TEDGlobal 2013
Bernie Krause: The voice of the natural world
伯尼·克勞斯 (Bernie Krause): 大自然的聲音
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伯尼·克勞斯記錄野外聲境——樹上的風聲，鳥的鳴叫，昆蟲幼蟲發出的細微聲音——已經 45 年了。他在這段期間，看到很多人類引起的環境劇變，有時候這些劇烈變化，甚至是從被視為對環境無害的方式引起的。他從一個令人驚奇的視角，看我們能從自然的聲音中——從海葵的咕嚕叫到河狸的哀慟聲——學到什麼。
Bernie Krause - Natural sounds expert
Bernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results. Full bio
Bernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
(Nature sounds)
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（大自然的聲音）
00:19
When I first began recording wild soundscapes
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我第一次開始錄野外聲境
00:22
45 years ago,
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是 45 年前
00:24
I had no idea that ants,
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那時候我不知道原來螞蟻
00:26
insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses
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昆蟲幼體、海葵及病毒
00:30
created a sound signature.
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都會產生獨特的音調
00:32
But they do.
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但牠們確實會
00:33
And so does every wild habitat on the planet,
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地球上的每一個
野生棲地也是如此
野生棲地也是如此
00:37
like the Amazon rainforest you're hearing behind me.
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就像從我背後聽到的亞馬遜雨林
00:40
In fact, temperate and tropical rainforests
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事實上，溫帶及熱帶雨林
00:44
each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,
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都會產生活力四射的動物樂團
00:47
that instantaneous and organized expression
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這種即席卻組織化的表演
00:50
of insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
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集合了昆蟲、爬行類、
兩棲類、鳥類和哺乳類動物
兩棲類、鳥類和哺乳類動物
00:55
And every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat
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而每一種野生棲地流瀉出的聲境
00:58
generates its own unique signature,
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都有自己的特徵
01:01
one that contains incredible amounts of information,
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其中所含的資訊多到令人難以置信
01:04
and it's some of that information I want to share with you today.
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而我今天要與各位分享的
就是其中的一部分
就是其中的一部分
01:09
The soundscape is made up of three basic sources.
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聲境有三種基本來源
01:12
The first is the geophony,
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第一是地形聲響
01:14
or the nonbiological sounds that occur
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或稱非生物聲音
01:17
in any given habitat,
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在任何棲地都會產生
01:19
like wind in the trees, water in a stream,
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像樹上的風，溪裡的水
01:21
waves at the ocean shore, movement of the Earth.
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岸邊的海潮，地球的活動
01:25
The second of these is the biophony.
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第二種稱作生物聲響
01:28
The biophony is all of the sound
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生物聲響是指
01:31
that's generated by organisms in a given habitat
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特定棲地上的生物
01:34
at one time and in one place.
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在某時某地產生的聲音
01:38
And the third is all of the sound that we humans generate
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第三種則是我們人類產生的所有聲音
01:43
that's called anthrophony.
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稱為人的聲響
01:44
Some of it is controlled, like music or theater,
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有些可受控制，像音樂或戲劇
01:48
but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,
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但大多數為混亂而不連貫
01:52
which some of us refer to as noise.
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有些人就稱之為噪音
01:55
There was a time when I considered wild soundscapes
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曾有一段時間我認為野外聲境
01:58
to be a worthless artifact.
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毫無價值
02:00
They were just there, but they had no significance.
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它們擺在那兒，形同虛設
02:04
Well, I was wrong. What I learned from these encounters
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但我錯了。我從這幾次邂逅中發現
02:07
was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools
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仔細聆聽為我們提供了極有價值的工具
02:12
by which to evaluate the health of a habitat
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可以評估一個棲地上
02:15
across the entire spectrum of life.
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所有生物的健康狀態
02:18
When I began recording in the late '60s,
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當我在 60 年代晚期開始錄音
02:22
the typical methods of recording were limited
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普通的錄音法所能錄到的聲音
02:25
to the fragmented capture of individual species
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只能捕捉到個別物種的片段
02:29
like birds mostly, in the beginning,
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一開始的時候最主要是鳥類
02:33
but later animals like mammals and amphibians.
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但後來就有像哺乳類或兩棲類等動物
02:38
To me, this was a little like trying to understand
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對我而言，這有點像是試著去瞭解
02:42
the magnificence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
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貝多芬的第五號交響曲的偉大
02:45
by abstracting the sound of a single violin player
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卻只聽單一小提琴的聲音
02:48
out of the context of the orchestra
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而不管整個樂團的表現
02:50
and hearing just that one part.
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而且只聽那個部分
02:53
Fortunately, more and more institutions
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所幸，有愈來愈多的機構
02:56
are implementing the more holistic models
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使用更全方位的機型
02:58
that I and a few of my colleagues have introduced
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是我和幾個同事引進
03:01
to the field of soundscape ecology.
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聲境生態學領域的
03:05
When I began recording over four decades ago,
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我在四十年前開始錄音時
03:10
I could record for 10 hours
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可以只錄 10 小時
03:12
and capture one hour of usable material,
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就得到一小時的可用材料
03:14
good enough for an album or a film soundtrack
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夠我做一張唱片或影片配樂
03:17
or a museum installation.
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或給博物館做裝置藝術
03:20
Now, because of global warming,
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現在，因為全球暖化
03:23
resource extraction,
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資源開採
03:25
and human noise, among many other factors,
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人類噪音以及其他很多因素
03:28
it can take up to 1,000 hours or more
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要錄到一千小時以上
03:30
to capture the same thing.
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才能取得同等量的東西
03:33
Fully 50 percent of my archive
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我存檔中有 50%
03:36
comes from habitats so radically altered
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錄自受到劇烈改變的棲地
03:39
that they're either altogether silent
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這些地方不是變成全然無聲
03:42
or can no longer be heard in any of their original form.
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就是再也聽不到原有的聲境
03:47
The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
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棲地評估的常用方法
03:49
have been done by visually counting the numbers of species
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就是以肉眼計算某面積內的物種數量
03:53
and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area.
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以及每種物種的個體數量
03:57
However, by comparing data that ties together
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不過我能以比較我們所聽到
04:00
both density and diversity from what we hear,
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結合了密度及多樣性的數據
04:03
I'm able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes.
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得到更精確的棲地健康報告
04:09
And I want to show you some examples
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而我想讓大家看一些例子
04:11
that typify the possibilities unlocked
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代表了探究這片天地
04:13
by diving into this universe.
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所顯示出的潛在價值
04:16
This is Lincoln Meadow.
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這裡是林肯草原
04:18
Lincoln Meadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive
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林肯草原位於舊金山以東
04:20
east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
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開車三個小時半的內華達山脈
04:23
at about 2,000 meters altitude,
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海拔約二千公尺
04:25
and I've been recording there for many years.
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我已經在那裏錄了很多年
04:28
In 1988, a logging company convinced local residents
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1988 年有個林業公司說服當地居民
04:32
that there would be absolutely no environmental impact
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說絕對不會有任何環境影響
04:35
from a new method they were trying
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因為他們正在試用新的方法
04:36
called "selective logging,"
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稱為「等級伐採」
04:38
taking out a tree here and there
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就是這裡砍一棵那裡砍一棵
04:40
rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
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而不是皆伐整片區域
04:43
With permission granted to record
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我得到許可
04:45
both before and after the operation,
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能在開工前及開工後錄音
04:47
I set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses
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我把器材架好
錄到了大量的清晨鳥叫聲
錄到了大量的清晨鳥叫聲
04:51
to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings,
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錄音及校準條件非常嚴格
04:55
because I wanted a really good baseline.
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因為我想要一條非常好的基線
04:57
This is an example of a spectrogram.
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這是聲音頻譜分析的例子
04:59
A spectrogram is a graphic illustration of sound
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聲音頻譜分析把聲音用圖像表示
05:02
with time from left to right across the page --
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時間軸從頁面的左到右
05:05
15 seconds in this case is represented —
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這個例子畫了 15 秒
05:07
and frequency from the bottom of the page to the top,
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頻率軸從頁面的下到上
05:10
lowest to highest.
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從最低到最高
05:12
And you can see that the signature of a stream
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你可以看到一條小溪的音調
05:15
is represented here in the bottom third or half of the page,
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呈現在頁面下方三分之一處
05:19
while birds that were once in that meadow
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而那片草地原有的小鳥
05:23
are represented in the signature across the top.
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其音調則在頁面上方出現
05:26
There were a lot of them.
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那裏曾有很多小鳥
05:27
And here's Lincoln Meadow before selective logging.
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這是林肯草原在等級伐採前的聲音
05:30
(Nature sounds)
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（大自然的聲音）
05:45
Well, a year later I returned,
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但是一年之後我回去
05:47
and using the same protocols
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在同樣的設定條件
05:49
and recording under the same conditions,
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同樣的狀態下錄音
05:51
I recorded a number of examples
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我錄了幾個範例
05:54
of the same dawn choruses,
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同樣是清晨鳥叫聲
05:56
and now this is what we've got.
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而這是我們現在所得到的
05:58
This is after selective logging.
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這是等級採伐之後的狀態
05:59
You can see that the stream is still represented
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你可以聽見小溪依然呈現在
06:01
in the bottom third of the page,
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頁面的下方三分之一處
06:03
but notice what's missing in the top two thirds.
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但是注意一下頁面上方
三分之二處缺了什麼
三分之二處缺了什麼
06:08
(Nature sounds)
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（大自然的聲音）
06:13
Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.
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馬上要出現的是啄木鳥的聲音
06:23
Well, I've returned to Lincoln Meadow 15 times
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嗯，過去 25 年內我陸陸續續
06:25
in the last 25 years,
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去了林肯草原 15 次
06:27
and I can tell you that the biophony,
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而我可以告訴你生物聲響
06:30
the density and diversity of that biophony,
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那裡的生物聲響密度及多樣性
06:33
has not yet returned to anything like it was
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還沒有恢復到
06:36
before the operation.
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開工前的狀態
06:38
But here's a picture of Lincoln Meadow taken after,
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但這是林肯草原在開工後的照片
06:41
and you can see that from the perspective of the camera
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而你可以看見從照相機的角度
06:44
or the human eye,
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或說從人眼的角度
06:46
hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place,
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很難發現有哪根枝哪棵樹不見了
06:48
which would confirm the logging company's contention
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這可以證實這家伐木公司的論點
06:51
that there's nothing of environmental impact.
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就是沒有環境影響
06:54
However, our ears tell us a very different story.
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然而我們的耳朵聽到的
卻完全不是這麼回事
卻完全不是這麼回事
07:00
Young students are always asking me
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年輕的學生總是要問我
07:02
what these animals are saying,
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這些動物在說什麼
07:04
and really I've got no idea.
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而我是真的不知道
07:08
But I can tell you that they do express themselves.
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但我可以告訴你牠們的確會表達自己
07:14
Whether or not we understand it is a different story.
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我們瞭解與否則是另外一回事
07:17
I was walking along the shore in Alaska,
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有一次我沿著阿拉斯加的海岸行走
07:19
and I came across this tide pool
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我遇到了這個退潮後的小潮池
07:21
filled with a colony of sea anemones,
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裡面佈滿了一群海葵
07:24
these wonderful eating machines,
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這些奇妙的捕食機器
07:27
relatives of coral and jellyfish.
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珊瑚及水母的親戚
07:29
And curious to see if any of them made any noise,
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我很好奇想看看牠們會不會發出聲音
07:32
I dropped a hydrophone,
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所以我垂吊了一個水聽器下去
07:33
an underwater microphone covered in rubber,
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是一種水下麥克風，以橡膠包住
07:36
down the mouth part,
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才降到海葵口盤處
07:37
and immediately the critter began
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這些小怪物立刻開始
07:39
to absorb the microphone into its belly,
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把麥克風吸入肚子裡
07:41
and the tentacles were searching out of the surface
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而且觸手就在麥克風表面上尋找
07:44
for something of nutritional value.
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有營養價值的東西
07:46
The static-like sounds that are very low,
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這種像靜電的聲音非常低頻
07:49
that you're going to hear right now.
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你們馬上就會聽到
07:51
(Static sounds)
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（靜電聲音）
07:55
Yeah, but watch. When it didn't find anything to eat --
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對！但聽！當牠找不到東西可吃
07:58
(Honking sound)
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（喇叭聲）
07:59
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:02
I think that's an expression that can be understood
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我認為這種表達法是大家都能理解的
08:04
in any language.
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共通語言
08:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:11
At the end of its breeding cycle,
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在繁殖週期尾聲
08:12
the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
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大盆地鋤足蟾
08:15
digs itself down about a meter under
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會在地表下一公尺處挖一個洞
08:17
the hard-panned desert soil of the American West,
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在這種硬梆梆的美西沙漠土壤裡
08:20
where it can stay for many seasons
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牠可以在那裡待上好幾個季節
08:22
until conditions are just right for it to emerge again.
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直到環境又合適了才出來
08:25
And when there's enough moisture in the soil
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當土地的水分足夠了
08:27
in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface
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春天時，青蛙會在地表挖洞
08:30
and gather around these large, vernal pools
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聚在這些又大又生氣盎然的池子旁邊
08:34
in great numbers.
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數量很大
08:36
And they vocalize in a chorus
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而且牠們發聲合唱
08:40
that's absolutely in sync with one another.
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彼此之間絕對同步
08:43
And they do that for two reasons.
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牠們如此做有兩個原因
08:44
The first is competitive, because they're looking for mates,
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第一是為了競爭
因為牠們在尋找交配對象
因為牠們在尋找交配對象
08:48
and the second is cooperative,
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第二是為了合作
08:49
because if they're all vocalizing in sync together,
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因為如果牠們同步發聲
08:52
it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes,
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天敵如土狼、狐狸、貓頭鷹等
08:56
foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal.
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很難從中挑出單隻當飯吃
09:00
This is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like
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這是青蛙合唱的聲音頻譜分析的樣子
09:03
when it's in a very healthy pattern.
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在生態條件非常健康的狀態下
09:06
(Frogs croaking)
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（青蛙呱呱叫）
09:16
Mono Lake is just to the east of Yosemite National Park
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莫諾湖就在優勝美地國家公園東方
09:20
in California,
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位於加州
09:21
and it's a favorite habitat of these toads,
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這裡是這些蟾蜍最愛的棲地
09:24
and it's also favored by U.S. Navy jet pilots,
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同時這裡也是美國
海軍戰鬥機駕駛的最愛
海軍戰鬥機駕駛的最愛
09:27
who train in their fighters flying them at speeds
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他們在這裡訓練飛行員以時速
09:30
exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour
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超過一千一百公里的速度駕駛飛機
09:33
and altitudes only a couple hundred meters
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但飛行高度只距
09:35
above ground level of the Mono Basin,
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莫諾盆地地表數百公尺
09:38
very fast, very low, and so loud
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非常快非常低而且很大聲
09:42
that the anthrophony, the human noise,
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所以這些人的聲響，人類的噪音
09:45
even though it's six and a half kilometers
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即使遠在六公里半以外
09:46
from the frog pond you just heard a second ago,
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就是距離那個你剛剛聽到的青蛙池塘
09:49
it masked the sound of the chorusing toads.
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這些噪音也能把
蟾蜍大合唱的聲音給蓋掉
蟾蜍大合唱的聲音給蓋掉
09:53
You can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy
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你可以看見在這個聲音頻譜分析裡
09:56
that was once in the first spectrogram is gone
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本來在第一個聲音頻譜分析圖
09:59
from the top end of the spectrogram,
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上端的能量都不見了
10:01
and that there's breaks in the chorusing at two and a half,
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而合唱在兩秒半
10:03
four and a half, and six and a half seconds,
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四秒半及六秒半都中斷了
10:06
and then the sound of the jet, the signature,
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然後噴射機的聲音，這個音頻
10:09
is in yellow at the very bottom of the page.
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在頁面最下面以黃線畫出
10:11
(Frogs croaking)
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（青蛙呱呱叫）
10:21
Now at the end of that flyby,
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那麼在定點飛行結束後
10:23
it took the frogs fully 45 minutes
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這些青蛙要花整整 45 分鐘
10:27
to regain their chorusing synchronicity,
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才能重現同步合唱
10:29
during which time, and under a full moon,
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在這段期間，在大滿月下
10:32
we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl
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我們觀察到有兩隻土狼及一隻大雕鴞
10:35
came in to pick off a few of their numbers.
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跑來抓了幾隻走
10:38
The good news is that, with a little bit of habitat restoration
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好消息是因為棲地復原了一點點
10:42
and fewer flights, the frog populations,
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飛行訓練也少了一點
這些青蛙的總數
這些青蛙的總數
10:44
once diminishing during the 1980s and early '90s,
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本來在 1980 年間及
90 年代早期減少的
90 年代早期減少的
10:48
have pretty much returned to normal.
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現在已經恢復得差不多了
10:52
I want to end with a story told by a beaver.
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我想以一隻河狸說的故事來結尾
10:55
It's a very sad story,
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這是個非常悲哀的故事
10:56
but it really illustrates how animals
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但確實描繪了動物
11:00
can sometimes show emotion,
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有時候也有情感表現
11:02
a very controversial subject among some older biologists.
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這在老一輩的生物學者間
是非常具爭議的題目
是非常具爭議的題目
11:07
A colleague of mine was recording in the American Midwest
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我有個同事在美國中西部
11:10
around this pond that had been formed
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一個池塘附近錄音
11:12
maybe 16,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
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大概是在一萬六千年前
上一個冰河時期末時形成的
上一個冰河時期末時形成的
11:16
It was also formed in part by a beaver dam
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池塘的一部分也是河狸水壩
11:18
at one end that held that whole ecosystem together
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在一端維持整個生態系
11:21
in a very delicate balance.
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非常微妙的平衡
11:24
And one afternoon, while he was recording,
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有一天下午他在錄音
11:28
there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere
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突然不知道從哪兒冒出
11:32
a couple of game wardens,
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一對狩獵監督官
11:34
who for no apparent reason,
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他們並沒有什麼明顯的理由
11:36
walked over to the beaver dam,
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就走到那座河狸水壩
11:37
dropped a stick of dynamite down it, blowing it up,
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丟了一根炸彈下去把它炸了
11:41
killing the female and her young babies.
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弄死了一頭雌河狸及幾隻小河狸
11:45
Horrified, my colleagues remained behind
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我的同事嚇壞了躲著不敢出來
11:47
to gather his thoughts
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試著整理情緒
11:50
and to record whatever he could the rest of the afternoon,
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並繼續記錄那天下午
還能錄到的東西
還能錄到的東西
11:53
and that evening, he captured a remarkable event:
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到了晚上，他捕捉到了
一個令人動容的畫面
一個令人動容的畫面
11:58
the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles
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孤單倖存的雄河狸緩慢的游泳繞圈圈
12:02
crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring.
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傷心欲絕地哀哭著牠失去的妻小
12:08
This is probably the saddest sound
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這大概是我所聽過
12:11
I've ever heard coming from any organism,
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從生物口中發出最令人難過的聲音了
12:14
human or other.
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無論是從人類或動物的口
12:18
(Beaver crying)
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（河狸哭泣）
12:34
Yeah. Well.
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是啊，唉！
12:35
There are many facets to soundscapes,
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聲境有很多面
12:38
among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing,
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其中還有動物教我們跳舞唱歌
12:41
which I'll save for another time.
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這部分我下次再說
12:44
But you have heard how biophonies
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但你已經聽到生物聲響如何
12:47
help clarify our understanding of the natural world.
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幫助我們更清楚地了解大自然世界
12:51
You've heard the impact of resource extraction,
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你也已經聽到資源開採
12:53
human noise and habitat destruction.
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人類噪音以及棲地破壞的影響
12:56
And where environmental sciences have typically
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環境科學通常
12:58
tried to understand the world from what we see,
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試著以肉眼所見來了解這個世界
13:02
a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear.
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但從耳朵所聽到的
能讓我們有更全盤的了解
能讓我們有更全盤的了解
13:06
Biophonies and geophonies are the signature voices
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生物聲響及地形聲響是
13:10
of the natural world,
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自然世界的招牌聲音
13:12
and as we hear them,
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我們一聽到這些聲音
13:13
we're endowed with a sense of place,
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就會對這地方產生感覺
13:16
the true story of the world we live in.
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是我們所處的世界的真實故事
13:19
In a matter of seconds,
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就在彈指之間
13:21
a soundscape reveals much more information
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聲境透露出的資訊
13:24
from many perspectives,
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比其他面向更多
13:26
from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration.
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從可量化的數據到文化靈感都可以
13:30
Visual capture implicitly frames
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視覺只能隱約捕捉到
13:33
a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context,
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從正面角度看某空間範圍的樣子
13:37
while soundscapes widen that scope
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但聲境把視角擴大
13:39
to a full 360 degrees, completely enveloping us.
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變成 360 度，完全包圍我們
13:45
And while a picture may be worth 1,000 words,
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而一張照片或許值一千字
13:48
a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.
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一份聲境數據卻值一千張照片
13:53
And our ears tell us
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而我們的耳朵告訴我們
13:55
that the whisper of every leaf and creature
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每片葉子每種生物的細微聲響
13:59
speaks to the natural sources of our lives,
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都是我們生活中的自然資源在說話
14:02
which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things,
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而這確實可能解釋萬物愛的奧秘
14:07
especially our own humanity,
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尤其是我們人類本身的愛
14:09
and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.
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以及，最後是亞馬遜美洲虎要說話
14:15
(Growling)
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（吼叫聲）
14:29
Thank you for listening.
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謝謝大家聆聽
14:31
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bernie Krause - Natural sounds expertBernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results.
Why you should listen
With a stellar electronic music resumé including work with The Byrds, Stevie Wonder and many others, Bernie Krause is assured a place in the pop culture canon. But Krause continues to make history by capturing the fading voices of nature: studying sonic interplay between species as they attract mates, hunt prey, and sound out their roles in the ecosystem.
Krause’s recordings are not merely travelogues or relaxation tools -- they are critical barometers of global environmental health. His documents of vanishing aural habitats are a chilling reminder of shrinking biodiversity. As he tells the Guardian: "The fragile weave of natural sound is being torn apart by our seemingly boundless need to conquer the environment rather than to find a way to abide in consonance with it."
Bernie Krause | Speaker | TED.com