TED2010
Philip K. Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system
Filip K. Hauard (Philip K. Howard): Četiri načina da se popravi pokvaren pravni sistem
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Zemlja slobodnih postala je pravno minsko polje, kaže Filip K. Hauard - naročito za učitelje i doktore, čiji posao je paralizovan strahom od parnica. Gde leži odgovor? I sam advokat, Hauard ima četiri predloga za pojednostavljenje američkih zakona.
Philip K. Howard - Legal activist
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I've always been interested in
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Uvek me je zanimala
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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veza između formalnih struktura
i ponašanja ljudi.
i ponašanja ljudi.
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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Ako izgradiš dobar put ka predgrađu
nekog grada, ljudi će se tamo naseliti.
nekog grada, ljudi će se tamo naseliti.
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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Isto tako je i zakon jedno moćno sredstvo
00:30
of human behavior.
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za usmeravanje ponašanja ljudi.
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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Danas bih voleo da pričam
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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o potrebi da se preurede
i pojednostave zakoni
i pojednostave zakoni
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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da bi se usmerila energija i strast
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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Amerikanaca, da bi se
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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bavili problemima našeg društva.
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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Primetili ste da je zakon
postajao sve opsežniji
postajao sve opsežniji
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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tokom našeg života
u poslednjih jednu do dve decenije.
u poslednjih jednu do dve decenije.
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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Ako imate privatnu firmu,
teško je da se bilo šta uradi
teško je da se bilo šta uradi
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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a da se ne pozove pravni savetnik.
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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Štaviše, tu je pojava
da se pravni savetnici
postavljaju za direktore firmi.
postavljaju za direktore firmi.
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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Zvuči pomalo kao
"Invazija kradljivaca tela".
"Invazija kradljivaca tela".
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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Potreban je advokat da vodi kompaniju,
01:07
because there's so much law.
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zato što ima toliko zakona i propisa.
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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Međutim, ovo ne utiče
samo na poslovno okruženje,
samo na poslovno okruženje,
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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veće se može preneti
i na svakodnevne
i na svakodnevne
01:14
of ordinary people.
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aktivnosti običnih ljudi.
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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Pre nekoliko godina ja sam planinario
blizu Kodija u Vajomingu.
blizu Kodija u Vajomingu.
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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U pitanju je bio rezervat grizlija,
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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mada mi to niko nije rekao pre polaska.
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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Naš vodič je slučajno bila
tamošnja nastavnica fizike.
tamošnja nastavnica fizike.
Nju medvedi nisu ni malo brinuli,
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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ali se advokata smrtno plašila.
I tako je počela da priča. Upravo je bila
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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umešana u jednu nepriliku u kojoj
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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su roditelji pretili da će da tuže školu
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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zato što je smanjila
ocenu jednog učenika
ocenu jednog učenika
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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za 10% jer nije na vreme predao svoj rad.
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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Direktor nije hteo
da dolazi u sukob sa
da dolazi u sukob sa
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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roditeljima jer nije hteo
da bude uvučen u zakonsku proceduru.
da bude uvučen u zakonsku proceduru.
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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I tako je morala da ide na sastanke,
01:51
over and over again.
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gde su iznošeni isti argumenti iznova.
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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Nakon 30 dana neprospavanih noći,
konačno se predala
konačno se predala
01:56
and raised the grade.
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i povisila ocenu.
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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Rekla je: "Život je previše kratak
da bih se i dalje borila."
da bih se i dalje borila."
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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Negde u isto vreme, trebalo je
da odvede dva učenika
da odvede dva učenika
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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na đački parlament u Lerami,
koji je udaljen nekoliko sati vožnje,
koji je udaljen nekoliko sati vožnje,
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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i htela je da ih vozi svojim kolima,
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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ali su joj rekli: "Ne možeš da ih voziš
02:11
for liability reasons.
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kolima jer je to previše odgovornosti.
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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Morate da idete školskim autobusom."
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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I tako je škola dala autobus za 60 ljudi
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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da bi se prevezlo njih troje
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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za tih nekoliko sati do Leramija i nazad.
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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Njen muž je takođe nastavnik u školi,
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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te je jednom poveo decu na čas biologije
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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u obližnji nacionalni park.
Međutim, rečeno mu je da
ne može ove godine
ne može ove godine
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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da ide jer je jedan od
učenika invalid,
učenika invalid,
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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tako da ni ostalih 25
učenika nije moglo na izlet.
učenika nije moglo na izlet.
Do kraja dana bih mogao
da pričam o zakonima
da pričam o zakonima
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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02:43
just with stories about law
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i popunio bih čitavu jednu knjigu
02:45
from this one teacher.
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samo o slučajevima
ovog jednog nastavnika.
ovog jednog nastavnika.
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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Učili su nas da je pravo
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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temelj slobode.
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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Ali nekako,
u poslednjih nekoliko decenija,
u poslednjih nekoliko decenija,
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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zemlja slobodnih je postala
pravno minsko polje.
pravno minsko polje.
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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Ovo je zaista promenilo naše živote
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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na skoro neprimetan način;
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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pa ipak, kad se osvrneš,
vidiš to posvuda.
vidiš to posvuda.
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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Promenio se način obraćanja. Pričao sam
03:07
pediatrician friend
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sa prijateljem pedijatrom
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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iz Severne Karoline. Rekao je:
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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"Znaš, ne postupam više
sa pacijentima na isti način.
sa pacijentima na isti način.
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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Ne želim da kažem nešto neodmereno
što bi moglo da me dovede u problem."
03:17
that might be used against you."
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U pitanju je doktor,
koji treba da brine
koji treba da brine
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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o ljudima. Moja firma ima listu pitanja
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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koja ja ne smem da postavim
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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kandidatima pri intervjuu za posao,
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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kao što je zlokobno pitanje,
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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puno skrivenih motiva i nagoveštaja
"Odakle ste?"
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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03:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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Već 20 godina, odštetni reformatori
upozoravaju da su
parnice otišle van kontrole.
parnice otišle van kontrole.
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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03:46
And we read every once in while
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S vremena na vreme čitamo
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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o tim bizarnim slučajima,
kao kad je jedan
kao kad je jedan
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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u Vašingtonu tužio radnju za hemijsko
čišćenje za 54 milliona dolara
jer je izgubila njegove pantalone.
jer je izgubila njegove pantalone.
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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Slučaj je trajao dve godine;
Mislim da još
Mislim da još
uvek ulaže žalbe.
U stvarnosti, međutim, ovakvi slučajevi
U stvarnosti, međutim, ovakvi slučajevi
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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su relativno retki. I obično ne dobijaju.
Ukupni troškovi direktnih parnica
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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u ovoj zemlji iznose oko 2%,
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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što je duplo više od ostalih država,
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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ali, kad sagledaš čitav porez,
nije to mnogo značajno.
nije to mnogo značajno.
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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Međutim, direktni troškovi
su samo vrh ledenog brega.
su samo vrh ledenog brega.
Ono što se ovde desilo, ponavljam,
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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04:22
almost without our knowing,
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skoro bez našeg znanja,
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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je promena čitave kulture.
04:27
People no longer feel free
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Ljudi se ne osećaju slobodnim
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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da postupaju kako im
rasuđivanje nalaže.
rasuđivanje nalaže.
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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Dakle, šta nam je činiti?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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Svakako ne želimo sebi da uskratimo prava,
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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da kad neko pogreši
tražimo pravdu na sudu.
tražimo pravdu na sudu.
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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Propisi nam trebaju kako ljudi
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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ne bi zagađivali okolinu itd.
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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Nama čak nedostaje vokabular
da bi se bavili ovim problemom,
04:44
this problem,
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sve to jer imamo
pogrešan skup kriterijuma.
pogrešan skup kriterijuma.
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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Nas su učili da gledamo na bilo koji spor,
na bilo koje pitanje,
na bilo koje pitanje,
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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kao na neki način borbe
za individualna prava.
za individualna prava.
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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I tako piljimo kroz pravni mikroskop,
analiziramo sve.
analiziramo sve.
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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Da li možda postoje
olakšavajuće okolnosti
olakšavajuće okolnosti
koje objašnjavaju zašto mali Džoni
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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nije na vreme predao svoj rad u Vajomingu?
Da li je doktor mogao da uradi
nešto drugačije kada se
nešto drugačije kada se
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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stanje neke obolele osobe pogoršalo?
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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I naravno, pristrasnost
kada se gleda unazad je savršena.
kada se gleda unazad je savršena.
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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Uvek možeš da izradiš drugačiji scenario
kako je moglo nešto drugačije da se uradi.
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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A opet, učili su nas da buljimo u pravni
mikroskop, u nadi da ćemo
rešiti bilo koji spor
rešiti bilo koji spor
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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uzimajući za merilo savršeno društvo,
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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gde se svi slažu šta je fer,
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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i gde će nesreće biti prošlost,
gde rizika više neće biti.
05:37
risk will be no more.
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Ovo je, naravno, utopija;
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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To je formula za paralizu, a ne slobodu.
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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To nije osnova za vladavinu prava,
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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i nije osnova za slobodno društvo.
Sada ću vam predstaviti prvo
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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od četiri predloga o tome
kako da pojednostavimo zakone:
kako da pojednostavimo zakone:
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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Moramo da sudimo o zakonu prevashodno
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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u smislu njegovog uticaja na šire društvo,
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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a ne na individualne sporove.
06:01
not individual disputes.
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To je od vitalnog značaja.
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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Hajde da se udaljimo od anegdota na minut
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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i sagledamo naše društvo odozgo.
06:09
Is it working?
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Da li funkcioniše?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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Šta nam pokazuju podaci na makro planu?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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Pa, zdravstveni sistem je transformisan:
stvorena je jedna odbrambena kultura,
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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sveopšte nepoverenje u pravni sistem,
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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sveopšta praksa pasivne,
odbrambene medicine.
odbrambene medicine.
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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06:25
It's very hard to measure
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Sve je teško izmeriti
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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pošto postoje pomešani motivi.
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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Doktori zarade
više ako naruče analize,
više ako naruče analize,
i ne znaju više
šta je pravično a šta nije.
šta je pravično a šta nije.
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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Ali pouzdane procene
06:35
But reliable estimates
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06:37
range between 60 billion and
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idu od 60 milijardi
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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do 200 milijardi dolara godišnje.
To je dovoljno da se pruži pomoć svima
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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koji je nemaju.
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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Advokati kažu: "Zar ovaj strah od zakona
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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primorava doktore da rade bolje?"
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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I to se proučavalo
na Medicinskom institutu
na Medicinskom institutu
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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i drugim ustanovama.
Ispostavilo se da to nije tačno.
Ispostavilo se da to nije tačno.
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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Strah je zamrzao
profesionalne odnose
profesionalne odnose
tako da hiljade tragičnih grešaka nastane
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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07:03
because doctors are afraid
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zato što se doktori plaše
da pitaju: "Da li si siguran
da je to prava doza?"
da je to prava doza?"
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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Jer nisu sigurni,
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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i ne žele da snose odgovornost.
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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Vratimo se na školu.
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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Kako smo videli na primeru nastavnika,
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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na nju pravo ovde utiče.
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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Škole se bukvalno dave u zakonima.
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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Možete da imate posebne
odeljke pravne biblioteke
odeljke pravne biblioteke
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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za svaki od sledećih pravnih koncepta:
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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pravne garancije, specijalno obrazovanje,
07:31
due process, special education,
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07:33
no child left behind,
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inkluzija,
nulta tolerancija, radni propisi...
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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i tako dalje. Radili smo studiju
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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o svim propisima koji se tiču jedne škole
u Njujorku. Odbor obrazovanja
uopšte nije bio upućen.
uopšte nije bio upućen.
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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Desetine hiljada diskrecionih pravila,
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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60 koraka za suspendovanje đaka iz škole:
To je formula za paralizu.
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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Koje su posledice? Jedna je opadanje reda.
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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Studije opet pokazuju
07:59
it's directly attributable
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da je ovo direktno povezano
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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sa porastom pravnih garancija.
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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Napravljena je anketa
za nas pre par godina
za nas pre par godina
gde su pronašli da 43%
srednjoškolskih nastavnika u SAD
srednjoškolskih nastavnika u SAD
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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kažu da provode barem polovinu vremena
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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na održavanje reda u učionici.
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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To znači da ti učenici dobijaju
polovinu obrazovanja
polovinu obrazovanja
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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koje je za njih određeno,
jer kad jedno dete ometa čas
jer kad jedno dete ometa čas
08:21
no one can learn.
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niko ne može da uči.
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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A kad nastavnik
pokuša da uspostavi red?
pokuša da uspostavi red?
Preti im se pravnim postupcima.
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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I to smo anketirali.
78% srednjoškolskih nastavnika
78% srednjoškolskih nastavnika
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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u SAD dobijalo je pretnje
od svojih učenika
od svojih učenika
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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vezano za povrede prava,
uz pretnju tužbom.
uz pretnju tužbom.
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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Učenici im, dakle, prete.
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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Retko kad ih i tuže,
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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nije kao da će dobiti slučaj,
ali to ukazuje
ali to ukazuje
na nagrizanje autoriteta.
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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A kako vladi odgovara
ovakav pravni sistem?
ovakav pravni sistem?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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Nije kao da sve teče
u najboljem redu, zar ne?
u najboljem redu, zar ne?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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Ni u jednom kraju Amerike.
U svom obraćanju naciji pre neki dan,
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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predsednik Obama je rekao,
08:59
President Obama said,
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i mislim da se svi slažemo sa ovim ciljem:
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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"Od prve lokomotive do autoputne mreže,
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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naša nacija se uvek
takmičila u prvim redovima.
takmičila u prvim redovima.
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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Nema razloga da Evropa ili Kina
imaju najbrže vozove."
imaju najbrže vozove."
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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Pa, u stvari, postoji razlog:
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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Ekološka ispitivanja su prerasla u proces
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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"pretražiti svaki ćošak"
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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za bilo koji veliki
projekat ove decenije,
projekat ove decenije,
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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iza čega slede godine parničenja
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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od strane bilo koga
kome se ne sviđa projekat.
kome se ne sviđa projekat.
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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A onda, ako ostaneš samo
jedan sekund iznad Zemlje,
jedan sekund iznad Zemlje,
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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ponašaš se kao idiot,
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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(Smeh)
09:36
(Laughter)
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u čitavoj državi.
09:37
all across the country.
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(Aplauz)
09:39
(Applause)
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Idioti. Pre nekoliko godina,
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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okrug Brauard u Floridi je zabranio
trčanje tokom odmora
trčanje tokom odmora
u školama. (Smeh)
09:47
(Laughter)
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09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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Što znači da će svi dečaci
postati hiperaktivni.
Mislim, to je jednostavno
Mislim, to je jednostavno
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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formula za neuspeh.
09:53
a formula for failure.
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Meni su omiljeni natpisi upozorenja.
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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"Upozorenje: Sadržaj je vreo",
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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na milijardama papirnih čaša za kafu.
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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Arheolozi će nas iskopati
za hiljadu godina
za hiljadu godina
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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i neće znati za odbrambenu medicinu
i tako to,
i tako to,
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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ali će videti sve oznake,
"Sadržaj je krajnje vreo".
"Sadržaj je krajnje vreo".
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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Misliće da je u pitanju afrodizijak.
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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To je jedino objašnjenje. Zašto bi inače
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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nekome morao da objasniš
da je nešto vrelo?
da je nešto vrelo?
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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Moje omiljeno upozorenje je
na jednoj varalici za pecanje.
na jednoj varalici za pecanje.
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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Odrastao sam na Jugu
i provodio dosta vremena pecajući.
i provodio dosta vremena pecajući.
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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Varalica od 13 cm
je prilično velika varalica
je prilično velika varalica
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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sa trostrukom kukom na donjem delu,
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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a spolja je pisalo:
"Škodi ako se proguta".
"Škodi ako se proguta".
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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10:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
Dakle, niko od ovih ljudi
10:38
So, none of these people
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ne radi ono što misli da je ispravno.
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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A zašto? Ne veruju u pravo. Zašto?
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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Jer predstavlja najgore od dva sveta:
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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Nasumično je - svako može
da tuži za skoro sve
da tuži za skoro sve
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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i obrati se sudu, bez doslednosti,
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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a i previše je detaljno.
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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U oblastima koje imaju propise,
postoji toliko pravila,
postoji toliko pravila,
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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da ni jedan čovek
ne može da ima sve u glavi.
ne može da ima sve u glavi.
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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Pa kako to da rešimo?
Mogli bismo da provedemo
Mogli bismo da provedemo
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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10.000 života u potkresivanju
ove pravne džungle
ove pravne džungle
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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Ali izazov sad nije samo vezan
za izmene zakona,
11:06
amending the law,
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jer je prepreka za uspeh poverenje.
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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Da bi pravo bilo
platforma slobode,
platforma slobode,
11:16
people have to trust it.
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ljudi moraju da mu veruju.
To je moj drugi predlog:
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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Poverenje je suštinski uslov
11:24
to a free society.
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za slobodno društvo.
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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Život je komplikovan i bez pravnog straha.
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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Ali pravo je različito od
ostalih vrsta nesigurnosti,
ostalih vrsta nesigurnosti,
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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zato što nosi moć države.
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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Tako da država može da uskoči.
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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To u stvari menja
način razmišljanja ljudi.
način razmišljanja ljudi.
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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To je kao da imaš
malog advokata na ramenu
malog advokata na ramenu
čitav dan, koji ti šapuće u uho:
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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"Da li ovo može da pođe po zlu?"
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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To udaljava ljude od pametnog dela mozga -
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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onog tamnog, dubokog bunara podsvesti,
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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gde se nalaze instinkti i iskustvo,
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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i svi ostali faktori kreativnosti
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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i zdravog rasuđivanja -
11:58
and good judgment are --
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i vuče ka tankoj fasadi svesne logike.
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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Čim bi doktor rekao, "Pa, sumnjam
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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da je ta glavobolja znak tumora,
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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ali ko će da me odbrani ako jeste?
Ma, da ja naručim magnetnu rezonancu."
Ma, da ja naručim magnetnu rezonancu."
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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Tako ste potrošili
200 milijardi na bespotrebne testove.
200 milijardi na bespotrebne testove.
Ako su ljudi previše svesni
svog rasuđivanja,
svog rasuđivanja,
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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studije pokazuju da će onda
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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lošije rasuđivati.
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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Ako pijanisti kažete da razmišlja
o tome kako udara note
o tome kako udara note
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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dok svira neko delo,
ne bi mogao da ga izvede.
ne bi mogao da ga izvede.
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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Svesnost je neprijatelj uspeha.
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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Edison je to najbolje izrazio. Rekao je:
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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"Naravno da ovde nemamo pravila,
mi pokušavamo
mi pokušavamo
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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da ostvarimo nešto, dođavola"
12:39
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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Kako onda povratiti poverenje?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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Unapređenje zakona
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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očigledno nije dovoljno,
a odštetna reforma,
a odštetna reforma,
kao super ideja,
smanjuje troškove kompanijama,
smanjuje troškove kompanijama,
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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ali je samo flaster
za otvorenu ranu nepoverenja.
za otvorenu ranu nepoverenja.
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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Države sa razvijenom odštetnom reformom
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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još uvek pate od ovih devijacija.
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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Dakle, potrebno je ne samo da se ograniči
odšteta, već da se stvori
okosnica za slobodu.
okosnica za slobodu.
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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Možemo reći da sloboda
ima formalnu strukturu.
ima formalnu strukturu.
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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13:06
And it is this:
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A to je ovo:
Zakoni postavljaju granice,
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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te su na jednoj strani tih granica ono što
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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13:12
you can't do or must do --
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ne možeš ili ne smeš da radiš -
da ne kradeš, da moraš da plaćaš porez -
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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ali te granice bi
trebalo da definišu
i štite okosnicu slobode.
i štite okosnicu slobode.
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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Ajzaja Berlin je ovako to rekao:
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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"Pravo postavlja granice
koje nisu veštački
koje nisu veštački
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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iscrtane, u okviru kojih
će čovek biti nepovrediv."
će čovek biti nepovrediv."
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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Zaboravili smo taj drugi deo.
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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Taj nasip je probijen, i ljudi su
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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preplavljeni zakonima konstantno.
13:36
all day long.
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Ono što nam sad treba
13:38
So, what's needed now
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je da izgradimo te granice.
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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Naročito je to bitno
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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13:45
for lawsuits.
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za parnice.
Jer sve ono zbog čega ljudi
mogu da tuže,
mogu da tuže,
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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uspostavlja granice
za slobodu svih ostalih.
za slobodu svih ostalih.
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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Ako neko tuži jer:
"Dete je palo sa
"Dete je palo sa
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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klackalice",
nije bitan ishod parnice,
nije bitan ishod parnice,
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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jer će sve klackalice biti uklonjene.
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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Jer niko ne želi
da rizikuje takvu parnicu.
da rizikuje takvu parnicu.
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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To se i desilo.
Nema klackalica, pentralica
Nema klackalica, pentralica
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
317
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vrteški, konopaca za penjanje,
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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svega onoga što zanima
starije od 4 godine,
starije od 4 godine,
te nema rizika koji oni povlače.
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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Dakle, kako da ponovo sve izgradimo?
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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Život je previše složen...
14:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
...previše složen da bi pomogao
softver program.
softver program.
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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Svi ovi izbori uključuju vrednovanje
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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i društvene norme
a ne objektivne činjenice
a ne objektivne činjenice
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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I evo četvrtog predloga.
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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Moramo da promenimo i filozofiju.
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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Tu postoje dva suštinska elementa:
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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Moramo da uprostimo zakone.
Moramo da se izmestimo iz zamršenosti
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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ka opštim principima i ciljevima.
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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Ustav je dug 16 stranica.
Dobro je funkcionisao više od 200 godina.
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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Zakoni moraju da budu dovoljno prosti
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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kako bi ih ljudi personalizovali
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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u svojim svakodnevnim izborima.
14:52
in their daily choices.
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Ako ne mogu da ih ugrade,
neće im verovati.
neće im verovati.
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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Kako da ih uprostimo?
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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15:00
Because life is complex,
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Jer, život je složen,
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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i tu je najteža i najveća promena:
Moramo da vratimo autoritet
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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sudijama i službenicima
15:07
to judges and officials
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da tumače i primenjuju zakone.
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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15:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
Moramo da ih pišemo za ljude,
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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Da ih uprostimo
tako da se osećate slobodnim,
tako da se osećate slobodnim,
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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i odgovorni ljudi da se osećaju slobodnim
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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da koriste svoje rasuđivanje i tumače
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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i primenjuju zakone u skladu
sa razumnim društvenim normama.
sa razumnim društvenim normama.
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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Kada se šetate trotoarom tokom dana,
morate da mislite da
ako postoji neki spor,
ako postoji neki spor,
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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postoji neko u društvu čiji je posao
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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da vas zaštiti
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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ako ste vi postupili zdravorazumski.
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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Ta osoba danas ne postoji.
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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Ovo je najveća prepreka.
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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U stvari i nije. U 98% slučaja,
ovo je prosto k'o pasulj.
ovo je prosto k'o pasulj.
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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Na sudu nižeg ranga ćete tražiti
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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100 dolara za izgubljene pantalone,
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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ali ne i na višem sudu za milione.
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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Slučaj se odbacuje bez posledica
ili ponovnog pokretanja.
ili ponovnog pokretanja.
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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Traje pet minuta, i kraj.
16:03
it's not that hard.
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Nije toliko teško.
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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Ali nama je i to teško
jer smo u pravnoj kolotečini,
jer smo u pravnoj kolotečini,
jer smo se 60-ih probudili
i odjednom ugledali
i odjednom ugledali
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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sve negativne vrednosti: rasizam,
polna diskriminacija,
polna diskriminacija,
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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zagađivanje, sve negativne vrednosti -
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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i hteli smo da stvorimo pravni sistem
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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u kom ih više neće biti.
Problem je što smo stvorili sistem
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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u kom smo eliminisali
pravo na dobre vrednosti.
pravo na dobre vrednosti.
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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To ne znači da će ljudi sa autoritetom
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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moći da rade kako im se hoće.
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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I dalje su vezani
za pravne ciljeve i principe:
za pravne ciljeve i principe:
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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Nastavnik polaže račune direktoru,
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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sudija polaže račune apelacionom sudu,
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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predstednik polaže račune glasačima.
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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Ali odgovornost se penje, odluka se donosi
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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tako da rešenje obuhvata svakoga,
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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ne samo osobu koja je nezadovoljna.
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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Ne može se upravljati društvom
pomoću najmanjeg zajedničkog imenioca.
pomoću najmanjeg zajedničkog imenioca.
(Aplauz)
16:55
(Applause)
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Ono što je potrebno je fundamentalna
promena u razmišljanju.
promena u razmišljanju.
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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Možemo otkloniti dosta ovih stvari
ako promenimo razmišljanje.
ako promenimo razmišljanje.
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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Učeni smo da je autoritet
neprijatelj slobode.
neprijatelj slobode.
To nije istina. Naprotiv,
autoritet je neophodan
autoritet je neophodan
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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17:12
is essential to freedom.
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za slobodu.
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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Zakoni su ljudska institucija;
odgovornost je ljudska institucija.
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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Ako nastavnici nemaju
autoritet da vode čas
autoritet da vode čas
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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da održe red, niko ne uči.
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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Ako sudija nema autoritet
da odbaci
da odbaci
nerazumne zahteve,
svi ćemo se obazirati oko ramena.
svi ćemo se obazirati oko ramena.
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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Ako agencije za ekologiju
ne mogu da odluče
ne mogu da odluče
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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da su strujovodi dobri za okolinu,
onda nema načina da se struja sprovede
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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od električnih vetrenjača do grada.
17:35
to the city.
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Slobodno društvo zahteva
crvena i zelena svetla
crvena i zelena svetla
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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ili brzo nastaje zakrčenje.
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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To se desilo u SAD. Pogledajte unaokolo.
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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17:46
What the world needs now
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Ono što svetu sad treba
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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je uspostavljanje autoriteta
da bi se doneli zajednički izbori.
da bi se doneli zajednički izbori.
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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To je jedini način da se povrati sloboda,
i to je jedini način
da se usmeri energija i strast
da se usmeri energija i strast
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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potrebna da se uhvati u koštac
sa izazovima našeg vremena.
sa izazovima našeg vremena.
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
18:02
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip K. Howard - Legal activistPhilip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.'
Why you should listen
We love to laugh at America’s warning-label culture (the bag of airline peanuts that says Caution: Contains Nuts). But more troubling are the everyday acts of silence and loss promoted by the fear of being sued. Your doctor might not speak to you frankly; your kids’ principal might not feel he has the right to remove bad teachers.
Attorney Philip K. Howard founded the nonpartisan group Common Good to combat this culture and reform several key areas of our legal system. Among Common Good’s suggestions: specialized health care courts, which would give lower but smarter awards, and a project with the NYC Board of Ed and the Teachers Union to overhaul the disciplinary system in New York public schools. His new book is The Rule of Nobody: Saving America from Dead Laws and Broken Government.
Philip K. Howard | Speaker | TED.com