TED2013
Leyla Acaroglu: Paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental folklore
萊拉·阿卡羅格魯: 紙張優於塑膠？如何反思環境傳說
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
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一旦涉及到環境，大多數人都想做出正確的行為。但是永續性研究策略家萊拉·阿卡羅格魯表示，事情並非像選擇紙袋那樣簡單。她果敢的號召大家放開緊抓著綠色神話的雙手，大膽的思考，創造出能夠減輕地球負擔的系統和產品。
Leyla Acaroglu - Sustainability strategist
Leyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change. Full bio
Leyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So imagine, you're in the supermarket,
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想像你在逛超市，
00:15
you're buying some groceries,
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在買一些日常用品，
00:16
and you get given the option
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你有兩個選擇：
00:18
for a plastic or a paper shopping bag.
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用塑膠購物袋或紙購物袋，
00:22
Which one do you choose if you want to do
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如果不想破壞環境的話，
00:24
the right thing by the environment?
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你會選擇哪一個？
00:26
Most people do pick the paper.
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多數人選擇的是紙質購物袋。
00:28
Okay, let's think of why.
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好吧，讓我們想想爲什麽。
00:29
It's brown to start with.
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首先，紙是棕色的，
00:31
Therefore, it must be good for the environment.
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因此，它一定是有助於環保的，
00:33
It's biodegradable. It's reusable.
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它可以生物降解，可多次使用，
00:35
In some cases, it's recyclable.
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有些還可以被再循環利用，
00:37
So when people are looking at the plastic bag,
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所以當人們看著塑膠袋，
00:40
it's likely they're thinking of something like this,
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可能聯想到的是這些畫面。
00:43
which we all know is absolutely terrible,
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我們都知道這相當可怕，
00:45
and we should be avoiding at all expenses
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我們理應盡力避免
00:47
these kinds of environmental damages.
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這些有損於環境的行為，
00:50
But people are often not thinking
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但是人們很少考慮到
00:52
of something like this,
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這種情形，
00:54
which is the other end of the spectrum.
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即另一個極端現象：
00:57
When we produce materials,
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當我們生產材料時，
00:59
we need to extract them from the environment,
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需要從環境中獲取原材料，
01:01
and we need a whole bunch
of environmental impacts.
of environmental impacts.
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這會對環境造成一連串的影響。
01:05
You see, what happens is, when we need
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你看，就是這樣，當人們需要
01:07
to make complex choices,
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做出複雜的選擇時，
01:09
us humans like really simple solutions,
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我們喜歡很簡單的解決方案，
01:11
and so we often ask for simple solutions.
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人們因此而尋求簡單的方案。
01:14
And I work in design.
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我的工作是設計。
01:15
I advise designers
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我建議設計師
01:17
and innovators around sustainability,
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和發明家著眼於材料的永續性。
01:19
and everyone always says to me, "Oh Leyla,
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每個人總是對我說：「萊拉，
01:21
I just want the eco-materials."
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我只是想要生物材料。 」
01:23
And I say, "Well, that's very complex,
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我說：「這很難解釋，
01:25
and we'll have to spend four hours talking about
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得花上4個小時來解釋
01:27
what exactly an eco-material means,
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生物材料的確切含義。
01:29
because everything at some point
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因為從某方面來說，
01:31
comes from nature,
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一切都來自與自然界。
01:33
and it's how you use the material
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是人們使用材料的方式
01:35
that dictates the environmental impact.
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支配和影響著環境。
01:38
So what happens is, we have to rely
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實情是，我們不得不依賴
01:40
on some sort of intuitive framework
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幾分直覺架構
01:42
when we make decisions.
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去做決定。
01:43
So I like to call that intuitive framework
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所以我喜歡將這些直覺架構稱為
01:46
our environmental folklore.
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「環境的信仰」。
01:48
It's either the little voice
at the back of your head,
at the back of your head,
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它或是人們腦中的小小的意見，
01:51
or it's that gut feeling you get
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或是人的一種直覺，
01:53
when you've done the right thing,
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一種做了件正確的事的直覺。
01:55
so when you've picked the paper bag
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比如你選擇了紙質購物袋，
01:56
or when you've bought a fuel-efficient car.
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或者你買了一輛節能汽車。
01:59
And environmental folklore is a really important thing
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環境的信仰真的很重要，
02:02
because we're trying to do the right thing.
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因為我們時刻試著去做正確的事。
02:05
But how do we know if we're actually
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但是如果我們真的
02:07
reducing the net environmental impacts
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減少了對環境的淨影響力，
02:09
that our actions as individuals and as professionals
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作為個體，作為專業人士，作為一個社會整體，
02:13
and as a society are actually having
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我們要怎樣才能知道，我們的行為
02:15
on the natural environment?
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確實影響了自然環境？
02:18
So the thing about environmental folklore is
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環境的信仰
02:20
it tends to be based on our experiences,
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是建立在我們的經驗之上，
02:22
the things we've heard from other people.
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是我們從別人那聽來的，
02:23
It doesn't tend to be based
on any scientific framework.
on any scientific framework.
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而不是基於任何科學框架。
02:26
And this is really hard, because we live
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這一點真的很難，因為我們生活在
02:28
in incredibly complex systems.
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異常複雜的多系統內。
02:30
We have the human systems
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人與人有相互交流，
02:31
of how we communicate and interrelate
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和聯繫的人類系統，
02:33
and have our whole constructed society,
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還有有人類構建的整個社會系統，
02:36
We have the industrial systems,
which is essentially the entire economy,
which is essentially the entire economy,
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我們有工業系統，
本質上相當於整個經濟體系，
本質上相當於整個經濟體系，
02:40
and then all of that has to operate
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這些都在一個
02:41
within the biggest system,
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最大的系統內運行。
02:43
and, I would argue, the most important,
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我認為最重要的系統
02:45
the ecosystem.
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就是生態系統。
02:47
And you see, the choices that we make
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我們作為一個個體
02:49
as an individual,
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做出選擇，
02:50
but the choices that we make
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我們在每一份工作中
02:51
in every single job that we have,
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做出選擇，
02:53
no matter how high or low
you are in the pecking order,
you are in the pecking order,
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無論你所在的社會等級是高還是低，
02:56
has an impact on all of these systems.
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（這些選擇）都會對所有的這些系統造成影響。
02:59
And the thing is that we have to find ways
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關鍵是我們得找到方法。
03:01
if we're actually going to address sustainability
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如果我們真想解決
03:03
of interlocking those complex systems
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那些相互連結的複雜系統內的永續性，
03:07
and making better choices that result
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並且做出更好的選擇，
03:09
in net environmental gains.
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獲得環境淨收益。
03:12
What we need to do is we need to learn
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我們就要學會做到
03:14
to do more with less.
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事半功倍。
03:16
We have an increasing population,
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我們的人口在不斷增長，
03:18
and everybody likes their mobile phones,
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人人都喜歡拿著自己的手機，
03:19
especially in this situation here.
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特別是在聽演講的時候。
03:22
So we need to find innovative ways of solving
some of these problems that we face.
some of these problems that we face.
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因此要解決我們面對的這些問題，
我們需要找出創新方法。
我們需要找出創新方法。
03:26
And that's where this process called
life cycle thinking comes in.
life cycle thinking comes in.
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這就是「生命週期思維過程 」所關注的。
03:29
So essentially, everything that is created
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基本上每一樣被創造出來的東西，
03:32
goes through a series of life cycle stages,
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都要經歷一系列的生命週期階段，
03:34
and we use this scientific process
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我們利用的這種科學研究過程，
03:36
called life cycle assessment,
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被稱為生命週期評估。
03:38
or in America, you guys say life cycle analysis,
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在美國，它被稱為生命週期分析。
03:40
in order to have a clearer picture of how
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爲了得到一個清晰的圖景，
03:44
everything that we do in the
technical part of those systems
technical part of those systems
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來顯示在這些系統的技術層面，
人類的每個做法
人類的每個做法
03:48
affects the natural environment.
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是怎樣影響到自然環境的。
03:50
So we go all the way back
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我們一直追溯到最初，
03:51
to the extraction of raw materials,
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從提取原始材料開始，
03:54
and then we look at manufacturing,
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然後加工製造的過程，
03:56
we look at packaging and transportation,
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我們考察包裝、運輸、使用，
03:57
use, and end of life,
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一直到使用壽命終結。
03:59
and at every single one of these stages,
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在其中的每一個階段，
04:02
the things that we do
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我們所做的每一件事
04:03
have an interaction with the natural environment,
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都與自然環境相互作用。
04:05
and we can monitor how that interaction
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我們可以觀察這種相互作用
04:08
is actually affecting the systems and services
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如何影響著所有的系統和服務，
04:12
that make life on Earth possible.
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使地球上生命的存在成為可能。
04:13
And through doing this,
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通過這些工作，
04:15
we've learned some absolutely fascinating things.
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我們發現了一些相當有趣的事。
04:19
And we've busted a bunch of myths.
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我們已經解決了一連串的謎題。
04:21
So to start with, there's a word that's used a lot.
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首先，有這樣一個使用頻繁的單詞，
04:26
It's used a lot in marketing,
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經常在市場行銷中使用，
04:28
and it's used a lot, I think, in our conversation
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人們在談話中經常提到，
04:30
when we're talking about sustainability,
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如果談論的話題與永續性相關。
04:32
and that's the word biodegradability.
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即「 生物降解 」。
04:34
Now biodegradability is a material property;
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生物降解是一種材料屬性，
04:39
it is not a definition of environmental benefits.
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不等於有益於環境。
04:42
Allow me to explain.
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允我解釋一下，
04:44
When something natural,
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某些天然物質
04:46
something that's made from a cellulose fiber
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由纖維素纖維構成，
04:48
like a piece of bread, even, or any food waste,
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像是一塊麵包或是那些食物垃圾，
04:51
or even a piece of paper,
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甚至是一張紙。
04:54
when something natural ends up
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當這種天然物質最終化為
04:56
in the natural environment, it degrades normally.
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自然界中的一部份，它就屬於自然分解。
04:58
Its little carbon molecules that it stored up
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它本身具有的碳分子，
05:00
as it was growing are naturally released
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隨著自身增長而增長的碳分子，
自然而然地會
自然而然地會
05:02
back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide,
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以二氧化碳的形式被釋放到大氣中。
05:05
but this is a net situation.
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這是一種純粹的降解方式。
05:07
Most natural things
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大多數由自然物質構成的事物
05:08
don't actually end up in nature.
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並不會終結於自然界中。
05:10
Most of the things, the waste that
we produce, end up in landfill.
we produce, end up in landfill.
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人類製造的廢棄物多半被棄置在垃圾站。
05:13
Landfill is a different environment.
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垃圾填築地是另一種環境。
05:16
In landfill, those same carbon molecules
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在垃圾填築地，同樣的碳分子
05:18
degrade in a different way,
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以不一樣的方式進行降解，
05:19
because a landfill is anaerobic.
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因為垃圾站是厭氧性環境，
05:21
It's got no oxygen. It's tightly compacted and hot.
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那裡沒有氧氣，緊密堆積且熱氣騰騰。
05:25
Those same molecules, they become methane,
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在垃圾填築地，同樣的分子形成甲烷。
05:27
and methane is a 25 times more potent
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比二氧化碳造成的
05:30
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
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溫室效應強25倍。
05:33
So our old lettuces and products
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我們扔掉的
05:36
that we have thrown out that are made
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蔬菜和日用品，
05:37
out of biodegradable materials,
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即便由生物降解材料構成，
05:39
if they end up in landfill,
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一旦進入垃圾填築地，
05:41
contribute to climate change.
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就會促進氣候變化。
05:43
You see, there are facilities now
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現在有些設備
05:44
that can actually capture that methane
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能夠收集甲烷，
05:46
and generate power,
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轉化成電能，
05:47
displacing the need for fossil fuel power,
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替代化石燃料發電。
05:50
but we need to be smart about this.
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但這些需要人們機智的對待。
05:51
We need to identify how we can start to leverage
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我們需要明瞭，怎樣去影響
05:55
these types of things that are already happening
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這些時刻發生的反應。
05:57
and start to design systems and services
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怎樣去設計系統和服務體系
05:59
that alleviate these problems.
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來解決這些問題。
06:01
Because right now, what people do
is they turn around and they say,
is they turn around and they say,
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因為當下，人們只會回過頭來說：
06:04
"Let's ban plastic bags. We'll give people paper
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「禁止使用塑料袋。我們為人們提供紙袋
06:06
because that is better for the environment."
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因為紙袋更有利於環境。」
06:08
But if you're throwing it in the bin,
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但如果你把它扔進了垃圾箱，
06:10
and your local landfill facility
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而且當地垃圾填築站的設備
06:11
is just a normal one,
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又很普通，
06:14
then we're having what's called a double negative.
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那麼我們就遭遇了雙重否定（即破壞環境）。
06:19
I'm a product designer by trade.
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我的職業是產品設計師，
06:22
I then did social science.
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然後才是從事社會科學。
06:23
And so I'm absolutely fascinated
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所以我很著迷於
06:24
by consumer goods and how the consumer goods
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消費品，著迷於那些
06:26
that we have kind of become immune to
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我們多少有些麻木了的、
06:28
that fill our lives
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充斥著我們的生活的消費品
06:30
have an impact on the natural environment.
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是怎樣影響自然環境的。
06:31
And these guys are, like, serial offenders,
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這些消費品就好像累犯一樣。
06:34
and I'm pretty sure everyone in this room
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我十分確定這裡的每一個人家裡
06:36
has a refrigerator.
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都有一台冰箱。
06:38
Now America has this amazing ability
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美國有驚人的實力，
06:39
to keep growing refrigerators.
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不斷擴大冰箱的容積。
06:41
In the last few years, they've grown one cubic foot
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1978
過去的幾年間，冰箱的
06:43
on average, the standard size
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1848
標準體積平均擴大了
06:45
of a refrigerator.
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一立方英尺。
06:47
And the problem is, they're so big now,
175
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2459
問題是，冰箱已經過大了，
06:49
it's easier for us to buy more food
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2194
容易讓人買更多的、
06:51
that we can't eat or find.
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1991
找不到又吃不下的食物。
06:53
I mean, I have things at the back of my refrigerator
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我就有些食物放在冰箱深處
06:55
that have been there for years, all right?
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有些年頭了，好嗎？
06:57
And so what happens is, we waste more food.
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所以實情是我們會浪費更多食物。
07:00
And as I was just explaining,
food waste is a problem.
food waste is a problem.
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我剛剛說明的是
浪費食物是個問題。
浪費食物是個問題。
07:03
In fact, here in the U.S., 40 percent
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事實上，在美國有40%的
07:06
of food purchased for the home is wasted.
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家庭購買的食物被浪費。
07:09
Half of the world's produced food is wasted.
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世界上有一半的食物被浪費掉。
07:13
That's the latest U.N. stats. Up to half of the food.
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這是聯合國最新的統計數據，
高達一半的食物被浪費。
高達一半的食物被浪費。
07:16
It's insane. It's 1.3 billion tons of food per annum.
186
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這太荒唐了，相當於每年13億噸的食物。
07:21
And I blame it on the refrigerator,
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2004
我將這種顯現歸咎於冰箱的使用。
07:23
well, especially in Western cultures,
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特別是基於西方文化，
07:24
because it makes it easier.
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1850
因為冰箱使人更容易浪費食物。
07:26
I mean, there's a lot of complex
systems going on here.
systems going on here.
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這其中有太多複雜的體系。
07:28
I don't want to make it so simplistic.
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1938
我不想將它簡單化。
07:30
But the refrigerator is a serious contributor to this,
192
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2950
但是冰箱是其中一個嚴峻的促因。
07:33
and one of the features of it
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它有一個特色，
07:35
is the crisper drawer.
194
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1962
就是保鮮儲藏格。
07:37
You all got crisper drawers?
195
445577
1501
大家都有保鮮箱吧？
07:39
The drawer that you put your lettuces in?
196
447078
1935
就是放生菜的那一格？
07:41
Lettuces have a habit of going soggy
197
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1920
生菜會變得濕軟，
07:42
in the crisper drawers, don't they?
198
450933
1796
在保鮮箱裡，對吧？
07:44
Yeah? Soggy lettuces?
199
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1410
變軟的生菜？
07:46
In the U.K., this is such a problem
200
454139
2000
在英國，這樣一個問題
07:48
that there was a government report a few years ago
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1698
在幾年前被寫成了一份政府報告。
07:49
that actually said the second biggest offender
202
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3020
報告稱，英國第二大
07:52
of wasted food in the U.K. is the soggy lettuce.
203
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2417
浪費的食物就是變軟的生菜。
07:55
It was called the Soggy Lettuce Report.
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2418
該報告被稱為《軟生菜報告》。
07:57
Okay? So this is a problem, people.
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2213
所以，朋友，這是個問題。
07:59
These poor little lettuces are getting thrown out
206
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2110
那些不幸的生菜被扔得
08:02
left, right and center because the crisper drawers
207
470015
1872
到處都是，就因為保鮮箱
08:03
are not designed to actually keep things crisp.
208
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2759
沒真正起到保鮮的作用。
08:06
Okay. You need a tight environment.
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2209
你需要一個密閉的環境。
08:08
You need, like, an airless environment
210
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2130
像沒有空氣的環境
08:10
to prevent the degrading that
would happen naturally.
would happen naturally.
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2725
來防止降解的自然發生。
08:13
But the crisper drawers, they're just a drawer
212
481710
1952
但是保鮮箱只是個
08:15
with a slightly better seal.
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1708
密封較好的抽屜而已。
08:17
Anyway, I'm clearly obsessed.
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2087
總之，很明顯，我困惑了。
08:19
Don't ever invite me over because I'll just
start going through your refrigerator
start going through your refrigerator
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487457
2725
永遠別邀請我去你家。
因為我會檢查你的冰箱，
因為我會檢查你的冰箱，
08:22
and looking at all sorts of things like that.
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1518
查看所有這類現象。
08:23
But essentially, this is a big problem.
217
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1919
但本質上，這是個大問題。
08:25
Because when we lose something
like the lettuce from the system,
like the lettuce from the system,
218
493619
2959
因為在這個系統內，
當我們扔掉生菜這類食物，
當我們扔掉生菜這類食物，
08:28
not only do we have that impact
I just explained at the end of life,
I just explained at the end of life,
219
496578
3536
不只是影響到
我剛剛提到的生命的終結，
我剛剛提到的生命的終結，
08:32
but we actually have had to grow that lettuce.
220
500114
2656
還影響到種植生菜這個起點。
08:34
The life cycle impact of that lettuce is astronomical.
221
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3271
對生菜生命週期的影響是難以估計的。
08:38
We've had to clear land.
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1418
我們已經備好了耕地，
08:39
We've had to plant seeds, phosphorus,
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2157
我們已經種了種子，撒了磷，
08:41
fertilizers, nutrients, water, sunlight.
224
509616
2124
撒了化肥，養肥，澆了水，曬了陽光。
08:43
All of the embodied impacts in that lettuce
225
511740
2088
所有體現在那顆生菜上的作用
08:45
get lost from the system,
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513828
1712
從系統中丟失了。
08:47
which makes it a far bigger environmental impact
227
515540
2611
這使得它對環境有更大的影響，
08:50
than the loss of the energy from the fridge.
228
518151
3684
比冰箱的能量損失嚴重得多。
08:53
So we need to design things like this far better
229
521835
3265
所以我們需要好得多的設計。
08:57
if we're going to start addressing
serious environmental problems.
serious environmental problems.
230
525100
3181
如果我們要著手
解決這些嚴重的環境問題，
解決這些嚴重的環境問題，
09:00
We could start with the crisper drawer and the size.
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528281
1651
我們可以從保鮮盒抽屜的大小著手。
09:01
For those of you in the room who do design fridges,
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1752
對於在座的設計的冰箱各位來講，
09:03
that would be great.
233
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1493
這是極好的。
09:05
The problem is, imagine if we
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533177
3098
問題是，想像一下，如果我們
09:08
actually started to reconsider
how we designed things.
how we designed things.
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2650
重新開始考慮我們是怎樣進行設計的。
09:10
So I look at the refrigerator as a sign of modernity,
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538925
3607
所以我將冰箱視為現代化的標誌。
09:14
but we actually haven't really changed the design
237
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2098
但其實自1950 年代以來，我們並沒有
09:16
of them that much since the 1950s.
238
544630
2671
對這個設計做多少改變。
09:19
A little bit, but essentially they're still big boxes,
239
547301
3225
有點變化，但本質上它們還是大箱子，
09:22
cold boxes that we store stuff in.
240
550526
1922
用於存儲食物的冷藏盒。
09:24
So imagine if we actually really started
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1820
想像一下，我們是否真的開始
09:26
to identify these problems and use that
242
554268
2745
面對這些問題。
09:29
as the foundation for finding innovative and elegant
243
557013
3937
並且將其作為基準，來尋找
09:32
design solutions that will solve those problems.
244
560950
3353
創新一流的設計方案，來解決這些問題。
09:36
This is design-led system change,
245
564303
2225
這是系統的設計性變化，
09:38
design dictating the way in which the system
246
566528
3710
設計指出了一種令該系統
09:42
can be far more sustainable.
247
570238
2765
可以更加永續的方案。
09:45
Forty percent food waste is a major problem.
248
573003
2094
40%的食物浪費是一個重大問題。
09:47
Imagine if we designed fridges that halved that.
249
575097
4065
想像一下如果我們
設計的冰箱只有一半的容積。
設計的冰箱只有一半的容積。
09:51
Another item that I find fascinating
250
579162
2351
另一項讓我覺得有意思的東西
09:53
is the electric tea kettle,
251
581513
1253
是茶葉電水壺。
09:54
which I found out that
252
582766
1393
我發現
09:56
you don't do tea kettles in
this country, really, do you?
this country, really, do you?
253
584159
3251
美國人不用茶水壺，對嗎？
09:59
But that's really big in the U.K.
254
587410
2088
但在英國它有很大的市場。
10:01
Ninety-seven percent of households
255
589498
2233
英國有97%的家庭
10:03
in the United Kingdom own an electric tea kettle.
256
591731
2932
擁有一把茶葉電水壺。
10:06
So they're very popular.
257
594663
1607
它們很受歡迎。
10:08
And, I mean, if I were to work with a design firm
258
596270
2800
我想要是我去一家設計公司上班，
10:11
or a designer, and they were designing one of these,
259
599070
2252
或者與設計師共事，他們在設計這些東西，
10:13
and they wanted to do it eco,
260
601322
1239
而且他們想讓它有生態概念，
10:14
they'd usually ask me two things.
261
602561
1918
他們通常都會問我兩件事。
10:16
They'd say, "Leyla, how do I
make it technically efficient?"
make it technically efficient?"
262
604479
3044
他們會說：「蕾拉，
如何使它在技術上是可行的？」
如何使它在技術上是可行的？」
10:19
Because obviously energy's
a problem with this product.
a problem with this product.
263
607523
3288
因為很明顯，
這件產品有耗能的問題。
這件產品有耗能的問題。
10:22
Or, "How do I make it green materials?
264
610811
3065
或者問：「怎樣使它成為綠色材料？
10:25
How do I make the materials green
265
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2910
怎樣使這種材料，
10:28
in the manufacturing?"
266
616786
1822
使得製造過程無污染?」
10:30
Would you ask me those questions?
267
618608
1803
你會問我這些問題嗎？
10:32
They seem logical, right? Yeah.
268
620411
2799
它們看起來符合邏輯，對嗎？的確。
10:35
Well I'd say, "You're looking at the wrong problems."
269
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2559
我會說：「你找錯問題了。」
10:37
Because the problem is with use.
270
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2158
因為問題在於使用，
10:39
It's with how people use the product.
271
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2675
問題是人們如何使用該產品。
10:42
Sixty-five percent of Brits
272
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1835
百分之六十五的英國人
10:44
admit to over-filling their kettle
273
632437
2344
承認壺裡的水裝的過滿。
10:46
when they only need one cup of tea.
274
634781
2586
有時他們只需要一杯茶。
10:49
All of this extra water that's being boiled
275
637367
2743
煮熟這些額外的水
10:52
requires energy, and it's been calculated
276
640110
3968
需要能耗。有人算出，
10:56
that in one day of extra energy use
277
644078
3038
因為使用電水壺而產生的
10:59
from boiling kettles
278
647116
1543
一天的額外能耗，
11:00
is enough to light all of the streetlights
279
648659
2642
就足以點亮英格蘭一個晚上的
11:03
in England for a night.
280
651301
2623
所有路燈。
11:05
But this is the thing.
281
653924
2118
但這件事
11:08
This is what I call a product-person failure.
282
656042
1914
被我稱作人為使用產品的疏忽。
11:09
But we've got a product-system failure
going on with these little guys,
going on with these little guys,
283
657956
2746
然而產品與環境失調，
就是因為這些小小的疏忽。
就是因為這些小小的疏忽。
11:12
and they're so ubiquitous, you
don't even notice they're there.
don't even notice they're there.
284
660702
2910
他們無處不在，你甚至注意不到他們。
11:15
And this guy over here, though, he does.
He's named Simon.
He's named Simon.
285
663612
3213
圖片上的這個人，名叫西蒙。
11:18
Simon works for the national
electricity company in the U.K.
electricity company in the U.K.
286
666825
3307
西蒙在英國國家電力公司工作。
11:22
He has a very important job of monitoring
287
670132
2142
他在做一項非常重要的工作 ──
11:24
all of the electricity coming into the system
288
672274
2439
監測所有進入該系統的電力。
11:26
to make sure there is enough
289
674713
1413
確保有足夠的電能
11:28
so it powers everybody's homes.
290
676126
1928
為所有英國家庭供電。
11:30
He's also watching television.
291
678054
2104
他也在看電視，
11:32
The reason is because there's a unique
292
680158
1973
原因是有一種獨特的、
11:34
phenomenon that happens in the U.K.
293
682131
1818
發生在英國的現象。
11:35
the moment that very popular TV shows end.
294
683949
4038
很受歡迎的電視節目結束的那一瞬間，
11:39
The minute the ad break comes on,
295
687987
2238
在廣告時間開始的那一分鐘，
11:42
this man has to rush
296
690225
1837
他就要趕緊
11:44
to buy nuclear power from France,
297
692062
3056
從法國購買核電。
11:47
because everybody turns their kettles on
298
695118
2889
因為所有人都要在同一時間
11:50
at the same time.
299
698007
2065
接通電水壺。
11:52
(Laughter)
300
700072
2246
（笑聲）
11:54
1.5 million kettles, seriously problematic.
301
702318
5985
150 萬臺電水壺，問題非常嚴重。
12:00
So imagine if you designed kettles,
302
708303
3569
想像一下如果你設計水壺，
12:03
you actually found a way to
solve these system failures,
solve these system failures,
303
711872
2740
你其實找到了這些系統故障解決方法，
12:06
because this is a huge amount of pressure
304
714612
2665
因為這個相當大的壓力
12:09
on the system,
305
717277
1391
作用在該系統上。
12:10
just because the product hasn't
thought about the problem
thought about the problem
306
718668
3436
只是因為這個產品沒有考慮過這個問題。
12:14
that it's going to have when it exists in the world.
307
722104
1863
它面市之後會出現的這個問題。
12:15
Now, I looked at a number of
kettles available on the market,
kettles available on the market,
308
723967
2668
我看過市面上大量的電水壺，
12:18
and found the minimum fill lines,
309
726635
2022
發現有最小容積的刻度線。
12:20
so the little piece of information that tells you
310
728657
1766
這條訊息就告訴大家
12:22
how much you need to put in there,
311
730423
1557
要放多少水進去。
12:23
was between two and a five-and-a-half cups of water
312
731980
2919
最小容積就介於在兩杯水和五杯半之間，
12:26
just to make one cup of tea.
313
734899
3433
剛剛好沏一杯茶。
12:30
So this kettle here is an example of one where
314
738332
2285
圖片上的這個水壺
12:32
it actually has two reservoirs.
315
740617
2536
實際上有兩個內膽。
12:35
One's a boiling chamber, and one's the water holder.
316
743155
2185
一個用來燒水，一個是用來儲水。
12:37
The user actually has to push that button
317
745340
2325
使用者只需按下這個按鈕，
12:39
to get their hot water boiled,
318
747665
1568
就可以將水煮沸。
12:41
which means, because we're all lazy,
319
749233
1766
因為我們都懶，
12:42
you only fill exactly what you need.
320
750999
1842
你只會裝入你需要的量。
12:44
And this is what I call behavior-changing products:
321
752841
2324
這被我稱為「改變行為」的產品：
12:47
products, systems or services
322
755165
2112
（設計）產品、 系統或服務
12:49
that intervene and solve these problems up front.
323
757277
3859
來調解並解決前面提到的問題。
12:53
Now, this is a technology arena,
324
761136
2650
這是一個技術競技場。
12:55
so obviously these things are quite popular,
325
763786
2061
顯然這些東西相當普遍，
12:57
but I think if we're going to keep
326
765847
1968
但我認為要保持
12:59
designing, buying and using and throwing out
327
767815
2586
目前我們設計、購買、使用、
13:02
these kinds of products at the rate we currently do,
328
770401
1912
和廢棄這類產品的速度。
13:04
which is astronomically high,
329
772313
2249
這種速度快得驚人，
13:06
there are seven billion people
330
774562
1834
如今世界上有７０億人口。
13:08
who live in the world right now.
331
776396
1410
如今世界上有７０億人口。
13:09
There are six billion mobile phone subscriptions
332
777806
2187
只去年一年間，就有６０億臺手機訂購。
13:11
as of last year.
333
779993
3666
只去年一年間，就有６０億臺手機訂購。
13:15
Every single year, 1.5 billion mobile phones
334
783659
3522
每年有１５億部手機
13:19
roll off production lines,
335
787181
1253
從生產中下線。
13:20
and some companies report their production rate
336
788434
2071
一些公司報告稱，其生產率
13:22
as being greater than the human birth rate.
337
790505
2350
比人的出生率更高。
13:24
One hundred fifty-two million phones
were thrown out in the U.S. last year;
were thrown out in the U.S. last year;
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去年，美國有 1.52 億部電話被廢棄，
13:27
only 11 percent were recycled.
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只有11%被回收利用。
13:29
I'm from Australia. We have a
population of 22 million -- don't laugh --
population of 22 million -- don't laugh --
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我來自澳大利亞，人口只有 2200 萬
-- 別取笑我們 --
-- 別取笑我們 --
13:33
and it's been reported that 22 million phones
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有報導稱有 2200 萬部手機
13:36
are in people's drawers.
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都躺在人們的抽屜裡。
13:38
We need to find ways of solving
the problems around this,
the problems around this,
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我們需要找到解決這些問題的方法，
13:42
because these things are so complicated.
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因為這些事是如此複雜。
13:45
They have so much locked up inside them.
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其內部有非常多的連鎖反應。
13:48
Gold! Did you know that it's actually cheaper now
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黃金！你有沒有聽說過，
13:52
to get gold out of a ton of old mobile phones
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現在從一噸舊手機中提煉黃金，
13:56
than it is out of a ton of gold ore?
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要比從一噸金礦石中提煉黃金更便宜？
13:59
There's a number of highly complex and valuable
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大量高度複雜和高價值的材料
14:01
materials embodied inside these things,
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應用在這些東西的生產過程中，
14:03
so we need to find ways of encouraging disassembly,
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所以我們需要設法實現分解，
14:05
because this is otherwise what happens.
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否則就會發生對環境不好的事。
14:08
This is a community in Ghana,
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這是加納的一個社區，
14:09
and e-waste is reported, or electronic waste
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聯合國報導稱，
14:11
is reported by the U.N.
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這裡的電子廢棄物
14:13
as being up to 50 million tons trafficked.
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有高達 5000 萬噸被販賣。
14:16
This is how they get the gold
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他們通過這種方法提煉黃金，
14:18
and the other valuable materials out.
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以及其他有價值的材料。
14:19
They burn the electronic waste
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他們在室外焚燒
14:21
in open spaces.
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電子廢物。
14:23
These are communities, and this
is happening all over the world.
is happening all over the world.
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這樣的社區，這類的情況遍佈世界各地。
14:26
And because we don't see the ramifications
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因為我們看不到我們造成的後果。
14:29
of the choices that we make as designers,
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作為設計師，
14:31
as businesspeople, as consumers,
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作為商人，作為消費者（我們看不到後果）
14:33
then these kinds of externalities happen,
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於是出現了這些負外部性，
14:35
and these are people's lives.
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這就關係到人們的生活。
14:37
So we need to find smarter, more systems-based,
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所以我們需要找到更巧妙、更加系統化的
14:42
innovative solutions to these problems,
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創新方案來解決這些問題，
14:45
if we're going to start to live
sustainably within this world.
sustainably within this world.
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如果我們想要永續地生活在這個世界上。
14:48
So imagine if, when you bought your mobile phone,
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想像一下，如果當你買了一部手機，
14:52
your new one because you replaced your old one --
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新的會替換那款老舊的。
14:54
after 15 to 18 months is the average time
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順便提一下，人們更換手機的平均時間是
14:56
that people replace their phones, by the way —
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15 到 18 個月。
14:58
so if we're going to keep this kind of expedient
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如果我們要保持這種
15:01
mobile phone replacing, then we should
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更換手機的速度，我們應該
15:04
be looking at closing the loop on these systems.
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著眼於關閉這些系統裡的循環圈。
15:06
The people who produce these phones,
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產生手機的人，
15:08
and some of which I'm sure
are in the room right now,
are in the room right now,
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在座肯定也有生產手機的，
15:09
could potentially look at doing what
we call closed-loop systems,
we call closed-loop systems,
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有可能看到被我們稱之為「閉環」
的系統的潛力，
的系統的潛力，
15:12
or product system services,
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或產品的系統服務。
15:14
so identifying that there is a market demand
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所以確定有手機市場需求，
15:16
and that market demand's not going to go anywhere,
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並確定這樣的市場需求會始終存在，
15:18
so you design the product to solve the problem.
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然後就要靠你所設計的產品來解決這個問題。
15:21
Design for disassembly, design for light-weighting.
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為易拆卸而設計，為輕量化而設計，
15:23
We heard some of those kinds of strategies
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我們聽說過一些這種類型的策略，
15:26
being used in the Tesla Motors car today.
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正用於特斯拉汽車公司的生產。
15:28
These kinds of approaches are not hard,
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這些方法並不難，
15:31
but understanding the system
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但是認識系統，
15:32
and then looking for viable, market-driven
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並尋求可行的、以市場為導向的
15:36
consumer demand alternatives
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滿足消費者需求的替代品，
15:38
is how we can start radically altering
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是我們能夠開始從根本上改變
15:40
the sustainability agenda,
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永續發展議程的做法。
15:42
because I hate to break it to you all:
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不幸要告知大家的是：
15:44
Consumption is the biggest problem.
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消費是最大的問題。
15:47
But design is one of the best solutions.
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但設計是最好的解決方案之一。
15:52
These kinds of products are everywhere.
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這類產品廣泛存在。
15:54
By identifying alternative ways of doing things,
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通過改變人們做事的方式，
15:57
we can actually start to innovate,
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我們可以發動革新，
15:59
and I say actually start to innovate.
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也就是開始進行創新。
16:00
I'm sure everyone in this room is very innovative.
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我相信在座每個人都具有革新精神。
16:03
But in the regards to using sustainability
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但關於將永續性
16:05
as a parameter, as a criteria
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用作一種參數，一個準則，
16:08
for fueling systems-based solutions,
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去激發基於系統的解決方案，
我們做得還不夠。
我們做得還不夠。
16:12
because as I've just demonstrated
with these simple products,
with these simple products,
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因為正如我剛剛展示的
這些簡單的產品，
這些簡單的產品，
16:15
they're participating in these major problems.
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它們構成了這些重大的問題的一部份。
16:18
So we need to look across the entire life
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所以我們有必要審視整個產品的生命週期。
16:20
of the things that we do.
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看看我們所做的事。
16:22
If you just had paper or plastic --
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如果你恰好有張紙或一片塑料，
16:24
obviously reusable is far more beneficial --
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顯然能夠重複使用的更有好處。
16:26
then the paper is worse,
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那麼紙質則較為糟糕，
16:30
and the paper is worse because it weighs
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因為它的重量
16:32
four to 10 times more than the plastic,
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比塑料袋多出 4 到 10 倍。
16:34
and when we actually compare,
from a life cycle perspective,
from a life cycle perspective,
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實際上當我們在做比較時，
從生命週期角度來看，
從生命週期角度來看，
16:36
a kilo of plastic and a kilo of paper,
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一公斤的塑膠和一公斤的紙，
16:39
the paper is far better,
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紙會更好些。
16:41
but the functionality of a plastic or a paper bag
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但是一個塑膠或紙包的功能
16:43
to carry your groceries home is not
done with a kilo of each material.
done with a kilo of each material.
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是幫您把雜物帶回家。
它們並不是靠一公斤的材料做成的。
它們並不是靠一公斤的材料做成的。
16:47
It's done with a very small amount of plastic
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而是用非常少的塑膠，
16:49
and quite a lot more paper.
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和相當多的紙製成的。
16:50
Because functionality defines environmental impact,
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因此功能決定了對環境的影響。
16:53
and I said earlier that the designers
always ask me for the eco-materials.
always ask me for the eco-materials.
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我剛才提到設計師們，總是問我要生態材料。
16:56
I say, there's only a few materials
that you should completely avoid.
that you should completely avoid.
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我想說，只有少數幾種材料
你們應該完全避免使用。
你們應該完全避免使用。
16:59
The rest of them, it's all about application,
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其餘的，都是在應用過程中
才涉及到生態問題。
才涉及到生態問題。
17:01
and at the end of the day, everything
we design and produce in the economy
we design and produce in the economy
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最終，我們在經濟社會中
設計和生產的一切，
設計和生產的一切，
17:04
or buy as consumers is done so for function.
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消費者購買的所有東西，
都是為了使用價值。
都是為了使用價值。
17:07
We want something, therefore we buy it.
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人們想要某樣東西，就去購買。
17:09
So breaking things back down and delivering
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因此要回過頭來，分析並提出
17:12
smartly, elegantly, sophisticated solutions
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巧妙、優雅，精良的解決方案。
17:16
that take into consideration the entire system
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考慮到整個系統、
17:19
and the entire life of the thing, everything,
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整個生命週期，全部一切，
17:22
all the way back to the extraction
through to the end of life,
through to the end of life,
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追溯貫穿整個生命的精華所在，
17:25
we can start to actually find
really innovative solutions.
really innovative solutions.
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我們才可以找到
真正的創新的解決方案。
真正的創新的解決方案。
17:27
And I'll just leave you with one very quick thing
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給大家講件簡短的事，
17:29
that a designer said to me recently
who I work with, a senior designer.
who I work with, a senior designer.
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是一個與我共事的資深設計師
最近對我說的。
最近對我說的。
17:33
I said, "How come you're not doing
sustainability? I know you know this."
sustainability? I know you know this."
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我問：「你怎麼不做永續性研究?
我想你知道這個。」
我想你知道這個。」
17:36
And he said, "Well, recently I pitched
a sustainability project to a client,
a sustainability project to a client,
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他說：「最近我拒絕了一個客戶的
永續性研究項目，
永續性研究項目，
17:40
and turned and he said to me,
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他回頭對我說：
17:42
'I know it's going to cost less,
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「我知道它會降低成本，
17:44
I know it's going to sell more,
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我知道它會賣得更多，
17:46
but we're not pioneers, because
pioneers have arrows in their backs.'"
pioneers have arrows in their backs.'"
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但我們不是開拓者，
因為開拓者腹背受敵。」
因為開拓者腹背受敵。」
17:50
I think we've got a roomful of pioneers,
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我想我們這有一屋子的開拓者，
17:52
and I hope there are far more pioneers out there,
because we need to solve these problems.
because we need to solve these problems.
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我希望外面有更多的開拓者，
因為我們需要解決這些問題。
因為我們需要解決這些問題。
17:56
Thank you.
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謝謝大家！
17:57
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leyla Acaroglu - Sustainability strategistLeyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change.
Why you should listen
Leyla Acaroglu breaks through our deeply entrenched environmental folklore in order to reveal the true impact of the products and materials we use every day. A designer and consultant, Acaroglu encourages both companies and individuals to look at the full life cycle of the things they create and use in order to understand their net effect on the environment. At Eco Innovators, an ecologically-minded Australian design studio, Acaroglu’s team makes award-winning designs and projects that tap into a sense of play in order to educate. From animations explaining the lifecycle of a cell phone to bookshelves made from construction scrap wood to workshops that help rebuild and repurpose broken everyday items, the goal is building savvy, science-based sustainability practices.
Leyla Acaroglu | Speaker | TED.com