TEDGlobal 2011
Elizabeth Murchison: Fighting a contagious cancer
إليزابيث مورشيسون: محاربة سرطان معدي
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ما الذي يقتل العفريت التاسماني؟ سرطان خبيث يصيبهم بالآلاف وعلي عكس معظم السرطانات.هذا السرطان معدي الباحثة اليزابيث مورشيسون تخبرنا كيف تقاتل لتحمي ال "تاز" وماذا تعلمته عن كل السرطانات من هذا النوع الغريب.-يحتوي علي صور مزعجة لسرطان الوجه-.
Elizabeth Murchison - Cancer researcher
Elizabeth Murchison studies a mysterious (and contagious) cancer that threatens to wipe out Tasmanian devils. Full bio
Elizabeth Murchison studies a mysterious (and contagious) cancer that threatens to wipe out Tasmanian devils. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Everyone's familiar with cancer,
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ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
00:19
but we don't normally think of cancer
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ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ
00:21
as being a contagious disease.
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ﻣﺮضا ﻣﻌﺪيا.
00:25
The Tasmanian devil has shown us
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ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
00:27
that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease,
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ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ
00:30
but it can also threaten
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ
00:32
an entire species with extinction.
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ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ
00:36
So first of all, what is a Tasmanian devil?
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ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ. ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ؟
00:40
Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character,
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ﺑﻌﻀﻜﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﻴﺮﺓ "ﺗﺎﺯ"
00:43
the one that spins around and around and around.
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ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ
00:45
But not many people know
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ
00:47
that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil,
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ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ"
00:50
and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.
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ﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
00:54
A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch
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الحيوان الجرابي ﻫﻮ من الثديات ﺫﻭ ﺟﻴﺐ
00:56
like a kangaroo.
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ﻣﺜﻞ الكنغر
00:58
The Tasmanian devil got its name
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ﻳﺤﻤﻞ "ﺍﻟﻌﻐﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ
01:00
from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes.
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ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﺒﺔ ﺍﻟتﻲ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ
01:04
(Screaming)
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ﺻﺮﺧﺎﺕ
01:15
(Laughter)
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ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ
01:17
The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger,
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ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮالعفريت ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ حيوان ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻢ
01:20
and it uses its powerful jaws
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ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ
01:22
and its sharp teeth
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ﻭﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ
01:24
to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals.
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ﻛﻲ ﻳﻤﻀﻎ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ
01:27
[The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania,
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ﻳﻮﺟﺪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ
01:30
which is that small island
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ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ
01:32
just to the south of the mainland of Australia.
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ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ
01:34
And despite their ferocious appearance,
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ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ
01:38
Tasmanian devils are actually
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ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧية
01:40
quite adorable little animals.
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ﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ
01:43
In fact, growing up in Tasmania,
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ نموها ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ
01:45
it always was incredibly exciting
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ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ دائما
01:47
when we got a chance to see
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ﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ
01:49
a Tasmanian devil in the wild.
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ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ في ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ
01:51
But the Tasmanian devil population
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ
01:53
has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline.
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ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ. الآن ﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ
01:57
And in fact, there's concern
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ
01:59
that the species could go extinct in the wild
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ
02:02
within 20 to 30 years.
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ﺧﻼﻝ 20 ﺍﻟﻲ 30 ﻋﺎﻣﺎ.
02:05
And the reason for that
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ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ
02:07
is the emergence of a new disease,
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ﻫﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
02:09
a contagious cancer.
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الا ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻱ
02:13
The story begins in 1996
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ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996
02:15
when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here
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ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘط ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ هنا
02:18
of a Tasmanian devil
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ﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
02:20
with a large tumor on its face.
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ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ.
02:22
At the time, this was thought to be a one-off.
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ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮت حالة فريدة
02:25
Animals, just like humans,
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ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ
02:27
sometimes get strange tumors.
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ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ.
02:30
However, we now believe
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ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ الآن ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ
02:32
that this is the first sighting of a new disease,
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ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
02:35
which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania.
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ﺃﺻﺒﺢ الآن ﻭﺑﺎﺋﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ
02:39
The disease was first sighted
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ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ
02:41
in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996
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ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996
02:44
and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave.
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ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ
02:47
Now there's only a small part of the population,
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ﻭﺍﻶﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ. ﻓﻘﻂ
02:50
which remains unaffected.
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ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ
02:52
This disease appears first as tumors,
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ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪاية كأورام
02:55
usually on the face or inside the mouth
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ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻢ
02:57
of affected Tasmanian devils.
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ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ.
02:59
These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors,
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ﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺑﻴﺮ
03:02
such as these ones here.
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ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ
03:04
And the next image I'm going to show
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ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
03:06
is quite gruesome.
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ﺑﺸﻌﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ
03:08
But inevitably, these tumors progress
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لا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ نمو الأورام
03:10
towards being enormous, ulcerating tumors like this one here.
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ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ
03:16
This one in particular sticks in my mind,
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هذا الورم بالتحديد التصق في ذهني
03:18
because this is the first case of this disease
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لأنه كان أول حاله من هذا المرض
03:20
that I saw myself.
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اراها بنفسي
03:22
And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil
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وأذكر رعبي وأنا أري هذه العفريتة ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ
03:25
with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor
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ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺢ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ
03:27
inside her mouth
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ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ
03:29
that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw.
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ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻕ ﻓﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ.
03:33
She hadn't eaten for days.
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لﻢ ﺗﻜﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ
03:36
Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms.
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ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺗﻬﺎ ممتلئة بﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ
03:38
Her body was riddled with secondary tumors.
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ﻭﺟﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﺮﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ
03:41
And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils
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ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺮﺿﻊ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ
03:44
in her pouch.
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ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﺒﻬﺎ
03:47
Of course, they died along with the mother.
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ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻣﻬﻢ
03:50
They were too young to survive without their mother.
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ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ.
03:53
In fact, in the area where she comes from,
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ..ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ
03:56
more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population
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اكثر من 90 ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ
03:59
has already died of this disease.
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ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺍ بالفعل من هذا المرض
04:02
Scientists around the world
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العلماء حول العالم
04:04
were intrigued by this cancer,
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اهتموا بهذا المرض
04:06
this infectious cancer,
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هذا السرطان المعدي
04:08
that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population.
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الذي انتشر خلال ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ العفاريت التاسمانية
04:11
And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women,
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واتجهت اذهاننا في الحال إلي سرطان عنق الرحم في النساء
04:14
which is spread by a virus,
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والذي ينتشر بسبب فيروس
04:16
and to the AIDS epidemic,
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و وباء الإيدز
04:18
which is associated with a number of different types of cancer.
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الذي ارتبط بعدد من السرطانات المختلفة
04:22
All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer
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كل الدلائل ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ
04:25
was spread by a virus.
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ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ
04:28
However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now --
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ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻸﻥ -ﻭﺃﻗﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ-
04:31
that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus.
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ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ الان ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ
04:34
In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
04:38
is something altogether more sinister,
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ﻫﻮ شئ أكثر تهديدا
04:40
and something that we hadn't really thought of before.
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شئ لم نفكر به بالفعل من قبل
04:43
But in order for me to explain what that is,
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لكن من أجل ان أوضح لكم ما هو
04:46
I need to spend just a couple of minutes
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احتاج الي دقيقتين
04:48
talking more about cancer itself.
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اتحدث فيهما اكثر عن السرطان نفسه
04:51
Cancer is a disease
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ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ
04:53
that affects millions of people around the world every year.
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ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻼﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ.
04:56
One in three people in this room
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ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ
04:58
will develop cancer at some stage in their lives.
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ﺳﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺑمرض اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ
05:01
I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine
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ﺍﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻛﺍﻥ لدي ﻭﺭﻡ ﻭﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ القولون
05:03
when I was only 14.
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ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻝ 14
05:06
Cancer occurs
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ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
05:08
when a single cell in your body
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ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ
05:10
acquires a set of random mutations in important genes
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ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ) ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
05:13
that cause that cell to start to produce
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ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ
05:16
more and more and more copies of itself.
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ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ
05:20
Paradoxically, once established,
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ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ
05:23
natural selection actually favors
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ﻳﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎء الطبيعي
05:25
the continued growth of cancer.
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النمو المستمر لخلايا السرطان
05:27
Natural selection is survival of the fittest.
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والانتقاء الطبيعي هو نمو الخلايا المناسبة
05:30
And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells,
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فإذا كان عندك عدد من خلايا السرطان المتضاعفة
05:33
if one of them acquires new mutations,
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عندما تكتسب واحدة منهم طفرات جديدة
05:35
which allow them to grow more quickly,
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يسمح لها بنمو اكثر سرعة
05:37
acquire nutrients more successfully,
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والحصول علي الغذاء بنجاح
05:39
invade the body,
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والانتشار في الجسد و إجتياحه
05:41
they'll be selected for by evolution.
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ويتم انتقائهم - الخلايا المصابة - لأجل التطور
05:44
That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat.
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وهذا هو سبب صعوبة ﻋﻼﺝ السرطان
05:48
It evolves.
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ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ
05:50
Throw a drug at it,
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ﺍﻋﻄﻪ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ
05:52
and resistant cells will grow back.
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ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ
05:55
An amazing fact is that,
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ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ
05:57
given the right environment and the right nutrients,
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ
06:00
a cancer cell has the potential
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ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ
06:02
to go on growing forever.
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ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻸﺑﺪ
06:05
However cancer is constrained
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ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ
06:07
by living inside our bodies,
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ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ
06:09
and its continued growth,
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ونموها المتواصل
06:11
its spreading through our bodies
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ونموها المتواصل وانتشارها في الجسم
06:13
and eating away at our tissues,
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والتهامها لإنسجتنا
06:15
leads to the death of the cancer patient
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يؤدي الى وفاة مريض السرطان
06:18
and also to the death of the cancer itself.
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وموت خلايا السرطان نفسها
06:22
So cancer could be thought of
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لذا فمن الممكن التفكير في السرطان
06:24
as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form --
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علي انه كائن غريب قصير الأجل ومدمر
06:29
an evolutionary dead end.
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طريقه في التطور خارج الجسد مسدود
06:33
But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer
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ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ مكان اكتساب سرطان العفاريت التاسمانية
06:35
has acquired an absolutely amazing
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والذي حدث بصورة مدهشة
06:38
evolutionary adaptation.
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وبﺗﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﺬﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ
06:41
And the answer came from studying
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معرفة اللغز ﺟﺎﺀت ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
06:43
the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA.
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الحمض النووي ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
06:45
This was work from many people,
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ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
06:47
but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment
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ﻟﻜﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ
06:49
that I did a few years ago.
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ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ
06:51
The next slide is going to be gruesome.
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الشريحة ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻌﺔ
06:54
This is Jonas.
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ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ
06:56
He's a Tasmanian devil that we found
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ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎﻩ
06:59
with a large tumor on his face.
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ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ
07:01
And being a geneticist,
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ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ
07:03
I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations.
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ﺃﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ
07:06
So I took this opportunity
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ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ
07:08
to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor
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ﻷﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ
07:10
and also some samples from other parts of his body.
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وايضا بعض العينات من اماكن اخرى بجسده
07:13
I took these back to the lab.
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ﺍﺧﺬﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ
07:15
I extracted DNA from them.
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ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ
07:17
And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA,
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ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ
07:20
and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor
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ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ للحمض النووي
07:23
to that of the rest of his body,
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ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ
07:25
I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile.
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ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ
07:30
In fact, Jonas and his tumor
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺍﺱ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻣﻪ
07:32
were as different from each other
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ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻫﻤﺎ
07:35
as you and the person sitting next to you.
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ﻛﺈﺧﺘﻼﻓﻚ ﺍﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻚ
07:38
What this told us was that Jonas' tumor
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ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ
07:41
did not arise from cells of his own body.
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ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ
07:44
In fact, more genetic profiling
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فﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ
07:47
told us that this tumor in Jonas
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ﺍﺧﺒﺮﺗﻨﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ
07:49
actually probably first arose
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نشأ في الأصل
07:51
from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil --
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من خلايا ﺃﻧﺜﻲ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
07:53
and Jonas was clearly a male.
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ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺫﻛﺮ
07:55
So how come
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لذا كيف يمكن
07:57
a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual
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لورم نشأ من خلايا حيوان آخر
08:00
is growing on Jonas' face?
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ان ينمو علي وجه جوناس ؟
08:03
Well the next breakthrough
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جاءت الطفرة العلمية القادمة
08:05
came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers
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بعد دراسة أورام العفاريت التاسمانية
08:08
from all around Tasmania.
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في تاسمانيا كلها.
08:10
We found that all of these cancers
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ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍلاﻭﺭﺍﻡ
08:12
shared the same DNA.
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ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ
08:14
Think about that for a minute.
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ﻓﻜﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ
08:16
That means that all of these cancers
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ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ الاﻭﺭﺍﻡ
08:18
actually are the same cancer
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ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ
08:20
that arose once from one individual devil,
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ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
08:23
that have broken free of that first devil's body
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اﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﺪﻩ
08:26
and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population.
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ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ إلي ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ
08:30
But how can a cancer spread in a population?
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺒﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ الانتشار ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ؟
08:33
Well the final piece of the puzzle came
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ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺰ
08:35
when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild.
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ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ
08:38
They tend to bite each other,
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ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻲ عضّ بعضها البعض
08:40
often quite ferociously and usually on the face.
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بشراسة غالبا وعادةً في الوجه
08:43
We think that cancer cells
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نحن نظن ان خلايا السرطان
08:46
actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva.
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التي تأتي من الورم تنتقل الي اللعاب
08:49
When the devil bites another devil,
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ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺾّ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ واحد اخر
08:51
it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil,
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ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻶﺧﺮ
08:54
so the tumor continues to grow.
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ﺛﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ
08:56
So this Tasmanian devil cancer
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ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
08:58
is perhaps the ultimate cancer.
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ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ النهائي
09:00
It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it.
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أنه ليس ملتزما بالعيش داخل الجسم الذي نشأ منه
09:03
It spreads through the population,
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بل ينتشر خلال تعداد العفاريت
09:05
has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system,
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ايضا يملك طفرات تمكنه من تجنب الجهاز المناعي
09:08
and it's the only cancer that we know of
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و هو السرطان الوحيد المعروف
09:10
that's threatening an entire species with extinction.
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الذي يهدد فصيلة كاملة بالانقراض
09:14
But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils,
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ
09:17
why hasn't it happened in other animals
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ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮى
09:19
or even humans?
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ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟
09:21
Well the answer is, it has.
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ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻌﻼ
09:25
This is Kimbo.
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ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻤﺒﻮ
09:27
He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya.
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ﻛﻠﺐ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻣﺒﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ
09:31
Last year, his owner noticed some blood
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ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﻣﺎً
09:34
trickling from his genital region.
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ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ
09:37
She took him to the vet
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ﺃﺧﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺮﻳﺔ
09:39
and the vet discovered something quite disgusting.
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ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻘﺰﺯﺍ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ
09:42
And if you're squeamish, please look away now.
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ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺸﻤﺌﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ ﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻙ ﺍﻶﻥ
09:45
He discovered this,
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ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ
09:47
a huge bleeding tumor
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ﻭﺭﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺿﺨﻢ
09:49
at the base of Kimbo's penis.
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ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ
09:53
The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor,
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ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ
09:56
a sexually transmitted cancer
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ينتقل بالاتصال الجنسي
09:59
that affects dogs.
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يصيب الكلاب
10:01
And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious
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ﻭ كما أن ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ معدي
10:04
through the spread of living cancer cells,
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عن طريق انتشار الخلايا
10:06
so is this dog cancer.
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السرطان عند هذا الكلب ايضا كذلك
10:08
But this dog cancer is quite remarkable,
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ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ الي حد ما
10:10
because it spread all around the world.
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ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
10:12
And in fact, these same cells
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ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ
10:14
that are affecting Kimbo here
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ﺍﻟﺘي ﺃﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮ
10:17
are also found affecting dogs
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ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻼﺑﺎ
10:19
in New York City,
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ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ
10:21
in mountain villages in the Himalayas
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ بالهيمالايا
10:23
and in Outback Australia.
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ
10:26
We also believe this cancer might be very old.
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ﻧﺤﻥ ﻧﺅمن ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ
10:28
In fact, genetic profiling tells
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﺌﻨﺍ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ
10:30
that it may be tens of thousands of years old,
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ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ الالاف ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ
10:33
which means that this cancer
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ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
10:35
may have first arisen
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ
10:37
from the cells of a wolf
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ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﺍﻳﺎ ﺫﺋﺐ
10:39
that lived alongside the Neanderthals.
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ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ
10:42
This cancer is remarkable.
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ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ
10:44
It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of.
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ﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﻡ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ
10:48
It's a living relic
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ﺍﻧﻪ بقاياه التي مازلات على قيد الحياو
10:50
of the distant past.
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻖ
10:54
So we've seen that this can happen in animals.
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ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ
10:56
Could cancers be contagious between people?
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،ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟
11:01
Well this is a question
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ﺷﻐﻞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ
11:03
which fascinated Chester Southam,
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ﺷﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ
11:05
a cancer doctor in the 1950s.
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ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ
11:08
Ad he decided to put this to the test
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ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
11:11
by actually deliberately inoculating people
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ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
11:14
with cancer from somebody else.
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ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ
11:17
And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957
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ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ 1957
11:21
injecting cancer into a volunteer,
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ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﻘﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
11:24
who in this case was an inmate
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ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺠﻴﻦ
11:26
in Ohio State Penitentiary.
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ﻓﻲ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ولاية ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻳﻮ
11:30
Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected
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ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﻢ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ
11:32
did not go on to develop cancer
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ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
11:34
from the injected cells.
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣُﻘﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻬﺎ
11:36
But a small number of them did,
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃُﺻﻴﺐ
11:38
and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill --
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ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ
11:41
whose immune systems were probably compromised.
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ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ
11:46
What this tells us,
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ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ
11:48
ethical issues aside,
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ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ الاﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻸﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ
11:50
is that ...
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ﺃﻥ ....
11:52
(Laughter)
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(ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ)
11:54
it's probably extremely rare
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ
11:57
for cancers to be transferred between people.
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ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ
12:01
However, under some circumstances,
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ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ
12:03
it can happen.
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ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ
12:06
And I think that this is something
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ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻇﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺊ
12:08
that oncologists and epidemiologists
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ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻸﻭﺑﺌﺔ
12:10
should be aware of in the future.
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ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
12:13
So just finally,
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ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ
12:15
cancer is an inevitable outcome
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ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻥ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ
12:17
of the ability of our cells
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ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ
12:19
to divide
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للإنقسام
12:21
and to adapt to their environments.
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وللتكيف ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ
12:24
But that does not mean that we should give up hope
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻸﻣﻞ
12:27
in the fight against cancer.
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في حربنا ضد السرطان
12:29
In fact, I believe, given more knowledge
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺅﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
12:31
of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth,
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ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
12:34
we can defeat cancer.
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،ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
12:37
My personal aim
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ﻫﺪﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ
12:39
is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer.
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ﻫﻮ ﻗﻬﺮ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
12:43
Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil
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ﻓﻠﻨﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ
12:45
from being the first animal
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ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ
12:47
to go extinct from cancer.
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ﻳﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
12:49
Thank you.
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ﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻢ
12:51
(Applause)
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ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻖ
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Murchison - Cancer researcherElizabeth Murchison studies a mysterious (and contagious) cancer that threatens to wipe out Tasmanian devils.
Why you should listen
Elizabeth Murchison grew up in Tasmania, the island home of the small, aggressive marsupial known as the Tasmanian devil. In the mid-'90s, the devils were beset with a terrible new disease -- a contagious facial cancer, spread by biting, that killed the animals just as they reached breeding age. By 2008, half the devil population of Australia had contracted the cancer and died. And as Murchison says: "I didn’t want to sit back and let the devils disappear.”
Leading an international team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, she worked to understand why this cancer was so virulent -- with the goal of saving the Taz, as it is called, but also of understanding how a contagious cancer works. Analyzing gene and microRNA activity in 25 different facial tumors and in healthy tissue, the team found that cancers from animals across Tasmania were identical, and that the cancer stems from Schwann cells, which normally insulate nerve fibers.
Now a Research Fellow in Medical Sciences at King's College, Cambridge, Murchison is using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies to investigate the genetics and evolution of this disease, one of only three known cancers that spread contagiously.
She says: "This is why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat: It evolves."
Elizabeth Murchison | Speaker | TED.com