TEDGlobal 2013
George Monbiot: For more wonder, rewild the world
George Monbiot: For mere forundring, genvild verdenen
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Ulve var engang indfødte i USA's Yellowstone National Park -- indtil jægerne udryddede dem. Men så i 1995 da ulvene kom igen (takket være et aggressivt udsættelsesprogram), skete der noget interesant. Resten af parken begyndte at finde en ny, mere sund balance. I et dristigt tankeeksperiment, forestiller George Monbiot sig en vildere verden, hvor mennesker arbejder for at genskabe de komplekse tabte fødekæder som engang omgav os.
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaigner
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into." Full bio
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was a young man, I spent six years
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Da jeg var en ung mand, brugte jeg 6 år
00:14
of wild adventure in the tropics
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på vilde eventyr i troperne,
00:16
working as an investigative journalist
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hvor jeg arbejdede som undersøgende journalist
00:18
in some of the most bewitching parts of the world.
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i nogle af de mest fortryllede steder af verden.
00:21
I was as reckless and foolish as only young men can be.
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Jeg var uforsigtig og tåbelig som en ung mand kan være.
00:25
This is why wars get fought.
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Det er derfor krige kæmpes.
00:26
But I also felt more alive than I've ever done since.
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Men jeg følte mig også mere i live end jeg har gjort siden.
00:30
And when I came home, I found the scope of my existence
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Og da jeg kom hjem, fandt jeg at formålet med min tilværelse
00:34
gradually diminishing
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gradvist blev formindsket
00:36
until loading the dishwasher seemed like an interesting challenge.
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indtil det at fylde opvaskemaskinen blev en
interessant udfordring.
interessant udfordring.
00:41
And I found myself sort of
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Og jeg følte at jeg ligesom kradsede
00:43
scratching at the walls of life,
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på livets mur,
00:45
as if I was trying to find a way out
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og jeg prøvede at finde en vej ud
00:47
into a wider space beyond.
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til en mere åben verden udenfor.
00:49
I was, I believe, ecologically bored.
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Jeg led, tror jeg, af økologisk kedsomhed.
00:53
Now, we evolved in rather more challenging times than these,
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Vi udviklede os i mere udfordrende tider end disse,
00:58
in a world of horns and tusks and fangs and claws.
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i en verden fuld af horn, stødtænder og klør.
01:03
And we still possess the fear and the courage
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Og vi besidder stadigvæk frygten, modet
01:05
and the aggression required to navigate those times.
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og aggressionen nødvendig for at navigere i disse tider.
01:08
But in our comfortable, safe, crowded lands,
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Men i vores komfortable, sikre og overfyldte lande,
01:13
we have few opportunities to exercise them
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har vi få muligheder for at udfolde dem
01:16
without harming other people.
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uden at gøre skade på andre mennesker.
01:19
And this was the sort of constraint that I found myself
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Og det var den slags bindinger jeg fandt mig selv
01:23
bumping up against.
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viklet ind i.
01:26
To conquer uncertainty,
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At erobre det ukendte,
01:28
to know what comes next,
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at forudsige det næste,
01:32
that's almost been the dominant aim of industrialized societies,
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det er næsten blevet det dominerende mål for
den industrialiserede verden.
den industrialiserede verden.
01:36
and having got there, or almost got there,
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Og efter at have været der eller næsten været der,
01:40
we have just encountered a new set of unmet needs.
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vi har bare mødt et nyt sæt af uopfyldte behov.
01:43
We've privileged safety over experience
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Vi har prioriteret sikkerhed over oplevelse
01:46
and we've gained a lot in doing so,
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og vi har opnået meget ved at gøre det,
01:49
but I think we've lost something too.
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men vi har også mistet noget.
01:52
Now, I don't romanticize evolutionary time.
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Jeg romantiserer ikke urtiden.
01:54
I'm already beyond the lifespan of most hunter-gatherers,
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Jeg er allerede udover levealderen for de
fleste jæger-samlere,
fleste jæger-samlere,
01:58
and the outcome of a mortal combat between me
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og udfaldet af en tvekamp mellem mig nærsynet
02:01
myopically stumbling around with a stone-tipped spear
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snublende rundt med et spyd med stenspids
02:04
and an enraged giant aurochs
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og en ophidset kæmpe urokse
02:07
isn't very hard to predict.
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er ikke svær at forudse.
02:09
Nor was it authenticity that I was looking for.
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Det er heller ikke autencitet jeg er på udkig efter.
02:12
I don't find that a useful or even intelligible concept.
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Jeg finder ikke at det er et brugbart eller
meningsfuldt koncept.
meningsfuldt koncept.
02:15
I just wanted a richer and rawer life
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Jeg ønsker bare et rigere og mere råt liv
02:19
than I've been able to lead in Britain, or, indeed,
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end det er muligt at leve i Storbritannien eller
selvfølgeligt
selvfølgeligt
02:22
that we can lead in most parts of the industrialized world.
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i størsteparten af den industrialiserede verden.
02:25
And it was only when I stumbled across an unfamiliar word
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Og det var først da jeg stødte på et ukendt ord
02:31
that I began to understand what I was looking for.
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jeg begyndte at forstå hvad jeg var på udkig efter.
02:34
And as soon as I found that word,
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Og så snart jeg havde fundet ordet,
02:37
I realized that I wanted to devote
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forstod jeg at jeg ønskede at hengive
02:39
much of the rest of my life to it.
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meget af resten af mit liv til det.
02:43
The word is "rewilding,"
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Ordet er "genvildning"
02:46
and even though rewilding is a young word,
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og selvom genvildning et et ungt ord
02:49
it already has several definitions.
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har det allerede mange definitioner.
02:51
But there are two in particular that fascinate me.
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Men der er to så i særlig grad fascinerer mig.
02:55
The first one is the mass restoration
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Det første er massegenopretning
02:59
of ecosystems.
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af økosystemer.
03:01
One of the most exciting scientific findings
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En af de mest ophidsende videnskabelige opdagelser
03:04
of the past half century
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i det sidste halve århundrede
03:06
has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades.
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har været opdagelsen af udbredte trofiske kaskader.
03:11
A trophic cascade is an ecological process
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En trofisk kaskade er en økologisk proces,
03:14
which starts at the top of the food chain
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som starter i toppen af fødekæden
03:16
and tumbles all the way down to the bottom,
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og forplanter sig hele vejen ned til bunden
03:20
and the classic example is what happened
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og det klassiske eksempel på dette skete
03:22
in the Yellowstone National Park in the United States
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i Yellowstone National Park i USA
03:25
when wolves were reintroduced in 1995.
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da ulve blev genudsat i 1995.
03:29
Now, we all know that wolves kill various species of animals,
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Vi ved alle at ulve dræber en masse slags dyrearter,
03:33
but perhaps we're slightly less aware
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men hvad vi er mindre opmærksomme på
03:36
that they give life to many others.
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er at de giver liv til en masse andre.
03:40
It sounds strange, but just follow me for a while.
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Det lyder mærkeligt, men prøv at følge mig.
03:43
Before the wolves turned up,
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Før ulvene kom,
03:45
they'd been absent for 70 years.
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de havde været væk i 70 år.
03:46
The numbers of deer, because there was nothing to hunt them,
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Var antallet af hjorte, fordi intet jagtede dem,
03:49
had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park,
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forøget kraftigt i Yellowstone parken,
03:52
and despite efforts by humans to control them,
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og tiltrods for menneskers tiltag for at kontrollerer dem,
03:55
they'd managed to reduce much of the vegetation there
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fik hjortene reduceret meget af vegetationen
03:58
to almost nothing, they'd just grazed it away.
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til næsten ingenting, de bare græssede det væk.
04:01
But as soon as the wolves arrived,
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Men ligeså snart ulvene kom,
04:03
even though they were few in number,
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selvom de blot var nogle få,
04:05
they started to have the most remarkable effects.
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fik de straks bemærkelsesværdige effekter.
04:09
First, of course, they killed some of the deer,
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Først, selvfølgeligt, dræbte de nogle af hjortene,
04:11
but that wasn't the major thing.
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men det var ikke det væsentligste.
04:13
Much more significantly,
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Meget mere signifikant,
04:15
they radically changed the behavior of the deer.
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så ændrede de hjortenes adfærd.
04:18
The deer started avoiding certain parts of the park,
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Hjortene begyndte at undgå bestemte steder i parken,
04:21
the places where they could be trapped most easily,
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steder hvor de nemmest kunne blive fanget ,
04:24
particularly the valleys and the gorges,
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specielt dale og kløfter,
04:26
and immediately those places started to regenerate.
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og med det samme begyndte disse steder at gendannes.
04:29
In some areas, the height of the trees
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På nogle steder, blev træhøjden
04:32
quintupled in just six years.
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femdobles på bare 6 år.
04:35
Bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen
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Bare dalsider blev hurtigt skove med asp,
04:39
and willow and cottonwood.
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pil og popler.
04:41
And as soon as that happened,
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Og ligeså snart det skete
04:43
the birds started moving in.
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begyndte fuglene at flytte ind.
04:45
The number of songbirds, of migratory birds,
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Antallet af sangfugle, trækfugle,
04:48
started to increase greatly.
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begyndte at stige stort.
04:50
The number of beavers started to increase,
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Antallet af bævere begyndte at stige,
04:52
because beavers like to eat the trees.
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fordi bævere kan lide at spise træerne.
04:54
And beavers, like wolves, are ecosystem engineers.
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Og bævere, ligesom ulve, er økosystemingeniører.
04:58
They create niches for other species.
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De skaber nicher for andre arter.
05:00
And the dams they built in the rivers
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Og dæmningerne de bygger i floderne
05:03
provided habitats for otters and muskrats
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skaber habitater for oddere og muskusrotter
05:06
and ducks and fish and reptiles and amphibians.
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ænder, fisk, krybdyr og padder.
05:10
The wolves killed coyotes, and as a result of that,
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Ulvene dræber coyoter med et resultat at
05:14
the number of rabbits and mice began to rise,
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antallet af kaniner og mus begyndte at stige
05:16
which meant more hawks, more weasels,
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hvilket betød flere høge, flere lækatte
05:19
more foxes, more badgers.
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flere ræve og flere grævlinge.
05:22
Ravens and bald eagles came down to feed
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Ravne og ørne slog sig ned
05:24
on the carrion that the wolves had left.
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på ådsler som ulvene har efterladt.
05:26
Bears fed on it too, and their population began to rise as well,
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Bjørne spiste også af dem og deres population begyndte ligeledes at stige.
05:30
partly also because there were more berries
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Blandt andet fordi der kom flere bær
05:32
growing on the regenerating shrubs,
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på de gendannede buske.
05:35
and the bears reinforced the impact of the wolves
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Og bjørnene forstærkede noget af effekten af ulvene
05:38
by killing some of the calves of the deer.
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ved at dræbe nogle af hjortekidene.
05:42
But here's where it gets really interesting.
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Men der hvor det for alvor bliver interessant.
05:46
The wolves changed the behavior of the rivers.
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Ulvene ændrede flodernes opførsel.
05:51
They began to meander less.
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De begyndte at sno sig mindre.
05:53
There was less erosion. The channels narrowed.
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Der var mindre jorderosion. Strømløbene blev smallere.
05:57
More pools formed, more riffle sections,
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Flere damme blev dannet, flere stenede stykker
05:59
all of which were great for wildlife habitats.
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som alle er gode habitater for vilde dyr.
06:01
The rivers changed
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Floderne ændrede sig
06:03
in response to the wolves,
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som respons på ulvene,
06:06
and the reason was that the regenerating forests
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og grunden var den gendannede skov
06:09
stabilized the banks so that they collapsed less often,
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som stabiliserede bredderne, så de skred mindre sammen
06:13
so that the rivers became more fixed in their course.
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så floderne blev mere konstante i deres forløb.
06:16
Similarly, by driving the deer out of some places
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Tilsvarende, ved at drive hjortene ud fra nogle steder
06:20
and the vegetation recovering on the valley sides,
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og vegetationen gendannet på dalsiderne,
06:24
there was less soil erosion,
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var der mindre jorderosion,
06:26
because the vegetation stabilized that as well.
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fordi vegetationen stabiliserede den.
06:29
So the wolves, small in number,
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Så ulvene, få i antal,
06:33
transformed not just the ecosystem
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ændrede ikke bare et økosystemmet i
06:36
of the Yellowstone National Park, this huge area of land,
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Yellowstone National Park, dette kæmpe område,
06:39
but also its physical geography.
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men også dets fysiske geografi.
06:43
Whales in the southern oceans
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Hvalerne i i det sydlige ocean
06:45
have similarly wide-ranging effects.
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har tilsvarende langtrækkende effekter.
06:47
One of the many post-rational excuses
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En af mange efterrationaliseringer
06:50
made by the Japanese government for killing whales
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som den japanske regering gør for at undskylde hvaldrabene
06:53
is that they said, "Well, the number of fish and krill will rise
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er at de siger: "Altså, antallet af fisk og krill vil stige
06:56
and then there'll be more for people to eat."
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og derfor vil der være mere for folk at spise."
06:58
Well, it's a stupid excuse, but it sort of
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Det er en åndssvag undskyldning, men den
07:00
kind of makes sense, doesn't it,
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giver en salgs mening, gør den ikke?
07:02
because you'd think that whales eat huge amounts
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fordi du tænker at hvaler spiser enorme mængder
07:04
of fish and krill, so obviously take the whales away,
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af fisk og krill, så hvis vi fjerner hvalerne
07:06
there'll be more fish and krill.
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vil der blive mere fisk og krill.
07:08
But the opposite happened.
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Men det modsatte skete.
07:11
You take the whales away,
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Hvis du fjerner hvalerne,
07:12
and the number of krill collapses.
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vil antallet af krill kollapse.
07:15
Why would that possibly have happened?
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Hvordan er det muligt at det sker?
07:17
Well, it now turns out that the whales are crucial
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Det viser sig at hvaler er afgørende
07:20
to sustaining that entire ecosystem,
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for at opretholde hele økosystemet,
07:23
and one of the reasons for this
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og en af grundene for dette
07:25
is that they often feed at depth
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er at de ofte spiser i dybten
07:27
and then they come up to the surface and produce
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og når de kommer op i overfladen og producerer
07:29
what biologists politely call large fecal plumes,
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hvad biologerne venligt kalder fækalieskyer,
07:33
huge explosions of poop right across the surface waters,
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kæmpe eksplosioner af bæ hen over overfladevandet
07:37
up in the photic zone, where there's enough light
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oppe i den zone, hvor der er nok lys
07:41
to allow photosynthesis to take place,
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til at fotosyntesen kan ske,
07:44
and those great plumes of fertilizer
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og disse store skyer af gødning
07:47
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
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stimulerer væksten af fytoplankton,
07:49
the plant plankton at the bottom of the food chain,
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det planteplankton som udgør bunden af fødekæden
07:51
which stimulate the growth of zooplankton,
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som stimulerer væksten af zooplankton,
07:53
which feed the fish and the krill and all the rest of it.
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som er føde for fisk og krill og alt det andet.
07:55
The other thing that whales do is that,
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En anden ting som hvaler gør at
07:57
as they're plunging up and down through the water column,
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mens de bevæger sig op og ned gennem vandsøjlen
08:00
they're kicking the phytoplankton
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trækker de planteplankton
08:02
back up towards the surface
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op mod overfladen
08:04
where it can continue to survive and reproduce.
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hvor det kan fortsætte med at leve og formere sig.
08:07
And interestingly, well, we know
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Og interessant nok, så ved vi
08:10
that plant plankton in the oceans
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at planteplankton i oceanerne
08:13
absorb carbon from the atmosphere --
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absorberer CO2 fra atmosfæren
08:14
the more plant plankton there are,
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og jo mere plankton der er
08:16
the more carbon they absorb --
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jo mere kan det absorbere
08:18
and eventually they filter down into the abyss
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og derefter trække det ned i dybet
08:21
and remove that carbon from the atmospheric system.
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og fjerne det fra det atmosfæriske system.
08:24
Well, it seems that when whales were at their historic populations,
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Altså, det ser ud til at da mængden af hvalerne var
i deres oprindelige størrelse,
i deres oprindelige størrelse,
08:28
they were probably responsible for sequestering
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var de muligvis ansvarlig for fjernelse
08:31
some tens of millions of tons of carbon
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af nogle ti millioner tos af CO2
08:35
every year from the atmosphere.
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hvert år fra atmosfæren.
08:38
And when you look at it like that, you think,
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Og når du kigger på det på den måde, tænker du
08:41
wait a minute, here are the wolves
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vent et minut, her er ulvene
08:43
changing the physical geography of the Yellowstone National Park.
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som ændrer den fysiske geografi i Yellowstone National Park.
08:46
Here are the whales changing
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Her er hvalerne som ændrer
08:48
the composition of the atmosphere.
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atmosfærens sammensætning.
08:50
You begin to see that possibly,
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Du begynder muligvis at se
08:53
the evidence supporting James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis,
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fakta, som støtter James Levelocks Gaia hypotese,
08:56
which conceives of the world as a coherent,
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der betragter verden som en sammenhængende
08:59
self-regulating organism,
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selvregulerende organisme,
09:01
is beginning, at the ecosystem level, to accumulate.
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begynder på økosystem niveau, at akkumulerer.
09:07
Trophic cascades
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Trofiske kaskader
09:09
tell us that the natural world
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fortæller os at den naturlige verden
09:11
is even more fascinating and complex than we thought it was.
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er endnu mere fascinerende og
kompleks en vi troede den var.
kompleks en vi troede den var.
09:16
They tell us that when you take away the large animals,
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De fortæller os, at når du tager de store dyr væk,
09:19
you are left with a radically different ecosystem
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får du et radikalt anderledes økosystem
09:23
to one which retains its large animals.
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end et som har bevaret sine store dyr.
09:26
And they make, in my view, a powerful case
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Og går gør, syntes jeg, et stærkt forsvar for
09:29
for the reintroduction of missing species.
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genintroduktion af manglende arter.
09:33
Rewilding, to me,
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Genvildning, for mig,
09:35
means bringing back some of the missing plants and animals.
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betyder at bringe nogle af de manglende planter og dyr tilbage.
09:39
It means taking down the fences,
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Det betyder at fjerne hegnene,
09:40
it means blocking the drainage ditches,
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det betyder at blokerer drænrørene,
09:42
it means preventing commercial fishing in some large areas of sea,
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det betyder at udelukke kommerciel fiskeri fra
store områder af havet,
store områder af havet,
09:45
but otherwise stepping back.
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men eller at træde tilbage.
09:49
It has no view as to what a right ecosystem
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Det har intet synspunkt om hvad et rigtigt økosystem
09:52
or a right assemblage of species looks like.
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eller hvordan den rette sammensætning af arter ser ud.
09:55
It doesn't try to produce a heath or a meadow
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Det forsøger ikke at lave en hede eller en eng
09:59
or a rain forest or a kelp garden or a coral reef.
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eller regnskov, eller tangskov eller koralrev.
10:04
It lets nature decide,
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Lad naturen bestemme,
10:06
and nature, by and large, is pretty good at deciding.
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og naturen, som sådan, er temmelig god til at beslutte.
10:09
Now, I mentioned that there are two definitions
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Nu, jeg sagde at der var to definitioner på
10:12
of rewilding that interest me.
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genvildning, som interesserer mig.
10:14
The other one
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Den anden
10:15
is the rewilding of human life.
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er genvildning af den menneskelige liv.
10:18
And I don't see this as an alternative
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og jeg ser ikke dette som et alternativ
10:20
to civilization.
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til civilisationen.
10:22
I believe we can enjoy the benefits of advanced technology,
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Jeg tror vi kan nyde frugterne af avanceret teknologi
10:25
as we're doing now, but at the same time, if we choose,
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som vi gør det nu, men samtidigt, hvis vi vælger det,
10:29
have access to a richer and wilder life of adventure
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have adgang til et rigere og vildere eventyrligt liv
10:34
when we want to because
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når vi ønsker det fordi
10:36
there would be wonderful, rewilded habitats.
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der vil være vidunderlige, genvildede habitater.
10:40
And the opportunities for this
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Og mulighederne for dette
10:42
are developing more rapidly than you might think possible.
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udvikler sig hurtigere end du tror er muligt.
10:47
There's one estimate which suggests that in the United States,
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Der er et estimat som som siger at i USA
10:50
two thirds of the land which was once forested and then cleared
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var to tredjedele af landet en gang dækket af skov
og derefter fældet,
og derefter fældet,
10:54
has become reforested as loggers and farmers have retreated,
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nu er genopstået som skov,
efter tømmerfældning og landbrug har fortrukket.
efter tømmerfældning og landbrug har fortrukket.
10:57
particularly from the eastern half of the country.
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Specielt fra de østlige dele af landet.
11:00
There's another one which suggests
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Der er et andet der anslår
11:02
that 30 million hectares of land in Europe,
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at 30 million hektar land i Europa,
11:05
an area the size of Poland,
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et areal på størrelse med Polen,
11:08
will be vacated by farmers
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vil blive forladt af landbrugere
11:10
between 2000 and 2030.
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mellem 2000 og 2030.
11:13
Now, faced with opportunities like that,
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Nuvel, med sådanne muligheder,
11:16
does it not seem a little unambitious
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så er det ikke helt ude i skoven,
11:19
to be thinking only of bringing back wolves, lynx,
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at forestille sig at bringe ulve, los,
11:22
bears, beavers, bison, boar, moose,
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bjørne, bævere, bisoner, vildsvin, elge
11:26
and all the other species which are already beginning
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og alle de andre arter som allerede er begyndt
11:28
to move quite rapidly across Europe?
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at brede sig hurtigt gennem Europa?
11:31
Perhaps we should also start thinking
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Måske skulle vi starte med at tænke
11:33
about the return of some of our lost megafauna.
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over noget af vores tabte megafauna.
11:37
What megafauna, you say?
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Hvad er megafauna vil du spørge?
11:39
Well, every continent had one,
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Nuvel, alle kontinenter havde en,
11:42
apart from Antarctica.
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bortset fra Antarktis.
11:43
When Trafalgar Square in London was excavated,
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Da Trafalgar Square i London blev udgravet,
11:47
the river gravels there were found
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var flodgruset der blev fundet,
11:49
to be stuffed with the bones of hippopotamus,
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fyldt med knogler fra flodheste,
11:52
rhinos, elephants, hyenas, lions.
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næsehorn, elefanter, hyæner, løver.
11:56
Yes, ladies and gentlemen,
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Ja, mine damer og herrer,
11:58
there were lions in Trafalgar Square
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der var løver på Trafalgar Square
12:00
long before Nelson's Column was built.
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længe inden Nelson's søjle blev bygget.
12:03
All these species lived here
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Alle disse arter levede her
12:06
in the last interglacial period,
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i den sidste mellemistid periode,
12:08
when temperatures were pretty similar to our own.
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da temperaturene var meget ligesom i vores tid.
12:11
It's not climate, largely,
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Det er ikke klimaet, stort set,
12:13
which has got rid of the world's megafaunas.
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som har udryddet verdens megafauna.
12:17
It's pressure from the human population
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Det er presset fra den menneskelige befolkning,
12:19
hunting and destroying their habitats
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der jagtede dem og ødelagde deres habitater,
12:21
which has done so.
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2051
som har gjort det.
12:23
And even so, you can still see the shadows
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På trods af dette, kan du stadigvæk se skyggerne
12:26
of these great beasts in our current ecosystems.
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af disse kæmpe dyr i vores nuværende økosystem.
12:29
Why is it that so many deciduous trees
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Hvorfor er det at så mange af vores løvtræer
12:32
are able to sprout from whatever point the trunk is broken?
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har evne til at knopskyde fra ethvert sted stammen er knækket?
12:37
Why is it that they can withstand the loss
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Hvorfor er det de kan modstå tabet
12:39
of so much of their bark?
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af så meget af deres bark?
12:40
Why do understory trees,
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Hvordan kan det være at småtræer,
12:43
which are subject to lower sheer forces from the wind
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som er udsat for meget mindre kraft fra vinden
12:48
and have to carry less weight
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og skal bærer mindre vægt
12:50
than the big canopy trees,
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end de store trækroner,
12:52
why are they so much tougher and harder to break
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Hvorfor er de meget sejere og sværere at knække
12:56
than the canopy trees are?
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en træer med trækroner?
13:00
Elephants.
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Elefanter!
13:02
They are elephant-adapted.
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De er elefant-tilpassede.
13:04
In Europe, for example,
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I Europa for eksempel
13:06
they evolved to resist the straight-tusked elephant,
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er de udviklet for at modstå skovelefanten,
13:10
elephas antiquus, which was a great beast.
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elephas antiquus, som var et kæmpe dyr.
13:12
It was related to the Asian elephant,
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Det er beslægtet med den asiatiske elefant,
13:14
but it was a temperate animal, a temperate forest creature.
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men den var tilpasset tempereret klima, til tempereret skov.
13:17
It was a lot bigger than the Asian elephant.
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Den var meget større end den asiatisk elefant.
13:19
But why is it that some of our common shrubs
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Hvorfor er det at nogle af vores almindelige buske
13:22
have spines which seem to be over-engineered
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har torne som ser ud til at være overdimensioneret
13:25
to resist browsing by deer?
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til at modstå græsning af hjorte?
13:28
Perhaps because they evolved
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Måske fordi de er udviklet
13:30
to resist browsing by rhinoceros.
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til at modstå græsning af næsehorn.
13:33
Isn't it an amazing thought
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Er det ikke en forbløffende tanke
13:35
that every time you wander into a park
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at hver gang du vandrer i en park
13:38
or down an avenue or through a leafy street,
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2847
eller ned af en allé eller en forstadsvej,
13:40
you can see the shadows of these great beasts?
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kan du se skyggerne af disse enorme dyr?
13:44
Paleoecology, the study of past ecosystems,
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Paleoøkologi, studiet af fortidige økosystemer,
13:48
crucial to an understanding of our own,
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er nødvendige for at forstå vores nuværende,
13:52
feels like a portal through which you may pass
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føles som en port hvor du kan komme ind i
13:55
into an enchanted kingdom.
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et fortryllet kongerige.
13:58
And if we really are looking at areas of land
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Og hvis vi kigger disse arealer af land
14:02
of the sort of sizes I've been talking about becoming available,
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og i den størrelse jeg har talt om begynder
at være tilstede,
at være tilstede,
14:06
why not reintroduce some of our lost megafauna,
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2715
hvorfor ikke genintroducerer noget af vores tabte megafauna
14:09
or at least species closely related to those
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1950
eller i det mindste arter nært beslægtede med dem
14:11
which have become extinct everywhere?
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som er blevet udryddet overalt?
14:14
Why shouldn't all of us
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Hvorfor skulle ikke os alle
14:16
have a Serengeti on our doorsteps?
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have en Serengeti ved vores gadedør?
14:19
And perhaps this is the most important thing
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Og måske er det mest vigtige
14:22
that rewilding offers us,
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som genvildning tilbyder os,
14:24
the most important thing that's missing from our lives:
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den vigtigste ting som mangler i vores liv:
14:27
hope.
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Håb.
14:29
In motivating people to love and defend the natural world,
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Ved at motiverer folk til at elske og
forsvare den naturlige verden,
forsvare den naturlige verden,
14:34
an ounce of hope is worth a ton of despair.
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et gram af håb er mere værd en et tons af afmagt.
14:39
The story rewilding tells us
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Det historien om genvildning fortæller os
14:41
is that ecological change need not always proceed
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er at økologisk ændring ikke altid behøver
14:45
in one direction.
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at foregå i en retning.
14:47
It offers us the hope
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Det giver os håb
14:50
that our silent spring
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om at vores tavse forår
14:52
could be replaced by a raucous summer.
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kunne blive erstattet af en hæs sommer.
14:54
Thank you.
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Mange tak.
14:56
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaignerAs George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into."
Why you should listen
As a young man, George Monbiot spent six years working as an investigative journalist in West Papua, Brazil and East Africa, during which time he was shot at, shipwrecked, beaten up, stung into a poisoned coma by hornets, became lost for days in a rainforest, where he ate rats and insects to avert starvation and was (incorrectly) pronounced clinically dead in a hospital in northern Kenya. Today, he leads a less adventurous life as an author, columnist for the Guardian newspaper and environmental campaigner. Among his books and projects are Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea and Human Life; The Age of Consent and Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning, as well as the concept album Breaking the Spell of Loneliness. His latest book is Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. He has made a number of viral videos. One of them, How Wolves Change Rivers, has been watched 30m times on YouTube.
George Monbiot | Speaker | TED.com