TED2010
Philip K. Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system
Philip Howard: Bozulmuş bir hukuk sistemini düzeltmenin dört yolu
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Ozgurlukler ulkesi bir hukuk mayin tarlasina donustu, diyor Philip K. Howard -- ozellikle is hayatlari dava edilme korkusuyla felce ugramis olan ogretmenler ve doktorlar icin. Cozum nedir? Bir avukat olan Howard'in Amerikan kanunlarini basitlestirmek icin dort onerisi var.
Philip K. Howard - Legal activist
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Philip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.' Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I've always been interested in
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Resmi kurumlar ve insan davranisi
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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arasindaki iliski her zaman ilgimi cekmistir.
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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Eger bir kasabanin disina genis bir otoyol yaparsaniz insanlar oralara tasinacaktir.
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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Iste, hukuk da insan davranisi icin boyle
00:30
of human behavior.
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cekim gucu olan bir sey.
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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Bugun tartismak istedigim konu;
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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hukuk sistemini nasil basitlestirelim ki
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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Amerikan vatandaslarinin icindeki istek ve enerji
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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ortaya ciksin
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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ve toplumun sorunlarina egilmeye baslayalim.
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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Hukukun son 15-20 yilda hayatimizda
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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giderek yogun bir yer tuttugunun belki farkindasiniz.
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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Eger bir isverenseniz avukatiniza danismadan
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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bir sey yapmanin ne kadar guc oldugunu bilirsiniz.
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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Aslinda gunumuzde yeni bir durum da su
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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avukatlar sirketlerde CEO olarak gorev almaya basladi.
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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Biraz Beden Hirsizlarinin Istilasi gibi.
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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Sirtketi yonetmek icin bir avukat gerekli
01:07
because there's so much law.
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cunku kanunlar cok fazla.
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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Fakat bundan etkilenen sadece isyerleri degil.
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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Siradan insanlarin
01:14
of ordinary people.
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gunluk faaliyetlerine de girmis durumda.
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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Bir kac sene once Cody, Wyoming'te doga yuruyusu yapiyordum.
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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Burasi bir boz ayi koruma alaniymis
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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ama gitmeden once bunu bana kimse soylemedi.
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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Rehberimiz yerel bir fen bilgisi ogretmeniydi.
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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Ayilari hic umursamiyor ama
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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avukatlardan ödü kopuyordu.
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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Hikayesini anlatmaya basladi.
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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Odevini gec teslim eden bir ogrencinin
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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notunu yuzde 10 dusurdugu icin
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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okulu dava etmekle tehdit eden
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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bir ebeveynle ilgiliydi olay.
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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Okul muduru bir hukuk mucadelesine girmekten cekindigi icin
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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ebeveyne karsi gelmek istemiyordu.
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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Bu yuzden ogretmen birbiri ardina bir yigin toplantiya katilip
01:51
over and over again.
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ayni savunmada bulunmak zorunda kaldi.
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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30 uykusuz gecenin sonunda teslim oldu
01:56
and raised the grade.
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ve notu yukseltti.
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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Soyle dedi, " Hayat cok kisa, bu sekilde devam edemezdim."
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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Yine o siralarda, iki ogrencisini bir kac saat mesafedeki Laramie'ye
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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liderlik konferansina goturecekti,
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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ve cocuklari kendi arabasinda goturmeyi planlarken
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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okul, " Hayir, sorumluluk sebebleriyle
02:11
for liability reasons.
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bunu yapamazsin.", dedi.
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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Okul otobusu ile gitmeniz gerekiyor."
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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Boylece, 60 kisilik bir otobus ayarlandi
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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ve 3 kisi birkac saatlik
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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Laramie'ye otobusle gitti vr geldi.
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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Rehberimizin kocasi da fen bilgisi ogretmeni
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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ve ogrencilerini yakin bir milli parka
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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doga yuruyusune gotururmus hep.
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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Ama bu sene sinifindaki bir ogrenci ozurlu oldugu icin
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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gezinin yapilmayacagi bildirilmis,
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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boylece diger 25 ogrenci de doga yuruyusune gidememis.
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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Gunun sonunda tek bir ogretmenin
02:43
just with stories about law
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hukuk sistemiyle ilgili hikayeleriyle bir kitap
02:45
from this one teacher.
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doldurabilirdim.
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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Hukukun ozgurlugun temeli oldugu
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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ogretilmistir bizlere.
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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Ama her nasil olduysa, son 15-20 senede
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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ozgurlukler ulkesi bir hukuk mayin tarlasina donustu.
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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Hayatimizi farkinda olmadan
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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degistirdi.
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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Geriye cekilip de baktiginizda goreceksiniz,
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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konusma seklimizi degistirdi. North Carolina'dan
03:07
pediatrician friend
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cocuk doktoru bir arkadasimla
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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konusuyordum. Dedi ki,
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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"Hastalarimla iliskim eskisi gibi degil.
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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Sonradan aleyhime kullanilabilir korkusuyla
03:17
that might be used against you."
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dogaclama bir seyler soylemekten kaciniyorum."
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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Bu hayati insanlarla ilgilenmek olan bir doktor.
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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Benim hukuk firmamda adaylarla
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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mulakat sirasinda sorulmasi yasak
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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olan bazi sorular var.
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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Mesela art niyet yuklu
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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sinsi soru,
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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"Nerelisiniz?"
03:38
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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20 yil kadardir, haksiz fiil reformu uzerine calisanlar
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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davalarin cigirdan ciktigi sinyalini vermekteler.
03:46
And we read every once in while
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Zaman zaman cilgin dava haberlerini goruyoruz;
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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mesela Washington DC'de pantolonunu
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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kaybettigi icin kuru temizlemecisi aleyhine
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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54 milyon dolarlik dava acan adam gibi.
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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Dava iki sene surdu. Sanirim hala temyizde.
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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Ama isin asli su,
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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bu cilgin davalar sayica az. Cogunlukla kazanmiyorlar.
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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Bu ulkede haksiz fiil davalarinin orani
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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yuzde iki kadar ki bu oran
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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diger ulkelerin iki kati kadar.
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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Bu vergiler acisindan cok sarsici degil.
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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Ama dogrudan maliyeti aslinda buz daginin ucu.
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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Burada olan su,
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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biz farkinda bile olmadan
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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kulturumuz degisiyor.
04:27
People no longer feel free
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Insanlar sagduyulari ile
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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davranmaktan korkuyorlar.
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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Bu konuda ne yapabiliriz?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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Insanlar bize yanlis birsey yaptiginda mahkemeye basvurma
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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hakkimizdan vazgecmeyi kesinlikle istemiyoruz.
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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Mesela insanlar cevreyi kirletmesin diye
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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yasalar koyulsun istiyoruz.
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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Bu problemle ilgili sozcuklerimiz
04:44
this problem,
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bile yetersiz.
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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Cunku referans catimiz yanlis.
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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Her ihtilafa sanki bir kisisel hak ihlaliymis gibi
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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bakmaya sartlandirilmisiz.
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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Bu yuzden herseyi yasal bir mikroskopla inceliyoruz.
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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Acaba Cody, Wyoming'te yasayan Johnny'nin
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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odevini gec teslim etmesinde
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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hafifletici sebepler var miydi?
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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Hastanin durumu kotuye gittiginde
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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doktor farkli bir seyler yapmis olabilir miydi?
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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Ve tabi sonucu bilerek onyargi gelistirmek harika bir sey.
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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Su veya bu farkli yapilabilirdi diye farkli
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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senaryolar gelistirmek her zaman mumkun.
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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Ve bizler mukemmel bir toplumu baz alip
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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yasal mikroskoptan bakarak her turlu anlasmazligi
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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yargilayabilecegimiz seklinde sartlanmisiz.
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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Oyle ki bu toplumda herkes sanki adil olan konusunda hemfikir,
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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kazalarin nesli tukenmis ve
05:37
risk will be no more.
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risk alma diye bir sey kalmamis.
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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Tabi ki bu bir Utopyadir,
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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felce ugramanin recetesidir ve bu ozgurluk degildir.
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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Hukukun ustunlugunun temeli degildir,
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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ozgur bir toplumun temeli degildir.
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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Hukuku basitlestirmek icin sizlere sunmak istedigim
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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dort onerinin birincisi su:
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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Tek tek ihtilaflar yerine, hukukun toplumun geneli
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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uzerindeki etkisine
06:01
not individual disputes.
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bakmaliyiz.
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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Bu cok hayati bir konu.
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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Soyle bir geri cekilip toplumumuza
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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yukaridan bir bakalim.
06:09
Is it working?
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Toplumumuzun isleyisi nasil?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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Makro veriler neyi gosteriyor?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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Saglik sistemi buyuk olcude degisti.
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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Kulturumuzde savunmanin rolu artti.
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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Adalet sistemine guven azaldi.
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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Korunmali saglik uygulamasi yayginlasti.
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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Bunlari olcmek cok guc
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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cunku burada karmasik guduler rol oynuyor.
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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Bazen doktorlar daha cok test isteyerek daha fazla kazanabiliyorlar.
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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Ve artik ne yanlis ne dogru bilemiyorlar.
06:35
But reliable estimates
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Ama guvenilir tahminler yilda
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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60 milyar ve 200 milyar
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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arasinda.
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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Bu rakam Amerika'da saglik hizmeti
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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alamayan tum insanlara yetecek kadar.
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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Durusma avukatlari diyor ki, " Dava
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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edilme korkusuyla doktorlar daha dikkatli calisiyorlar."
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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Saglik Enstitusu ve diger kuruluslar bu konuyu da incelemisler.
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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Isin asli boyle degil.
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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Korku yuzunden profesyonel etkilesim donma noktasinda
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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ve bu da binlerce trajik hataya neden oluyor
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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cunku doktorlar seslerini cikarmaya korkuyorlar,
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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"Acaba bu doz dogru mu?"
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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Cunku emin degiller ve yasal
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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yukumluluk altina girmek istemiyorlar.
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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Okullara gelelim.
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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Cody, Wyoming'teki ogretmen, gozlemledigimiz gibi,
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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hukuktan etkilenmis gorunuyor.
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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Okullar tam anlamiyla kanunlar icinde bogulmaktalar.
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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Sayacagim yasal konularin herbiri icin
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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ayri bir hukuk kitapligi kurulabilir.
07:31
due process, special education,
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Normal kanun yolu, ozel egitim,
07:33
no child left behind,
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hic bir cocuk geride kalmasin,
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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Sifir tolerans, calisma kurallari.
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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Boyle devam ediyor. New York'ta bir okulu
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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etkileyen kanunlar hakkinda bir arastirma
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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yaptik. Egitim Kurulundan habersiz.
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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On binlerce gizli kapakli kural,
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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bir ogrenciye uzaklastirma cezasi vermek icin 60 asama.
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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Bu felce ugramanin formulu.
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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Bunun etkileri nedir? Bir: Duzende azalma.
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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Arastirmalar gosteriyor ki bu dogrudan
07:59
it's directly attributable
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kanuni surec islemlerindeki
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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artisa dayandirilabilir.
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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Bir kac sene onceki bir toplumsal arastirmaya gore
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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Amerikan lise ogretmenlerinin yuzde 43'u sinif zamaninin
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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en az yarisini siniftaki duzeni saglamak icin
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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kullandiklarini belirttiler.
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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Bu demektir ki bu ogrenciler ogrenmeleri gerekenin
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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sadece yarisini ogreniyorlar cunku tek bir cocugun bile duzeni
08:21
no one can learn.
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bozmasi herkesin ogrenimini sekteye ugratiyor.
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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Ogretmenler duzeni saglamaya calisirsa ne oluyor?
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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Kanuni yollara gitmekle tehdit ediliyorlar.
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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Bir baska arastirmada Amerikadaki ortaokul ve lise ogretmenlerinin
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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yuzde 78'inin ogrencileri tarafindan haklarinin ihlal edildigine dair dava edilmekle
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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tehdit edildiklerini ortaya
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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cikardik. Ogretmenler ogrencilerini tehdit ediyormus.
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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Cogu zaman dava falan acilmiyor.
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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Acilsa bile kazanamiyorlar ama bu
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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otoritenin zedelenmesinin bir belirtisi.
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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Bu hukuk sistemi hukumeti nasil etkiliyor?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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Cok basarili bir tablo gormuyoruz, degil mi?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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Ne Sacramento'da ne de Washington'da.
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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Baskan Obama gectigimiz gunlerde sundugu
08:59
President Obama said,
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Devletin Durumu Konusmasinda
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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hepimizin katilacagini sandigim su hedeften bahsetti:
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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"Ilk demiryolundan, eyaletler arasi otoban sistemine kadar
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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ulkemiz her zaman en onde olmustur.
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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En hizli trenin Avrupa'da ya da Cin'de olmasi icin bir sebep yoktur."
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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Aslinda var, soyle ki herhangi bir buyuk proje soz konusu
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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oldugunda cevrecilik acisindan her tasin altina
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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bakilan bir surece giriliyor ve bu
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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senelerce suruyor arkasindan da projeyi
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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begenmeyen bazi kisilerin
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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yillar suren davalari geliyor.
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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Soyle bir baktigimizda
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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insanlarin gerizekali gibi davrandigini goruyoruz.
09:36
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
09:37
all across the country.
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Tum ulkede.
09:39
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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Gerizekalilar gibi. Bir kac sene once,
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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Florida'nin Broward ilcesinde tenefuste kosmak yasaklandi.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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Bu demektir ki butun erkek cocuklar ADD (Dikkat Eksikligi Bozuklugu) olacak.
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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Diyorum ki bu tam anlamiyla
09:53
a formula for failure.
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bir basarisizlik formulu.
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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En begendigim, su ikaz yazilari.
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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Milyarlarca kahve bardaginin uzerinde
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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yazan Dikkat Icindeki Sicaktir.
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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Bin yil sonra kazi yapan ve defansli tip uygulamalarindan falan
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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haberleri olmayan arkeologlar butun bu ikaz yazilarini
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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gorunce zannedecekler ki bu son derece sicak olan
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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sey bir cesit afrodizyak falandi.
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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Bu tek aciklama. Yoksa niye insanlara
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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bir seyin sicak oldugunu soylemen gereksin ki?
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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En begendigim ikazi 10-15 cm'lik bir balik zokasinin uzerinde gordum.
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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Ben guneyde buyudum ve yaz aylarimi balik tutarak gecirirdim.
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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10-15 santimlik bu zoka oldukca buyuk bir zokaydi ve arkasinda
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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catalli 3'lu bir kanca vardi ve disinda soyle yaziyordu:
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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"Yutuldugunda sagliga zararlidir."
10:31
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
10:38
So, none of these people
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Aslinda insanlar bunu dogru oldugunu
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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dusunduklerini icin yapmiyorlar.
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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Bu neden? Cunku hukuka guvenmiyorlar. Neden guvenmiyorlar?
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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Cunku bize iki acidan da en kotuyu sunuyor.
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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Sansa kalmis. Herkes her sey icin dava edebilir
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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ve juriye gidebilir. Tutarli olmak icin en ufak caba yok.
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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Ayni zamanda cok detayli.
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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Duzenlenmis alanlarda o kadar cok kanun maddesi var ki
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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hepsini bilmek mumkun degil.
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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Bunu nasil duzeltebiliriz? Bu yasal hengameyi duzeltmek icin
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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10,000 hayat harcayabiliriz.
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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Ama burada zor olan sadece
11:06
amending the law,
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hukuku duzeltmek ve degistirmek degil.
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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Cunku basarinin onunde duran guven.
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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Hukukun bir ozgurluk platformu haline gelmesi icin
11:16
people have to trust it.
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insanlarin guvenmesi gerek.
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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Iste bu da ikinci onerim.
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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Ozgur bir toplumun temel sartlarindan
11:24
to a free society.
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biri guvendir.
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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Hayat yasal korkular olmadan bile zor.
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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Ama hukuk diger belirsizliklerden farkli.
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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Cunku icinde devletin gucu var.
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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Devlet burada rol oynuyor.
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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Aslinda insanlarin dusunce seklini degistiriyor.
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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Butun gun omuzunuzda kucuk bir avukat varmis
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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ve kulaginiza, " Suradan problem cikabir mi?
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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Buradan problem cikabilir mi?" diyormus gibi.
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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Bu insanlari beynin akilli bolgesinden uzaklastiriyor.
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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Bu bolgede icguduler, tecrubeler
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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bilincalti, diger yaratici ozellikler
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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ve dogru hukum verme
11:58
and good judgment are --
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becerisi olmasina ragmen.
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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Ve bizi yuzeysel bilincli mantik bolgesine itiyor.
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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Bir bakmissiniz doktor diyor ki, : Basagrisina bir
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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tumor sebep oldugunu hic sanmiyorum ama
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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ya oyleyse, beni kim korur. MRI isteyeyim."
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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Boylece gereksiz testler icin 200 milyar dolari harcadiniz bile.
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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Insanlari kararlarini verirken cok titiz olmaya
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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iterseniz, arastirmalarin da gosterdigi
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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gibi onlari daha kotu kararlar almaya yoneltiriz.
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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Bir eseri seslendiren piyaniste tuslara vurus seklinin
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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bilincinde olmasini soylerseniz, o eseri calamayacaktir.
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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Bilinclilik basarinin dusmanidir.
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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Edison bunu en guzel sekilde dile getirmis. Demis ki,
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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"Burada kural falan yok,
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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bir is basarmaya calisiyoruz.
12:39
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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Oyleyse guveni nasil saglariz?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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Kanunlar uzerinde degisiklik yapmak yeterli degil.
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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Haksiz fiil reformu isverenin masraflarini azaltmak
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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acisindan iyi bir fikir gibi gozukse bile
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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bu buyuk guvensizlik yarigina bir yarabandi yapistirmak gibi.
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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Genis capli haksiz fiil reformu yapan eyaletler
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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bile bu rahatsizliklarla hala ugrasiyorlar.
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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Oyleyse yapilmasi gereken sadece basvurulari sinirlamak degil;
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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esasli bir ozgurlukler tabani yaratmak.
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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Aslinda ozgurlugun bicimsel bir yapisi vardir.
13:06
And it is this:
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Soyle ki:
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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Hukuk belli sinirlar cizer,
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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bu sinirin bir kenarinda yapamayacagiz tum seyler
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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ve yapmak zorunda olduklariniz vardir.
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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Hirsizlik yapamazsiniz. Vergilerinizi vermek zorundasiniz.
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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Butun bu sinirlar bir ozgurlukler tabanini
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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tanimlamaya yarar.
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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Isaiah Berlin soyle demis, "Hukuk
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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insanlarin icerisinde dokulmaz olacagi
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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suni olmayan sinirlar cizer."
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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Bu bolumu unutmus gozukuyoruz.
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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Bu sinirlar yikilmis durumda. Insanlar
13:36
all day long.
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tum gun boyunca kanunlar icinde yuzuyorlar.
13:38
So, what's needed now
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Oyleyse simdi yapilmasi gereken
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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bu sinirlari tekrar koymak.
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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Ve bunu ozellikle davalara yonelik olarak
13:45
for lawsuits.
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yapmaliyiz.
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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Cunku insanlarin dava edebilecekleri konular diger
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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herkesin ozgurluk sinirlarini belirler.
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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Tahterevalliden bir cocuk dustu diye acilan bir dava
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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sonucu ne olursa olsun tum tahterevallilerin yokolmasina
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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sebep olacaktir.
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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Cunku kimse dava edilme riskine girmek istemeyecektir.
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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Olan da bu zaten. Etrafta dort yas ustu cocuklarin
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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ilgisini cekecek ne tahterevalli, ne atlikarinca,
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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ne tirmanma ipi, hic bir sey kalmadi,
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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cunku boylece ortada risk kalmadi.
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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Oyleyse, bunu nasil duzeltebiliriz.
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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Hayat bir yazilim ...
14:14
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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Hayat bir yazilim programi icin cok karmasik.
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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Butun bu secenekler objektif gerceklere degil
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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degerlere ve sosyal kriterlere bagli kararlardir.
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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Ve iste bu dorduncu oneri.
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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Elimizdeki bu, iste bu filozofiye yonelmeliyiz.
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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Bunun iki temel ogesi var.
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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Kanunlari basitlestirmeliyiz.
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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Butun bu karmasikliktan genel
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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ilke ve hedeflere dogru yonelmeliyiz.
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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Anayasa sadece 16 sayfadir.
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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200 senedir gayet yeterli oldu.
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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Insanlarin gunluk yasamlarinda
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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ozumsenebilmesi icin yasalarin
14:52
in their daily choices.
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yeterince basit olmasi gerekli.
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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Eger ozumseyemezlerse guvenemeyeceklerdir.
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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Peki nasil basitlestirebiliriz?
15:00
Because life is complex,
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Cunku hayat cok karmasik.
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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Iste burada en zor ve en buyuk degisiklik geliyor.
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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Kanunlari yorumlama ve uygulama
15:07
to judges and officials
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gorevini hakimlere ve diger
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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resmi gorevlilere iade etmeliyiz.
15:11
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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Hukuku tekrar insanilestirmeliyiz.
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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Hukuk basitlesmeli ki bizler kendimiz ozgur hissedelim,
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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yetkililer mantikli sosyal kriterlere
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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bagli kalarak ve kendi yargilarini
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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kullanarak hukuku yorumlayabilsinler ve uygulayabilsinler.
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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Birgun kaldirimda yururken soyle dusunebilmelisiniz;
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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birgun kendinizi bir ihtilaf icinde
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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bulursaniz ve mantikli davranan tarafsaniz
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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toplumun icersinde gorevi sizin
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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arkanizda durmak olan biri var.
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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Su anda boyle bir insan yok.
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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En buyuk gucluk bu iste.
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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Aslinda cok zor degil. Davalarin yuzde 98'i son derece basit.
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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Belki kaybolan pantolonunuz icin
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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asliye mahkemesinde 100$'lik bir dava acabilirsiniz
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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ama ust mahkemede milyonlarca dolarlik bir dava degil.
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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Dava usul eksikliginden reddedilir ya da alt mahkemeye gider.
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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Bes dakika surer. Iste bu kadar.
16:03
it's not that hard.
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O kadar zor degil.
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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Ama guc bir yol cunku bir kanunlar batakligina batmis durumdayiz.
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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Cunku 1960larda bir gun gozumuzu actigimizda
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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irkcilik, cinsiyet ayrimciligi, cevre kirliligi
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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gibi kotu degerler icinde bulduk kendimizi.
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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Bunlar kotu degerlerdi. Ve bu yuzden oyle bir hukuk sistemi
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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yarattik ki insanlar bu kotu degerlerden uzak olsun.
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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Problem su, bu sistemi yaratirken
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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iyi degerlere sahip olma imkanini yok ettik.
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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Bu yetki sahibi insanlarin
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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istediklerini yapacaklari anlamina gelmez.
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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Hala yasal hedef ve ilkelere uymalari gerekli.
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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Ogretmen mudure hesap verir.
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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Hakim temyiz mahkemesine hesap verir.
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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Baskan secmene hesap verir.
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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Ama bu esnada alinan kararlarin
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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sadece soz konusu kisiyi degil
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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herkesi nasil etkileyecegi goz onune alinir.
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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Toplumu en kucuk ortak paydaya gore idare edemezsiniz.
16:55
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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Oyleyse olmasi gereken bir felsefe degisikligi.
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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Eger felsefemizi degistirirsek bunlarin buyuk bolumunu kesip atabiliriz.
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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Otorite ozgurlugun dusmanidir diye ogretildi bizlere.
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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Bu dogru degil. Aslinda
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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ozgurlugun sarti.
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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Hukuk insana ait bir kurulustur.
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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Sorumluluk da oyle.
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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Eger ogretmenler duzeni saglamak icin
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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sinifta otorite kuramiyorlarsa herkesin ogrenimi zarar gorur.
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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Eger bir hakim mantiksiz davalari reddedecek otoriteye sahip degilse
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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hepimiz gunlerimizi korku icinde geciririz.
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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Eger cevrecilik kurulusu elektrik hatlarinin cevreye
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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etkisi hakkinda karar veremezse ruzgar tarlalarindan elektrigi
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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sehirlere ulastirmanin baska bir yolu
17:35
to the city.
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yoktur.
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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Ozgur bir toplumda kirmizi ve yesil isik olmasi gereklidir
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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aksi takdirde toplum bir cikmaza girer.
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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Iste Amerika'ya olan budur. Etrafiniz bakin.
17:46
What the world needs now
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Su anda dunyanin yapmasi gereken
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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evrensel kararlar alabilmek icin yetkiyi iade etmektir.
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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Tekrar ozgur olmanin tek yolu budur.
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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Zamanimizin guclukleri ile mucadele edebilmemiz icin
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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gerekli enerji ve istegi ortaya cikarmanin tek yolu da
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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budur. Tesekkurler.
18:02
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip K. Howard - Legal activistPhilip K. Howard is the founder of Common Good, a drive to overhaul the US legal system. His new book is 'The Rule of Nobody.'
Why you should listen
We love to laugh at America’s warning-label culture (the bag of airline peanuts that says Caution: Contains Nuts). But more troubling are the everyday acts of silence and loss promoted by the fear of being sued. Your doctor might not speak to you frankly; your kids’ principal might not feel he has the right to remove bad teachers.
Attorney Philip K. Howard founded the nonpartisan group Common Good to combat this culture and reform several key areas of our legal system. Among Common Good’s suggestions: specialized health care courts, which would give lower but smarter awards, and a project with the NYC Board of Ed and the Teachers Union to overhaul the disciplinary system in New York public schools. His new book is The Rule of Nobody: Saving America from Dead Laws and Broken Government.
Philip K. Howard | Speaker | TED.com