cenu velike nejednakosti?
05:21
Or do we want to focus on equity and accept mediocrity?
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Ili ćemo se fokusirati na jednakost
i prihvatiti osrednjost?
i prihvatiti osrednjost?
05:27
But actually, if you look at how countries come out on this picture,
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Ali ustvari, ako pogledate kako
države izgledaju na ovoj slici
države izgledaju na ovoj slici
05:30
you see there are a lot of countries that actually
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videćete da ima
dosta zemalja koje zapravo
dosta zemalja koje zapravo
05:32
are combining excellence with equity.
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kombinuju savršenstvo sa jednakošću.
05:37
In fact, one of the most important lessons from this comparison
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U stvari, jedna od najvažnijih lekcija
ovog upoređivanja
ovog upoređivanja
05:40
is that you don't have to compromise equity
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je da ne morate
da ugrozite jednakost
da ugrozite jednakost
05:43
to achieve excellence.
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da biste postigli savršenstvo.
05:46
These countries have moved on from providing excellence
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Ove zemlje su se pomakle
od pružanja savršenstva
od pružanja savršenstva
05:48
for just some to providing excellence for all,
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samo nekima
do pružanja savršenstva svima,
do pružanja savršenstva svima,
05:51
a very important lesson.
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a to je vrlo važna lekcija.
05:53
And that also challenges the paradigms of many school systems
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A to takođe osporava organizaciju
mnogih obrazovnih sistema
mnogih obrazovnih sistema
05:58
that believe they are mainly there to sort people.
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koji veruju da postoje
prvenstveno da bi razvrstavali ljude.
prvenstveno da bi razvrstavali ljude.
06:03
And ever since those results came out, policymakers,
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Od kada su se ti rezultati pojavili,
zakonodavci,
zakonodavci,
06:05
educators, researchers from around the world
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profesori, istraživači
sa svih strana sveta
sa svih strana sveta
06:07
have tried to figure out
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pokušavaju da shvate
06:08
what's behind the success of those systems.
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šta stoji iza uspeha
tih školskih sistema.
tih školskih sistema.
06:12
But let's step back for a moment
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Ali hajde da se vratimo
na trenutak
na trenutak
06:14
and focus on the countries that actually started PISA,
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i fokusiramo se na zemlje
koje su uvele PISA testove,
koje su uvele PISA testove,
06:17
and I'm giving them a colored bubble now.
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označiću ih obojenim kružićima.
06:19
And I'm making the size of the bubble
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Postaviću ih tako
da veličina kružića
da veličina kružića
06:23
proportional
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odgovara
06:24
to the amount of money that countries spent on students.
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količini novca
koji ta zemlja potroši na đake.
koji ta zemlja potroši na đake.
06:28
If money would tell you everything
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Kada bi novac govorio sve
06:30
about the quality of learning outcomes,
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o kvalitetu rezultata učenja,
06:32
you would find all the large bubbles at the top, no?
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svi veliki krugovi bi se našli
na vrhu, zar ne?
na vrhu, zar ne?
06:35
But that's not what you see.
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Ali to nije ono što vidite.
06:38
Spending per student only explains about,
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Ukupna potrošnja
po studentu objašnjava,
po studentu objašnjava,
06:40
well, less than 20 percent
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pa, manje od 20 posto
06:42
of the performance variation among countries,
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varijacije u uspehu
kod različitih zemalja,
kod različitih zemalja,
06:46
and Luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system,
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Luksemburg,
na primer, najskuplji sistem
na primer, najskuplji sistem
06:48
doesn't do particularly well.
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ne postiže posebno dobre rezultate.
06:51
What you see is that two countries with similar spending
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Kao što vidite, dve zemlje
sa sličnom potrošnjom
sa sličnom potrošnjom
06:53
achieve very different results.
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postižu potpuno različite rezultate.
06:55
You also see -- and I think that's one of the most encouraging findings --
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Takođe vidite - i mislim da je to
zaključak koji ohrabruje -
zaključak koji ohrabruje -
06:59
that we no longer live in a world that is neatly divided
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da više ne živimo u svetu
koji je precizno podeljen
koji je precizno podeljen
07:03
between rich and well-educated countries,
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na bogate zemlje
sa visokim obrazovanjem
sa visokim obrazovanjem
07:05
and poor and badly-educated ones,
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i siromašne
sa niskim obrazovanjem,
sa niskim obrazovanjem,
07:08
a very, very important lesson.
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vrlo, vrlo važna lekcija.
07:11
Let's look at this in greater detail.
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Hajde da detaljno pogledamo ovo.
07:14
The red dot shows you
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Crvena tačka pokazuje
07:16
spending per student relative to a country's wealth.
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potrošnju po studentu
u odnosu na bogatstvo zemlje.
u odnosu na bogatstvo zemlje.
07:20
One way you can spend money is by paying teachers well,
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Jedan način da potrošite novac
je da dobro platite nastavnike
je da dobro platite nastavnike
07:23
and you can see Korea investing a lot
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2505
i vidite da Koreja dosta investira
07:25
in attracting the best people into the teaching profession.
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u zapošljavanje
najboljih ljudi u obrazovanju.
najboljih ljudi u obrazovanju.
07:28
And Korea also invests into long school days,
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Koreja takođe ulaže
u duge školske dane,
u duge školske dane,
07:30
which drives up costs further.
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što još više povećava trošak.
07:33
Last but not least, Koreans want their teachers
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I na kraju, Korejanci traže
od svojih nastavnika
od svojih nastavnika
07:35
not only to teach but also to develop.
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ne samo da podučavaju,
već i da napreduju.
već i da napreduju.
07:38
They invest in professional development and collaboration
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2335
Oni ulažu u profesionalni razvoj
i saradnju
i saradnju
07:40
and many other things.
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i mnoge druge stvari.
07:42
All that costs money.
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Sve to košta.
07:44
How can Korea afford all of this?
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Kako Koreja može
sve ovo da priušti?
sve ovo da priušti?
07:46
The answer is, students in Korea learn in large classes.
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Odgovor je, studenti u Koreji
uče u velikim grupama.
uče u velikim grupama.
07:50
This is the blue bar which is driving costs down.
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Ovo je plava linija
koja obara troškove.
koja obara troškove.
07:54
You go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg,
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Idemo na sledeću državu na spisku,
Luksemburg,
Luksemburg,
07:57
and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for Korea,
157
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3103
vidite da crvena tačka
zauzima isto mesto kao kod Koreje,
zauzima isto mesto kao kod Koreje,
08:00
so Luxembourg spends the same per student as Korea does.
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dakle, Luksemburg po studentu troši
isto koliko i Koreja.
isto koliko i Koreja.
08:04
But, you know, parents and teachers and policymakers
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2894
Ali, znate, roditelji i nastavnici
i zakonodavci
i zakonodavci
08:07
in Luxembourg all like small classes.
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2447
u Luksemburgu vole
male grupe učenika.
male grupe učenika.
08:09
You know, it's very pleasant to walk into a small class.
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2768
Znate, vrlo je prijatno
ući u mali razred.
ući u mali razred.
08:12
So they have invested all their money into there,
162
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1904
Oni su sav svoj novac
uložili u to,
uložili u to,
08:14
and the blue bar, class size, is driving costs up.
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3346
a plava linija, broj učenika,
povećava trošak.
povećava trošak.
08:17
But even Luxembourg can spend its money only once,
164
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Ali čak i Luksemburg može
da potroši sav svoj novac odjednom,
da potroši sav svoj novac odjednom,
08:22
and the price for this is that
165
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2205
a cena je
08:24
teachers are not paid particularly well.
166
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2104
da nastavnici nisu
dovoljno dobro plaćemi.
dovoljno dobro plaćemi.
08:26
Students don't have long hours of learning.
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2679
Učenici ne provode
dosta vremena u školi.
dosta vremena u školi.
08:29
And basically, teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching.
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3242
U principu, nastavnici imaju malo vremena
za bilo šta osim za predavanje.
za bilo šta osim za predavanje.
08:32
So you can see two countries spent their money very differently,
169
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Vidite da ove dve države
troše svoj novac vrlo različito.
troše svoj novac vrlo različito.
08:35
and actually how they spent their money
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2320
I zapravo, način na koji troše
svoj novac
svoj novac
08:38
matters a lot more than how much they invest in education.
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6003
je mnogo važniji od toga
koliko ulažu u obrazovanje.
koliko ulažu u obrazovanje.
08:44
Let's go back to the year 2000.
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2554
Hajde da se vratimo
u 2000. godinu.
u 2000. godinu.
08:46
Remember, that was the year before the iPod was invented.
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3995
Sećate se da je to godina
pre izlaska ajpoda.
pre izlaska ajpoda.
08:50
This is how the world looked then
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2124
Ovako je svet tada izgledao
08:52
in terms of PISA performance.
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4261
po pitanju PISA rezultata.
08:57
The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no?
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2815
Prva stvar koju vidite je da su kružići
bili mnogo manji, zar ne?
bili mnogo manji, zar ne?
09:00
We spent a lot less on education,
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1631
Mnogo manje smo ulagali
u obrazovanje,
u obrazovanje,
09:01
about 35 percent less on education.
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2072
oko 35 posto manje.
09:03
So you ask yourself, if education has become so much more expensive,
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3745
Pitate se, ako je obrazovanje
postalo skuplje
postalo skuplje
09:07
has it become so much better?
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3353
da li je postalo i bolje?
09:10
And the bitter truth really is that, you know,
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2999
A gorka istina je, znate,
09:13
not in many countries.
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2445
da nije, u mnogim zemljama.
09:16
But there are some countries which have seen
183
540353
2083
Ali ima nekih zemalja
koje su postigle
koje su postigle
09:18
impressive improvements.
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2948
veliki napredak.
09:21
Germany, my own country, in the year 2000,
185
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3796
Nemačka, moja zemlja,
se 2000. godine
se 2000. godine
09:25
featured in the lower quadrant,
186
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1888
nalazila u donjem kvadratu,
09:26
below average performance, large social disparities.
187
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3165
rezultat ispod proseka,
velike socijalne razlike.
velike socijalne razlike.
09:30
And remember, Germany, we used to be one of those countries
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554233
2003
Setite se da je Nemačka
bila jedna od onih zemalja
bila jedna od onih zemalja
09:32
that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees.
189
556236
3728
sa jako dobrim rezultatom
kada prebrojite koliko ljudi ima diplomu.
kada prebrojite koliko ljudi ima diplomu.
09:35
Very disappointing results.
190
559964
1761
Veoma razočaravajući rezultati.
09:37
People were stunned by the results.
191
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2737
Ljudi su bili zatečeni rezultatima.
09:40
And for the very first time, the public debate in Germany
192
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3791
I po prvi put, javnom raspravom
u Nemačkoj
u Nemačkoj
09:44
was dominated for months by education,
193
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3706
mesecima je dominiralo obrazovanje,
09:47
not tax, not other kinds of issues, but education
194
571959
2734
ne porezi, ne drugi problemi,
već je obrazovanje
već je obrazovanje
09:50
was the center of the public debate.
195
574693
2551
bilo srž javnih rasprava.
09:53
And then policymakers began to respond to this.
196
577244
3219
Tada su političari počeli
da reaguju na ovo pitanje.
da reaguju na ovo pitanje.
09:56
The federal government dramatically raised its investment in education.
197
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4230
Vlada je dramatično povećala
svoja ulaganja u obrazovanje.
svoja ulaganja u obrazovanje.
10:00
A lot was done to increase the life chances of students
198
584693
3629
Mnogo toga je urađeno
da bi se poboljšale šanse za uspeh studenata
da bi se poboljšale šanse za uspeh studenata
10:04
with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage.
199
588322
2962
iz imigrantskih porodica
ili lošeg socijanog statusa.
ili lošeg socijanog statusa.
10:07
And what's really interesting is that this wasn't just about
200
591284
4508
A najinteresantije je to
što se ovo ne odnosi samo
što se ovo ne odnosi samo
10:11
optimizing existing policies,
201
595792
3759
na poboljšavanje
već postojeće politike,
već postojeće politike,
10:15
but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms
202
599551
3413
podaci su uticali
na neka uverenja i paradigme
na neka uverenja i paradigme
10:18
underlying German education.
203
602964
1787
u korenu nemačkog obrazovanja.
10:20
For example, traditionally, the education of the very young children
204
604751
3886
Na primer, tradiconalno se
obrazovanje male dece
obrazovanje male dece
10:24
was seen as the business of families, and you would have cases
205
608637
2618
posmatralo kao posao porodice,
i bio je slučajeva
i bio je slučajeva
10:27
where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities
206
611255
3032
gde su kritikovali žene
zbog zanemarivanja porodičnih obaveza
zbog zanemarivanja porodičnih obaveza
10:30
when they sent their children to kindergarten.
207
614287
3088
kada pošalju svoju decu
u obdanište.
u obdanište.
10:33
PISA has transformed that debate,
208
617375
2648
PISA je preokrenula tu debatu,
10:35
and pushed early childhood education right at the center
209
620023
2773
i nametnula obrazovanje u ranom detinjstvu
u samo središte
u samo središte
10:38
of public policy in Germany.
210
622796
2392
javne politike u Nemačkoj.
10:41
Or traditionally, the German education divides children
211
625188
3701
Ili tradicionalno,
nemački obrazovni sistem deli decu
nemački obrazovni sistem deli decu
10:44
at the age of 10, very young children,
212
628889
2748
kada imaju 10 godina,
veoma malu decu,
veoma malu decu,
10:47
between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers
213
631637
4189
na one koji će graditi karijeru
kao visokoobrazovani
kao visokoobrazovani
10:51
and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers,
214
635826
3350
i one koji će raditi
za visokoobrazovane,
za visokoobrazovane,
10:55
and that mainly along socioeconomic lines,
215
639176
2476
i to uglavnom po
društveno-ekonomskim standardima,
društveno-ekonomskim standardima,
10:57
and that paradigm is being challenged now too.
216
641652
4168
a taj obrazac takođe osporavamo.
11:01
A lot of change.
217
645820
2484
Mnogo promena.
11:04
And the good news is, nine years later,
218
648304
2954
A dobra vest je da,
devet godina kasnije,
devet godina kasnije,
11:07
you can see improvements in quality and equity.
219
651258
3099
možete videti poboljšanje
u kvalitetu i u jednakosti.
u kvalitetu i u jednakosti.
11:10
People have taken up the challenge, done something about it.
220
654357
2276
Ljudi su prihvatili izazov,
uradili nešto po tom pitanju.
uradili nešto po tom pitanju.
11:12
Or take Korea, at the other end of the spectrum.
221
656633
2128
Ili uzmite Koreju,
na drugom kraju spektra.
na drugom kraju spektra.
11:14
In the year 2000, Korea did already very well,
222
658761
2545
2000. godine, Koreja je imala
vrlo dobar položaj,
vrlo dobar položaj,
11:17
but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share
223
661306
3325
ali Korejanci su bili zabrinuti
da samo mali deo
da samo mali deo
11:20
of their students achieved the really high levels of excellence.
224
664631
4359
njihovih studenata postiže
jako visok nivo uspeha.
jako visok nivo uspeha.
11:24
They took up the challenge,
225
668990
1814
Prihvatili su izazov,
11:26
and Korea was able to double the proportion of students
226
670804
3534
i Koreja je za jednu deceniju
duplirala broj
duplirala broj
11:30
achieving excellence in one decade in the field of reading.
227
674338
4402
studenata sa odličnim rezultatima
u području čitanja.
u području čitanja.
11:34
Well, if you only focus on your brightest students,
228
678740
2553
Pa, ako se usmerite
samo na bistre studente,
samo na bistre studente,
11:37
you know what happens is disparities grow,
229
681293
1919
znate šta se događa,
nejednakost raste
nejednakost raste
11:39
and you can see this bubble moving slightly to the other direction,
230
683212
3800
i vidite da se ovaj kružić pomera
malo u suprotnom pravcu,
malo u suprotnom pravcu,
11:42
but still, an impressive improvement.
231
687012
2711
ali ipak, upečatljiv pomak.
11:45
A major overhaul of Poland's education
232
689723
2586
Velika rekonstrukcija
poljskog obrazovnog sistema
poljskog obrazovnog sistema
11:48
helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools,
233
692309
3633
drastično je uticala na smanjivanje
razlika među školama,
razlika među školama,
11:51
turn around many of the lowest-performing schools,
234
695942
2694
na napredak mnogih škola
sa lošim rezultatima,
sa lošim rezultatima,
11:54
and raise performance by over half a school year.
235
698636
4834
na podizanje rezultata
za više od pola školske godine.
za više od pola školske godine.
11:59
And you can see other countries as well.
236
703470
1791
A možete da vidite
i druge zemlje.
i druge zemlje.
12:01
Portugal was able to consolidate its fragmented school system,
237
705261
2943
Portugal je uspeo da pomiri
svoj podeljeni obrazovni sistem,
svoj podeljeni obrazovni sistem,
12:04
raise quality and improve equity,
238
708204
2992
poboljša kvalitet i popravi jednakost,
12:07
and so did Hungary.
239
711196
1876
a to je učinila i Mađarska.
12:08
So what you can actually see, there's been a lot of change.
240
713072
3431
Kao što možete da vidite,
došlo je do puno promena.
došlo je do puno promena.
12:12
And even those people who complain and say that
241
716503
2933
Pa čak i oni ljudi koji se ne slažu
i kažu
i kažu
12:15
the relative standing of countries
242
719436
1689
da je relativni položaj zemalja prema
12:17
on something like PISA is just an artifact of culture,
243
721125
3422
nečemu kao PISA
samo proizvod kulture,
samo proizvod kulture,
12:20
of economic factors, of social issues,
244
724547
3042
ekonomskih faktora,
društvenih problema
društvenih problema
12:23
of homogeneity of societies, and so on,
245
727589
3062
ili homogenosti društva,
12:26
these people must now concede that education improvement is possible.
246
730651
4842
oni sada moraju da priznaju
da je moguće unaprediti obrazovanje.
da je moguće unaprediti obrazovanje.
12:31
You know, Poland hasn't changed its culture.
247
735493
3040
Znate, Poljska nije promenila
svoju kulturu.
svoju kulturu.
12:34
It didn't change its economy. It didn't change
248
738533
2504
Nije promenila svoju ekonomiju.
Nije promenila
Nije promenila
12:36
the compositions of its population.
249
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2092
sastav svoje populacije.
12:39
It didn't fire its teachers. It changed its education policies
250
743129
2854
Nije otpustila svoje nastavnike.
Promenila je svoju obrazovnu politiku
Promenila je svoju obrazovnu politiku
12:41
and practice. Very impressive.
251
745983
2640
i praksu. Veoma impresivno.
12:44
And all that raises, of course, the question: What can we learn
252
748623
2965
A sve to, naravno, poteže jedno pitanje:
šta možemo da naučimo
šta možemo da naučimo
12:47
from those countries in the green quadrant
253
751588
2104
od ovih zemalja u zelenom uglu
12:49
who have achieved high levels of equity,
254
753692
2275
koje su postigle
visok nivo jednakosti,
visok nivo jednakosti,
12:51
high levels of performance, and raised outcomes?
255
755967
3732
visok nivo učinka
i poboljšale rezultate?
i poboljšale rezultate?
12:55
And, of course, the question is, can what works in one context
256
759699
3914
I naravno, pitanje je, može li nešto
što funkcioniše u jednom kontekstu
što funkcioniše u jednom kontekstu
12:59
provide a model elsewhere?
257
763613
2716
da posluži kao model
u nekom drugom?
u nekom drugom?
13:02
Of course, you can't copy and paste education systems wholesale,
258
766329
3330
Naravno, ne možete preslikati
ceo obrazovni sistem,
ceo obrazovni sistem,
13:05
but these comparisons have identified a range of factors
259
769659
3927
ali ovo upoređivanje je istaklo
spektar faktora
spektar faktora
13:09
that high-performing systems share.
260
773586
3321
koje imaju uspešni sistemi.
13:12
Everybody agrees that education is important.
261
776907
2560
Svi se slažu
da je obrazovanje važno.
da je obrazovanje važno.
13:15
Everybody says that.
262
779467
1987
Svako će reći da je tako.
13:17
But the test of truth is, how do you weigh that priority
263
781454
3255
Ali važno pitanje je,
koliko vrednujete taj prioritet
koliko vrednujete taj prioritet
13:20
against other priorities?
264
784709
2296
u odnosu na druge prioritete?
13:22
How do countries pay their teachers
265
787005
2013
Koliko države plaćaju
svoje nastavnike
svoje nastavnike
13:24
relative to other highly skilled workers?
266
789018
3105
u odnosu na ostale
visokokvalifikovane radnike?
visokokvalifikovane radnike?
13:28
Would you want your child to become a teacher
267
792123
2485
Da li biste želeli
da vaše dete postane nastavnik,
da vaše dete postane nastavnik,
13:30
rather than a lawyer?
268
794608
2112
a ne advokat?
13:32
How do the media talk about schools and teachers?
269
796720
2002
Kako mediji prikazuju
škole i nastavnike?
škole i nastavnike?
13:34
Those are the critical questions, and what we have learned
270
798722
2505
To su ključna pitanja,
a od PISA projekta smo naučili
a od PISA projekta smo naučili
13:37
from PISA is that, in high-performing education systems,
271
801227
4094
da je kod uspešnih
obrazovnih sistemima
obrazovnih sistemima
13:41
the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices
272
805321
3550
vlast ubedila svoje građane
da donesu odluke
da donesu odluke
13:44
that value education, their future,
273
808871
2378
koje vrednuju obrazovanje,
njihovu budućnost,
njihovu budućnost,
13:47
more than consumption today.
274
811249
2672
više od današnje potrošnje.
13:49
And you know what's interesting? You won't believe it,
275
813921
2046
Znate li šta je zanimljivo?
Nećete verovati,
Nećete verovati,
13:51
but there are countries in which the most attractive place
276
815967
2986
ali postoje države
gde najprivlačnije mesto
gde najprivlačnije mesto
13:54
to be is not the shopping center but the school.
277
818953
2920
nije tržni centar nego škola.
13:57
Those things really exist.
278
821873
2267
To stvarno postoji.
14:00
But placing a high value on education
279
824140
1973
Ali veliki značaj obrazovanja
14:02
is just part of the picture.
280
826113
2851
je samo jedan deo priče.
14:04
The other part is the belief that all children
281
828964
3029
Drugi deo je verovanje
da su sva deca
da su sva deca
14:07
are capable of success.
282
831993
3435
sposobna za uspeh.
14:11
You have some countries where students
283
835428
1761
Imate neke zemlje
gde su učenici
gde su učenici
14:13
are segregated early in their ages.
284
837189
2239
diskriminisani od najranijeg doba.
14:15
You know, students are divided up,
285
839428
2046
Učenici su podeljeni
14:17
reflecting the belief that only some children
286
841474
2335
na osnovu uverenja
da samo neka deca
da samo neka deca
14:19
can achieve world-class standards.
287
843809
3552
mogu da dostignu
svetske standarde.
svetske standarde.
14:23
But usually that is linked to very strong social disparities.
288
847361
4055
To se često vezuje za veoma jake
socijalne nejednakosti.
socijalne nejednakosti.
14:27
If you go to Japan in Asia, or Finland in Europe,
289
851416
3384
Ako odete u Japan u Aziji
ili Finsku u Evropi,
ili Finsku u Evropi,
14:30
parents and teachers in those countries
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854800
2106
roditelji i nastavnici u tim zemljama
14:32
expect every student to succeed,
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očekuju uspeh od svakog učenika,
14:36
and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior.
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možete primetiti da se to vidi
u ponašanju učenika.
u ponašanju učenika.
14:40
When we asked students what counts
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864309
2716
Kada smo pitali učenike
šta znači
šta znači
14:42
for success in mathematics,
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867025
2736
biti uspešan u matematici,
14:45
students in North America would typically tell us,
295
869761
2392
učenici u Severnoj Americi
bi nam obično odgovorili,
bi nam obično odgovorili,
14:48
you know, it's all about talent.
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872153
1546
znate, da je u pitanju talenat.
14:49
If I'm not born as a genius in math, I'd better study something else.
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873699
4626
Ako se ne rodim kao matematički genije,
bolje da učim nešto drugo.
bolje da učim nešto drugo.
14:54
Nine out of 10 Japanese students say
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878325
2726
Devet od deset učenika
u Japanu kažu
u Japanu kažu
14:56
that it depends on my own investment, on my own effort,
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881051
4246
da to zavisi od ličnih ulaganja,
od sopstvenog truda,
od sopstvenog truda,
15:01
and that tells you a lot about the system that is around them.
300
885297
4735
a to govori dosta
o sistemu u kome se nalaze.
o sistemu u kome se nalaze.
15:05
In the past, different students were taught in similar ways.
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890032
4809
U prošlosti, različiti učenici
su učili na isti način.
su učili na isti način.
15:10
High performers on PISA embrace diversity
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894841
3332
Visoko rangirani po PISA testovima
prihvataju raznolikost
prihvataju raznolikost
15:14
with differentiated pedagogical practices.
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898173
3748
različitim pedagoškim pristupima.
15:17
They realize that
304
901921
1976
Oni shvataju
15:19
ordinary students have extraordinary talents,
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903897
3144
da obični učenici imaju izvanredne talente
15:22
and they personalize learning opportunities.
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907041
3360
i oni personalizuju
mogućnosti za učenje.
mogućnosti za učenje.
15:26
High-performing systems also share
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910401
2036
Uspešni sistemi takođe dele
15:28
clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum.
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912437
3606
jasne ambiciozne standarde
u svim delovima.
u svim delovima.
15:31
Every student knows what matters.
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916043
2202
Svaki učenik zna
šta je važno.
šta je važno.
15:34
Every student knows what's required to be successful.
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918245
4087
Svaki učenik zna
šta je potrebno za uspeh.
šta je potrebno za uspeh.
15:38
And nowhere does the quality of an education system
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922332
2865
I nigde kvalitet obrazovnog sistema
15:41
exceed the quality of its teachers.
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925197
2443
ne prevazilazi kvalitet nastavnika.
15:43
High-performing systems are very careful
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927640
3068
Uspešni školski sistemi
su veoma oprezni
su veoma oprezni
15:46
in how they recruit and select their teachers
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930708
2134
u izboru i zapošljavanju
svojih nastavnika
svojih nastavnika
15:48
and how they train them.
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932842
1721
i njihovom usavršavanju.
15:50
They watch how they improve the performances of teachers
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934563
2830
Oni vode računa o tome
kako napreduje rad nastavnika
kako napreduje rad nastavnika
15:53
in difficulties who are struggling,
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937393
2320
kako se snalaze
u teškim okolnostima,
u teškim okolnostima,
15:55
and how they structure teacher pay.
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939713
2909
i kako će odrediti
visinu njihove plate.
visinu njihove plate.
15:58
They provide an environment also in which teachers work together
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942622
3696
Takođe, pružaju okruženje
u kome će nastavnici raditi zajedno
u kome će nastavnici raditi zajedno
16:02
to frame good practice.
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946318
3557
na stvaranju najboljeg pristupa.
16:05
And they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow
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949875
4161
Mudro usmeravaju svoje nastavnike
da ostvare napredak
da ostvare napredak
16:09
in their careers.
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954036
2115
u svojoj karijeri.
16:12
In bureaucratic school systems,
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956151
1624
U birokratskim školskim sistemima,
16:13
teachers are often left alone in classrooms
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957775
1993
nastavnici su često
prepušteni sami sebi
prepušteni sami sebi
16:15
with a lot of prescription on what they should be teaching.
325
959768
3167
sa gomilom pravila o tome
kako bi trebalo da predaju.
kako bi trebalo da predaju.
16:18
High-performing systems are very clear what good performance is.
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962935
3210
U uspešnim sistemima
je vrlo jasno šta je dobar uspeh.
je vrlo jasno šta je dobar uspeh.
16:22
They set very ambitious standards, but then they enable
327
966145
2774
Standard je veoma ambiciozno postavljen,
ali omogućava
ali omogućava
16:24
their teachers to figure out,
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968919
1777
nastavnicima da sami shvate,
16:26
what do I need to teach to my students today?
329
970696
4115
šta treba da nauče
svoje učenike danas.
svoje učenike danas.
16:30
The past was about delivered wisdom in education.
330
974811
4546
Obrazovanje se u prošlosti svodilo
na prenošenje mudrosti.
na prenošenje mudrosti.
16:35
Now the challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom.
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979357
5242
Sada je izazov omogućiti
mudrost koja se stiče.
mudrost koja se stiče.
16:40
High performers have moved on from professional
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984599
3640
Uspešni sistemi su se pomakli
sa administrativnih
sa administrativnih
16:44
or from administrative forms of accountability and control --
333
988239
3664
oblika odgovornosti i kontrole
- na neki način,
- na neki način,
16:47
sort of, how do you check whether people do what they're supposed to do in education --
334
991903
3237
kako da proverite da li ljudi rade
ono što treba da rade u obrazovanju -
ono što treba da rade u obrazovanju -
16:51
to professional forms of work organization.
335
995140
3666
prema profesionalnim oblicima
organizacije rada.
organizacije rada.
16:54
They enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy.
336
998806
3872
Pružaju mogućnost nastavnicima
da budu inovativni kao pedagozi.
da budu inovativni kao pedagozi.
16:58
They provide them with the kind of development they need
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1002678
2490
Pružaju im, na neki način,
razvoj koji im je potreban
razvoj koji im je potreban
17:01
to develop stronger pedagogical practices.
338
1005168
4062
da bi stvorili
jaku pedagošku praksu.
jaku pedagošku praksu.
17:05
The goal of the past was standardization and compliance.
339
1009230
5658
U prošlosti, cilj se svodio
na standardizaciju i poslušnost.
na standardizaciju i poslušnost.
17:10
High-performing systems have made teachers
340
1014888
2734
Uspešni sistemi
su učinili nastavnike
su učinili nastavnike
17:13
and school principals inventive.
341
1017622
3286
i direktore škola preduzimljivim.
17:16
In the past, the policy focus was on outcomes,
342
1020908
2699
U prošlosti, fokus politike
je bio na rezultatima,
je bio na rezultatima,
17:19
on provision.
343
1023607
2182
na raspodeli sredstava.
17:21
The high-performing systems have helped teachers
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1025789
2803
Uspešni sistemi
su pomogli nastavnicima
su pomogli nastavnicima
17:24
and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher,
345
1028592
2441
i direktorima škola da gledaju napred
prema ostalim nastavnicima
prema ostalim nastavnicima
17:26
the next school around their lives.
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1031033
2693
i školama u njihovom životu.
17:29
And the most impressive outcomes of world-class systems
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1033726
2166
Najimpresivnije dostignuće
svetskih školskih sistema
svetskih školskih sistema
17:31
is that they achieve high performance across the entire system.
348
1035892
3147
jeste da oni postižu dobre rezultate
na nivou celog sistema.
na nivou celog sistema.
17:34
You've seen Finland doing so well on PISA,
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1039039
2197
Videli smo da Finska dobro rangira
prema PISA testovima,
prema PISA testovima,
17:37
but what makes Finland so impressive
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1041236
1690
ali ono što Finsku čini
toliko posebnom
toliko posebnom
17:38
is that only five percent of the performance variation
351
1042926
3977
je da rezultati
među njenim školama variraju
među njenim školama variraju
17:42
amongst students lies between schools.
352
1046903
2456
za samo pet posto.
17:45
Every school succeeds.
353
1049359
2316
Svaka škola postiže uspeh.
17:47
This is where success is systemic.
354
1051675
2731
Uspeh postaje deo sistema.
17:50
And how do they do that?
355
1054406
1704
A kako to postižu?
17:52
They invest resources where they can make the most difference.
356
1056110
2692
Oni investiraju u ono
na šta mogu najviše da utiču.
na šta mogu najviše da utiču.
17:54
They attract the strongest principals into the toughest schools,
357
1058802
5108
Postavljaju najbolje direktore
u najteže škole
u najteže škole
17:59
and the most talented teachers
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1063910
2208
i najtalentovanije nastavnike
18:02
into the most challenging classroom.
359
1066118
1943
u najizazovnija odeljenja.
18:03
Last but not least, those countries align policies
360
1068061
3129
I poslednje, ali ne i najmanje važno,
ove države usklađuju
ove države usklađuju
18:07
across all areas of public policy.
361
1071190
2220
svoje ciljeve u svim aspektima
javne politike.
javne politike.
18:09
They make them coherent over sustained periods of time,
362
1073410
3133
Čine ih koherentnim
kroz dugačke vremenske periode
kroz dugačke vremenske periode
18:12
and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented.
363
1076543
4703
i staraju se da se isti
dosledno implementiraju.
dosledno implementiraju.
18:17
Now, knowing what successful systems are doing
364
1081246
2304
To što znamo
kako uspešni sistemi funkcionišu
kako uspešni sistemi funkcionišu
18:19
doesn't yet tell us how to improve.
365
1083550
2791
nam ne govori
kako da unapredimo svoj.
kako da unapredimo svoj.
18:22
That's also clear, and that's where some of the limits
366
1086341
2458
To je takođe jasno
i ovo predstavlja ograničenje
i ovo predstavlja ograničenje
18:24
of international comparisons of PISA are.
367
1088799
3475
međunarodnog upoređivanja
PISA projekta.
PISA projekta.
18:28
That's where other forms of research need to kick in,
368
1092274
2703
Tu treba da uskoče
ostali oblici istraživanja
ostali oblici istraživanja
18:30
and that's also why PISA doesn't venture into
369
1094977
2458
i zbog toga PISA ne pokušava
18:33
telling countries what they should be doing.
370
1097435
1760
da govori državama
kako da posluju.
kako da posluju.
18:35
But its strength lies in telling them
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1099195
1823
Ali snaga ovog projekta
leži u tome što govori
leži u tome što govori
18:36
what everybody else has been doing.
372
1101018
2755
kako svi ostali posluju.
18:39
And the example of PISA shows that data
373
1103773
2196
PISA primer pokazuje da podaci
18:41
can be more powerful than administrative control of financial subsidy
374
1105969
3318
mogu biti uticajniji
od novčanih sredstava
od novčanih sredstava
18:45
through which we usually run education systems.
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1109287
3941
po kojima obično upravljamo
obrazovnim sistemima.
obrazovnim sistemima.
18:49
You know, some people argue that
376
1113228
3038
Znate, neki ljude tvrde
18:52
changing educational administration
377
1116266
2188
da je menjanje
obrazovne administracije
obrazovne administracije
18:54
is like moving graveyards.
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1118454
2441
kao premeštanje grobova.
18:56
You just can't rely on the people out there to help you with this. (Laughter)
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1120895
4887
Prosto ne možete da očekujete pomoć
od ljudi koji su u njima. (Smeh)
od ljudi koji su u njima. (Smeh)
19:01
But PISA has shown what's possible in education.
380
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4867
Ali PISA je pokazala
koje su mogućnosti obrazovanja.
koje su mogućnosti obrazovanja.
19:06
It has helped countries to see that improvement is possible.
381
1130649
3805
Omogućila je državama
da vide da je napredak moguć.
da vide da je napredak moguć.
19:10
It has taken away excuses from those who are complacent.
382
1134454
4208
Oduzela je mogućnost izgovora
onima koji su popustljivi.
onima koji su popustljivi.
19:14
And it has helped countries to set meaningful targets
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1138662
3433
Omogućila je državama
da ciljaju ka onome
da ciljaju ka onome
19:17
in terms of measurable goals achieved by the world's leaders.
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1142095
3098
što postižu svetski lideri
u ovoj oblasti.
u ovoj oblasti.
19:21
If we can help every child, every teacher, every school,
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1145193
4550
Kada bismo mogli da pomognemo
svakom detetu, nastavniku, školi,
svakom detetu, nastavniku, školi,
19:25
every principal, every parent see what improvement is possible,
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1149743
3655
svakom direktoru, svakom roditelju
da vidi kakav napredak je moguć
da vidi kakav napredak je moguć
19:29
that only the sky is the limit to education improvement,
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1153398
2736
i da je samo nebo granica
u poboljšanju obrazovanja,
u poboljšanju obrazovanja,
19:32
we have laid the foundations
388
1156134
1896
postavili bismo temelj
19:33
for better policies and better lives.
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2183
za bolju politiku
i bolje živote.
i bolje živote.
19:36
Thank you.
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1160213
2533
Hvala.
19:38
(Applause)
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1162746
4000
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andreas Schleicher - Education surveyorWhat makes a great school system? To find out, Andreas Schleicher administers a test to compare student performance around the world.
Why you should listen
First, a few acronyms: Andreas Schleicher heads the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) at the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). What it means is: He's designed a test, given to hundreds of thousands of 15-year-olds around the world (the most recent covered almost 70 nations), that offers unprecedented insight into how well national education systems are preparing their students for adult life. As The Atlantic puts it, the PISA test "measured not students’ retention of facts, but their readiness for 'knowledge worker' jobs—their ability to think critically and solve real-world problems."
The results of the PISA test, given every three years, are fed back to governments and schools so they can work on improving their ranking. And the data has inspired Schleicher to become a vocal advocate for the policy changes that, his research suggests, make for great schools.
Andreas Schleicher | Speaker | TED.com