ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaigner
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into."

Why you should listen

As a young man, George Monbiot spent six years working as an investigative journalist in West Papua, Brazil and East Africa, during which time he was shot at, shipwrecked, beaten up, stung into a poisoned coma by hornets, became lost for days in a rainforest, where he ate rats and insects to avert starvation and was (incorrectly) pronounced clinically dead in a hospital in northern Kenya. Today, he leads a less adventurous life as an author, columnist for the Guardian newspaper and environmental campaigner. Among his books and projects are Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea and Human Life; The Age of Consent and Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning, as well as the concept album Breaking the Spell of Loneliness. His latest book is Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. He has made a number of viral videos. One of them, How Wolves Change Rivers, has been watched 30m times on YouTube. 

More profile about the speaker
George Monbiot | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

George Monbiot: For more wonder, rewild the world

乔治·蒙博: 更多精彩,野化世界

Filmed:
1,093,408 views

在美国黄石国家公园,曾经栖息着土生土长的狼群,直到有一天,狩猎者将它们驱逐殆尽。然而到了 1995 年,(由于一个激进的管理项目)狼群开始重新回归,一些有趣的现象出现了:黄石国家公园找到了一个新的更有益的生态平衡。在一个大胆的思维试验中,乔治·蒙博构想了一个更野化的世界,在这个世界里,人类开始恢复那失去的复杂且自然的食物链。
- Rewilding campaigner
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When I was a young年轻 man, I spent花费 six years年份
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我年轻的时候,有六年时间
00:14
of wild野生 adventure冒险 in the tropics热带
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待在热带
过着野外冒险生活
00:16
working加工 as an investigative研究 journalist记者
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我担任调查记者
00:18
in some of the most bewitching妖媚 parts部分 of the world世界.
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在世界上那些特别迷人的地方工作
00:21
I was as reckless鲁莽 and foolish as only young年轻 men男人 can be.
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我有着只有在年轻男子身上你才会看到的
年少无知,年轻气盛
00:25
This is why wars战争 get fought战斗.
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这也就是战争为什么会打响的原因
00:26
But I also felt more alive than I've ever doneDONE since以来.
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但我也感受到从未有过的活力
00:30
And when I came来了 home, I found发现 the scope范围 of my existence存在
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而当我回到家的时候
我发现自我存在感
00:34
gradually逐渐 diminishing逐渐缩小的
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正在慢慢减少
00:36
until直到 loading装载 the dishwasher洗碗机 seemed似乎 like an interesting有趣 challenge挑战.
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直到某天我发现往洗碗机里装餐盘
竟是一个有趣的挑战
00:41
And I found发现 myself sort分类 of
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然后我感到自己
00:43
scratching搔抓 at the walls墙壁 of life,
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像被困在生活的围墙内
00:45
as if I was trying to find a way out
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试图找到出路
00:47
into a wider更宽的 space空间 beyond.
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逃向墙外宽阔的天地
00:49
I was, I believe, ecologically生态 bored无聊.
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从生态学角度看
我坚信我曾经很无趣
00:53
Now, we evolved进化 in rather more challenging具有挑战性的 times than these,
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如今,身处充满竞争的年代
00:58
in a world世界 of horns牛角 and tusks象牙 and fangs獠牙 and claws.
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和在充斥着尖角,獠牙
利齿,坚爪的原始社会相比
01:03
And we still possess具有 the fear恐惧 and the courage勇气
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我们仍拥有恐惧和勇气
01:05
and the aggression侵略 required需要 to navigate导航 those times.
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以及掌控这个时代所需要的野心
01:08
But in our comfortable自在, safe安全, crowded lands土地,
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但在安稳且拥挤的土地上
01:13
we have few少数 opportunities机会 to exercise行使 them
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在不伤害他人的前提下
01:16
without harming汉宁波 other people.
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我们几乎没什么机会去发挥这些品性
01:19
And this was the sort分类 of constraint约束 that I found发现 myself
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这就是我发现自己遇到的
01:23
bumping碰撞 up against反对.
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一个瓶颈
01:26
To conquer征服 uncertainty不确定,
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为了征服这种不确定性
01:28
to know what comes next下一个,
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对接下来的事物有所预知
01:32
that's almost几乎 been the dominant优势 aim目标 of industrialized工业化 societies社会,
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这几乎是工业社会一直以来的主导目标
01:36
and having got there, or almost几乎 got there,
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就在达成目标,或快接近的时候
01:40
we have just encountered遇到 a new set of unmet未满足的 needs需求.
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我们又遭遇了一系列新的需求
01:43
We've我们已经 privileged特权 safety安全 over experience经验
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我们看重安全甚于经验
01:46
and we've我们已经 gained获得 a lot in doing so,
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从中我们获益匪浅
01:49
but I think we've我们已经 lost丢失 something too.
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但我认为我们也有所损失
01:52
Now, I don't romanticize浪漫 evolutionary发展的 time.
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我并不是理想化进化期
01:54
I'm already已经 beyond the lifespan寿命 of most hunter-gatherers狩猎采集,
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我已经比那些狩猎者长命很多了
01:58
and the outcome结果 of a mortal凡人 combat战斗 between之间 me
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并且,如果是有着近视眼的我
02:01
myopically短视 stumbling绊脚 around with a stone-tipped石嘴 spear
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拿着石尖矛,跌跌撞撞地
02:04
and an enraged生气 giant巨人 aurochs野牛
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和被激怒的巨型欧洲野牛搏斗
02:07
isn't very hard to predict预测.
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其结果并不是很难预测
02:09
Nor也不 was it authenticity真伪 that I was looking for.
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它也不是我一直在寻找的真实性
02:12
I don't find that a useful有用 or even intelligible明了的 concept概念.
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这不是个有用且明了的概念
02:15
I just wanted a richer更丰富 and rawerrawer life
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我只是想要一个更丰富更自然的生活
02:19
than I've been able能够 to lead in Britain英国, or, indeed确实,
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相较于在英国,或者,事实上
02:22
that we can lead in most parts部分 of the industrialized工业化 world世界.
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世界上绝大部分工业化国家的生活
02:25
And it was only when I stumbled迷迷糊糊 across横过 an unfamiliar陌生 word
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我偶然发现了一个陌生的词
02:31
that I began开始 to understand理解 what I was looking for.
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我开始理解,我要找的是什么
02:34
And as soon不久 as I found发现 that word,
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当我找到了那个词
02:37
I realized实现 that I wanted to devote奉献
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我意识到我想要
02:39
much of the rest休息 of my life to it.
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将我的余下的大部分时间精力投入其中
02:43
The word is "rewilding野化,"
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这个词是"野化" (rewilding)
02:46
and even though虽然 rewilding野化 is a young年轻 word,
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虽然野化是个年轻的词
02:49
it already已经 has several一些 definitions定义.
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它已经有好几个定义
02:51
But there are two in particular特定 that fascinate吸引 me.
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但有两个特别让我着迷
02:55
The first one is the mass restoration恢复
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一个是大规模恢复
02:59
of ecosystems生态系统.
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生态系统
03:01
One of the most exciting扣人心弦 scientific科学 findings发现
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在过去的半个世纪
03:04
of the past过去 half century世纪
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最让人振奋的科学发现之一
03:06
has been the discovery发现 of widespread广泛 trophic营养 cascades级联.
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就是广泛存在于自然界的营养级联
03:11
A trophic营养 cascade级联 is an ecological生态 process处理
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营养级联是一个生态过程
03:14
which哪一个 starts启动 at the top最佳 of the food餐饮 chain
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从食物链的顶层开始
03:16
and tumbles翻滚 all the way down to the bottom底部,
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自上而下到达底层
03:20
and the classic经典 example is what happened发生
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最经典的例子是
03:22
in the Yellowstone黄石 National国民 Park公园 in the United联合的 States状态
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美国黄石国家公园
03:25
when wolves were reintroduced重新 in 1995.
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1995 年重新放归狼群
03:29
Now, we all know that wolves kill various各个 species种类 of animals动物,
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我们都知道,狼会猎杀很多不同种类的动物
03:33
but perhaps也许 we're slightly less aware知道的
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但或许我们有些不太清楚
03:36
that they give life to many许多 others其他.
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它们也给许多其他的物种带来了生机
03:40
It sounds声音 strange奇怪, but just follow跟随 me for a while.
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这听起来很奇怪,但请听我说
03:43
Before the wolves turned转身 up,
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在狼放归之前
03:45
they'd他们会 been absent缺席 for 70 years年份.
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它们缺席已有 70 年了
03:46
The numbers数字 of deer鹿, because there was nothing to hunt打猎 them,
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因为没有天敌追逐它们
03:49
had built内置 up and built内置 up in the Yellowstone黄石 Park公园,
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黄石公园里鹿的数量不断增加
03:52
and despite尽管 efforts努力 by humans人类 to control控制 them,
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尽管人类作出努力想去控制它们
03:55
they'd他们会 managed管理 to reduce减少 much of the vegetation植被 there
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但它们已经将很多植被
03:58
to almost几乎 nothing, they'd他们会 just grazed擦过 it away.
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食用殆尽
04:01
But as soon不久 as the wolves arrived到达,
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可是,一旦狼群出现
04:03
even though虽然 they were few少数 in number,
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即便数量不多
04:05
they started开始 to have the most remarkable卓越 effects效果.
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却产生了显著的效果
04:09
First, of course课程, they killed杀害 some of the deer鹿,
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当然,它们猎杀了一些鹿
04:11
but that wasn't the major重大的 thing.
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但那不是最重要的
04:13
Much more significantly显著,
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更重要的是
04:15
they radically根本 changed the behavior行为 of the deer鹿.
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它们从根本上改变了鹿群的行为方式
04:18
The deer鹿 started开始 avoiding避免 certain某些 parts部分 of the park公园,
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鹿群开始回避黄石公园里的某些部分
04:21
the places地方 where they could be trapped被困 most easily容易,
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那些它们最容易被困住的地方
04:24
particularly尤其 the valleys山谷 and the gorges峡谷,
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特别是山谷和峡谷
04:26
and immediately立即 those places地方 started开始 to regenerate再生.
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植物在那里再度生长起来
04:29
In some areas, the height高度 of the trees树木
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在一些地区,树木的高度
04:32
quintupled五倍 in just six years年份.
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在短短六年里增加了五倍
04:35
Bare valley sides双方 quickly很快 became成为 forests森林 of aspen白杨
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光秃秃的山谷没多久
就有了大片树木
04:39
and willow and cottonwood三叶.
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长满了山杨树,柳树和杨木
04:41
And as soon不久 as that happened发生,
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树木的种类数量多了起来
04:43
the birds鸟类 started开始 moving移动 in.
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鸟儿就开始加入
04:45
The number of songbirds鸣禽, of migratory迁徙 birds鸟类,
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鸣禽和候鸟类的数量
04:48
started开始 to increase增加 greatly非常.
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开始快速增加
04:50
The number of beavers海狸 started开始 to increase增加,
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海狸的数量开始增加
04:52
because beavers海狸 like to eat the trees树木.
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因为树木为它们提供食物
04:54
And beavers海狸, like wolves, are ecosystem生态系统 engineers工程师.
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海狸,和狼一样,都是生态系统工程师
04:58
They create创建 niches壁龛 for other species种类.
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它们为其他物种创造生态龛位
05:00
And the dams水坝 they built内置 in the rivers河流
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在河里住建水坝
05:03
provided提供 habitats栖息地 for otters水獭 and muskrats麝鼠
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水坝是水獭,麝鼠
05:06
and ducks鸭子 and fish and reptiles爬行动物 and amphibians两栖动物.
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鸭子,鱼类, 爬行动物和两栖动物的栖息地
05:10
The wolves killed杀害 coyotes小狼, and as a result结果 of that,
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狼捕杀郊狼
05:14
the number of rabbits and mice老鼠 began开始 to rise上升,
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因此兔子和老鼠的数量开始上升
05:16
which哪一个 meant意味着 more hawks鹰派, more weasels黄鼠狼,
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这意味着出现了更多的鹰,黄鼠狼
05:19
more foxes狐狸, more badgers.
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更多的狐狸、 獾
05:22
Ravens乌鸦 and bald eagles came来了 down to feed饲料
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乌鸦和秃鹰食用
05:24
on the carrion腐肉 that the wolves had left.
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狼群离开后留下的腐尸
05:26
Bears fed美联储 on it too, and their population人口 began开始 to rise上升 as well,
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熊的数量也增加了
05:30
partly部分地 also because there were more berries浆果
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部分因为有了更多的浆果
05:32
growing生长 on the regenerating再生 shrubs灌木,
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出现在新生的灌木上
05:35
and the bears reinforced加强 the impact碰撞 of the wolves
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熊进一步加强了狼群的作用
05:38
by killing谋杀 some of the calves小牛 of the deer鹿.
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它们也猎杀一些幼鹿
05:42
But here's这里的 where it gets得到 really interesting有趣.
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但是更有趣的地方在于
05:46
The wolves changed the behavior行为 of the rivers河流.
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狼群改变了河流的行为习惯
05:51
They began开始 to meander蜿蜒 less.
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河流的迂回减少了
05:53
There was less erosion侵蚀. The channels渠道 narrowed收窄.
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侵蚀减弱,河道收窄
05:57
More pools formed形成, more riffle浅滩 sections部分,
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形成了更多的池塘和浅滩
05:59
all of which哪一个 were great for wildlife野生动物 habitats栖息地.
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这些都是非常适合野生动物的栖息地
06:01
The rivers河流 changed
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河流因为
06:03
in response响应 to the wolves,
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狼群的再出现而改变
06:06
and the reason原因 was that the regenerating再生 forests森林
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因为新生长出的大片树林
06:09
stabilized稳定 the banks银行 so that they collapsed倒塌 less often经常,
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使河岸稳固,于是滑坡减少
06:13
so that the rivers河流 became成为 more fixed固定 in their course课程.
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因此河道就更为稳固
06:16
Similarly同样, by driving主动 the deer鹿 out of some places地方
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另外,由于鹿群被赶出了某些区块
06:20
and the vegetation植被 recovering恢复 on the valley sides双方,
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河谷坡上的植被得以恢复
06:24
there was less soil erosion侵蚀,
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水土流失也少了
06:26
because the vegetation植被 stabilized稳定 that as well.
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因为植被使得土壤更稳固
06:29
So the wolves, small in number,
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总之,尽管狼的数量不多
06:33
transformed改造 not just the ecosystem生态系统
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不但改变了黄石国家公园
06:36
of the Yellowstone黄石 National国民 Park公园, this huge巨大 area of land土地,
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这面积巨大的土地上的生态系统
06:39
but also its physical物理 geography地理.
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还改变了其自然地貌
06:43
Whales鲸鱼 in the southern南部的 oceans海洋
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南部海域的鲸鱼
06:45
have similarly同样 wide-ranging广泛 effects效果.
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也有着同样广泛的影响
06:47
One of the many许多 post-rational后理性 excuses借口
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其中一个日本政府用来
06:50
made制作 by the Japanese日本 government政府 for killing谋杀 whales鲸鱼
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正当化捕鲸行为的后理性借口是
06:53
is that they said, "Well, the number of fish and krill磷虾 will rise上升
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他们说,"鲸鱼被捕杀后
该海域鱼和磷虾的数量将上升
06:56
and then there'll有会 be more for people to eat."
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为人类提供更多的食物。”
06:58
Well, it's a stupid excuse借口, but it sort分类 of
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这是一个愚蠢的借口
07:00
kind of makes品牌 sense, doesn't it,
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但它听起来似乎还是有点儿道理的
07:02
because you'd think that whales鲸鱼 eat huge巨大 amounts
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因为你会想当然地认为,鲸鱼吃掉
07:04
of fish and krill磷虾, so obviously明显 take the whales鲸鱼 away,
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大量的鱼和磷虾,很明显,把鲸鱼去除
07:06
there'll有会 be more fish and krill磷虾.
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鱼和磷虾数量会增加
07:08
But the opposite对面 happened发生.
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但情况正好相反
07:11
You take the whales鲸鱼 away,
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把鲸鱼去除后
07:12
and the number of krill磷虾 collapses崩溃.
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磷虾的数量剧减
07:15
Why would that possibly或者 have happened发生?
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为什么会这样呢?
07:17
Well, it now turns out that the whales鲸鱼 are crucial关键
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人们发现,原来鲸鱼对于维持
07:20
to sustaining维持 that entire整个 ecosystem生态系统,
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这一整个生态系统至关重要
07:23
and one of the reasons原因 for this
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其中一个原因是
07:25
is that they often经常 feed饲料 at depth深度
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鲸鱼在较深的水下进食
07:27
and then they come up to the surface表面 and produce生产
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然后到水面上排泄
07:29
what biologists生物学家 politely礼貌 call large fecal粪便 plumes羽毛,
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生物学家礼貌地称之为大型粪便羽
07:33
huge巨大 explosions爆炸 of poop船尾 right across横过 the surface表面 waters水域,
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大量的粪便在水面
07:37
up in the photic透光 zone, where there's enough足够 light
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在海洋透光层,那里有足够的光照量
07:41
to allow允许 photosynthesis光合作用 to take place地点,
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可以进行光合作用
07:44
and those great plumes羽毛 of fertilizer肥料
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那些大量的羽毛状的肥料
07:47
stimulate刺激 the growth发展 of phytoplankton浮游植物,
155
455390
1992
刺激了浮游植物的增殖
07:49
the plant plankton浮游生物 at the bottom底部 of the food餐饮 chain,
156
457382
1914
处于食物链的底端的浮游植物
07:51
which哪一个 stimulate刺激 the growth发展 of zooplankton浮游动物,
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2098
刺激了浮游动物的增殖
07:53
which哪一个 feed饲料 the fish and the krill磷虾 and all the rest休息 of it.
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作为食物供给了鱼类磷虾等其他生物
07:55
The other thing that whales鲸鱼 do is that,
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鲸鱼的另一个重要任务是
07:57
as they're plunging暴跌 up and down through通过 the water column,
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它们在水中上下穿梭游动
08:00
they're kicking the phytoplankton浮游植物
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它们把浮游植物
08:02
back up towards the surface表面
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重新搅动回水面
08:04
where it can continue继续 to survive生存 and reproduce复制.
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让它们继续存活和繁殖
08:07
And interestingly有趣, well, we know
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有趣的是,我们知道
08:10
that plant plankton浮游生物 in the oceans海洋
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在海洋中的浮游植物
08:13
absorb吸收 carbon from the atmosphere大气层 --
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能吸收大气中的碳
08:14
the more plant plankton浮游生物 there are,
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浮游植物越多
08:16
the more carbon they absorb吸收 --
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它们吸收的碳也就越多
08:18
and eventually终于 they filter过滤 down into the abyss深渊
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它们最终深入海底
08:21
and remove去掉 that carbon from the atmospheric大气的 system系统.
170
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带走了大气系统中的碳
08:24
Well, it seems似乎 that when whales鲸鱼 were at their historic历史性 populations人群,
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在鲸鱼数量繁盛的历史时期
08:28
they were probably大概 responsible主管 for sequestering螯合
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它们估计每年
08:31
some tens of millions百万 of tons of carbon
173
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从大气中
08:35
every一切 year from the atmosphere大气层.
174
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带走数千万吨的碳
08:38
And when you look at it like that, you think,
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综合这些例子,你想想看
08:41
wait a minute分钟, here are the wolves
176
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等一下,狼群能够
08:43
changing改变 the physical物理 geography地理 of the Yellowstone黄石 National国民 Park公园.
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改变黄石国家公园的自然地理
08:46
Here are the whales鲸鱼 changing改变
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鲸鱼能够改变
08:48
the composition组成 of the atmosphere大气层.
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大气的构成
08:50
You begin开始 to see that possibly或者,
180
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你开始看到这样一种可能性
08:53
the evidence证据 supporting支持 James詹姆士 Lovelock's洛夫洛克的 Gaia盖亚 hypothesis假设,
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就像詹姆斯 · 洛夫洛克的盖亚假说
08:56
which哪一个 conceives怀 of the world世界 as a coherent相干,
182
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设想世界是一个整体的
08:59
self-regulating自我调节 organism生物,
183
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是能够自我调节的有机体
09:01
is beginning开始, at the ecosystem生态系统 level水平, to accumulate积累.
184
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在生态系统这个层面
累积了一个能够证明盖亚假说的证据
09:07
Trophic营养 cascades级联
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营养级联
09:09
tell us that the natural自然 world世界
186
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告诉我们,自然界
09:11
is even more fascinating迷人 and complex复杂 than we thought it was.
187
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比我们想得更为神奇和复杂
09:16
They tell us that when you take away the large animals动物,
188
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它告诉我们,当你移除了大型动物
09:19
you are left with a radically根本 different不同 ecosystem生态系统
189
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你剩下的将是一个完全不同的生态系统
09:23
to one which哪一个 retains保留 its large animals动物.
190
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这个系统和保留大型动物的系统是不同的
09:26
And they make, in my view视图, a powerful强大 case案件
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在我看来,这些都是强有力的案例
09:29
for the reintroduction放归 of missing失踪 species种类.
192
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用以支持再引入缺失物种
09:33
Rewilding野化, to me,
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野化,于我
09:35
means手段 bringing使 back some of the missing失踪 plants植物 and animals动物.
194
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3298
意味着带回那些已消失的植物和动物
09:39
It means手段 taking服用 down the fences围栏,
195
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1312
意味着卸除藩篱
09:40
it means手段 blocking闭塞 the drainage引流 ditches沟渠,
196
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2024
意味着塞住排水渠
09:42
it means手段 preventing防止 commercial广告 fishing钓鱼 in some large areas of sea,
197
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意味着制止某些
大面积海域的商业捕鱼行为
09:45
but otherwise除此以外 stepping步进 back.
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除此以外,人类只需后退一步
09:49
It has no view视图 as to what a right ecosystem生态系统
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野化对什么是一个正确的生态系统
09:52
or a right assemblage装配 of species种类 looks容貌 like.
200
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或物种组合的正确与否不做评论
09:55
It doesn't try to produce生产 a heath健康 or a meadow草地
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野化不是试图建造荒地或牧场
09:59
or a rain forest森林 or a kelp海带 garden花园 or a coral珊瑚 reef.
202
587461
4686
或雨林或海藻园或珊瑚礁
10:04
It lets让我们 nature性质 decide决定,
203
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2017
它让大自然做出决定
10:06
and nature性质, by and large, is pretty漂亮 good at deciding决定.
204
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一般情况下,大自然很擅长做决定
10:09
Now, I mentioned提到 that there are two definitions定义
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我提到野化的
10:12
of rewilding野化 that interest利益 me.
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两个定义让我对此感兴趣
10:14
The other one
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我要说的另一个定义是
10:15
is the rewilding野化 of human人的 life.
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人类生活方式的野化
10:18
And I don't see this as an alternative替代
209
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我并不认为
10:20
to civilization文明.
210
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1924
这是文明的替代品
10:22
I believe we can enjoy请享用 the benefits好处 of advanced高级 technology技术,
211
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3400
我相信我们可以
享受高新科技带来的好处
10:25
as we're doing now, but at the same相同 time, if we choose选择,
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就像现在这样,但同时,如果我们选择
10:29
have access访问 to a richer更丰富 and wilder怀尔德 life of adventure冒险
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去获得更丰富和野性的冒险生活
10:34
when we want to because
214
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只要我们想,就能去
10:36
there would be wonderful精彩, rewildedrewilded habitats栖息地.
215
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那些精彩的野化生态栖息地
10:40
And the opportunities机会 for this
216
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这样的机会
10:42
are developing发展 more rapidly急速 than you might威力 think possible可能.
217
630389
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比你想象的增长速度要快得多
10:47
There's one estimate估计 which哪一个 suggests提示 that in the United联合的 States状态,
218
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有一项研究估计,在美国
10:50
two thirds三分之二 of the land土地 which哪一个 was once一旦 forested森林 and then cleared清除
219
638359
3685
原本森林被砍伐的土地中,有三分之二
10:54
has become成为 reforested重新造林 as loggers记录仪 and farmers农民 have retreated撤退,
220
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3503
已经重新造林,伐木工人和农民离开了
10:57
particularly尤其 from the eastern half of the country国家.
221
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3013
这样的现象尤其在美国东部较为常见
11:00
There's another另一个 one which哪一个 suggests提示
222
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1657
另一种研究表示
11:02
that 30 million百万 hectares公顷 of land土地 in Europe欧洲,
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欧洲有三千万公顷的土地
11:05
an area the size尺寸 of Poland波兰,
224
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2507
其面积大小相当于波兰的领土面积
11:08
will be vacated腾空 by farmers农民
225
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1831
农民将会在
11:10
between之间 2000 and 2030.
226
658018
3322
2000 至 2030 年间撤离
11:13
Now, faced面对 with opportunities机会 like that,
227
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3536
现在,面对这样的机会
11:16
does it not seem似乎 a little unambitious胸无大志
228
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2171
我们是否能更有野心
11:19
to be thinking思维 only of bringing使 back wolves, lynx猞猁,
229
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3714
难道只是想着带回狼、 猞猁、
11:22
bears, beavers海狸, bison野牛, boar公猪, moose驼鹿,
230
670761
3599
熊、 海狸、 野牛、 野猪、 麋
11:26
and all the other species种类 which哪一个 are already已经 beginning开始
231
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1825
和那些已经开始
11:28
to move移动 quite相当 rapidly急速 across横过 Europe欧洲?
232
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横跨欧洲快速迁徙的物种吗?
11:31
Perhaps也许 we should also start开始 thinking思维
233
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2524
或许我们也应该开始思考
11:33
about the return返回 of some of our lost丢失 megafauna巨型动物.
234
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让那些我们驱逐的巨型动物的回来
11:37
What megafauna巨型动物, you say?
235
685962
1932
你说的是那种巨型动物?
11:39
Well, every一切 continent大陆 had one,
236
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2569
每个大陆的曾经有一个
11:42
apart距离 from Antarctica南极洲.
237
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1481
除了南极
11:43
When Trafalgar特拉法加 Square广场 in London伦敦 was excavated出土,
238
691944
3638
当伦敦的特拉法加广场挖地基时
11:47
the river gravels砾石 there were found发现
239
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1755
在那里河到砂砾中发现
11:49
to be stuffed填充的 with the bones骨头 of hippopotamus河马,
240
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3550
满满的动物尸骨,有河马
11:52
rhinos犀牛, elephants大象, hyenas鬣狗, lions狮子.
241
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4088
犀牛、 大象、 鬣狗、 狮子
11:56
Yes, ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士,
242
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1374
是的,女士们先生们
11:58
there were lions狮子 in Trafalgar特拉法加 Square广场
243
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2196
在纳尔逊纪念碑修建前
12:00
long before Nelson's纳尔逊 Column was built内置.
244
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3206
特拉法加广场就曾有狮子出没了
12:03
All these species种类 lived生活 here
245
711751
2251
这些物种生活在
12:06
in the last interglacial间冰期 period,
246
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2652
上一个间冰期
12:08
when temperatures温度 were pretty漂亮 similar类似 to our own拥有.
247
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2861
那时的气候温度和现在相近
12:11
It's not climate气候, largely大部分,
248
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2073
可以这样说,气候
12:13
which哪一个 has got rid摆脱 of the world's世界 megafaunasmegafaunas.
249
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3547
并不是造成巨型物种减少的原因
12:17
It's pressure压力 from the human人的 population人口
250
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2104
而是来自人类人口的压力
12:19
hunting狩猎 and destroying销毁 their habitats栖息地
251
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1836
狩猎和破坏其栖息地的行为
12:21
which哪一个 has doneDONE so.
252
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2051
这些才是罪魁祸首
12:23
And even so, you can still see the shadows阴影
253
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3788
即便如此,你仍然可以
12:26
of these great beasts兽类 in our current当前 ecosystems生态系统.
254
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2708
在现代生态系统中
看到这些巨型物种的影子
12:29
Why is it that so many许多 deciduous落叶 trees树木
255
737622
2953
为什么有那么多的落叶树木
12:32
are able能够 to sprout发芽 from whatever随你 point the trunk树干 is broken破碎?
256
740575
4558
能够从树干断裂的任何地方发出嫩芽?
12:37
Why is it that they can withstand经受 the loss失利
257
745133
2069
为什么这些树木在失去
12:39
of so much of their bark?
258
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1607
大部分树皮的情况下仍能存活?
12:40
Why do understory林下 trees树木,
259
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2943
为什么下层木
12:43
which哪一个 are subject学科 to lower降低 sheer绝对 forces军队 from the wind
260
751752
5093
受到的风小
12:48
and have to carry携带 less weight重量
261
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1731
承受的重量
12:50
than the big canopy华盖 trees树木,
262
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2402
比大型乔木轻
12:52
why are they so much tougher强硬 and harder更难 to break打破
263
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3119
为什么它们却如此强硬
12:56
than the canopy华盖 trees树木 are?
264
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4409
难以折断?
13:00
Elephants大象.
265
768506
1972
大象
13:02
They are elephant-adapted大象适应.
266
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2169
是因为大象的存在
它们才演化至此的
13:04
In Europe欧洲, for example,
267
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2288
比如说,在欧洲
13:06
they evolved进化 to resist the straight-tusked直tusked elephant,
268
774935
3143
它们进化到能够抵挡直獠牙的大象
13:10
elephas亚洲象 antiquusantiquus, which哪一个 was a great beast.
269
778078
2288
古象,亚洲象属,是一种巨大的野兽
13:12
It was related有关 to the Asian亚洲 elephant,
270
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2176
它和亚洲大象有关系
13:14
but it was a temperate适度的 animal动物, a temperate适度的 forest森林 creature生物.
271
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2569
但它是一种温带的动物,一个温带森林生物
13:17
It was a lot bigger than the Asian亚洲 elephant.
272
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2530
比亚洲象健硕很多
13:19
But why is it that some of our common共同 shrubs灌木
273
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2817
为什么我们常见的灌木
13:22
have spines which哪一个 seem似乎 to be over-engineered过度设计
274
790458
3184
长着看似煞费苦心生出的刺
13:25
to resist browsing浏览 by deer鹿?
275
793642
2663
来阻止鹿的进食?
13:28
Perhaps也许 because they evolved进化
276
796305
1814
或许它们进化至此
13:30
to resist browsing浏览 by rhinoceros犀牛.
277
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3263
是为了阻止犀牛进食
13:33
Isn't it an amazing惊人 thought
278
801382
1924
这难道不是一个令人惊叹的想法吗
13:35
that every一切 time you wander漫步 into a park公园
279
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2728
每次你在公园漫步
13:38
or down an avenue大街 or through通过 a leafy多叶 street,
280
806034
2847
或走过一个绿树成荫的大道
13:40
you can see the shadows阴影 of these great beasts兽类?
281
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3611
你可以看到这些巨大兽类的影子?
13:44
Paleoecology古生态学, the study研究 of past过去 ecosystems生态系统,
282
812492
3800
古生态学研究的是
过去的生态系统
13:48
crucial关键 to an understanding理解 of our own拥有,
283
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4058
这是理解当今生态系统的关键因素
13:52
feels感觉 like a portal门户 through通过 which哪一个 you may可能 pass通过
284
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3577
感觉就像你可能通过这个入口
13:55
into an enchanted入迷 kingdom王国.
285
823927
2932
穿越到魔法世界
13:58
And if we really are looking at areas of land土地
286
826859
3813
如果我们看这些重新野化的土地
14:02
of the sort分类 of sizes大小 I've been talking about becoming变得 available可得到,
287
830672
4245
其面积可以达到我们之前所说的规模
14:06
why not reintroduce重新引入 some of our lost丢失 megafauna巨型动物,
288
834917
2715
为什么不重新引入那些我们失去的巨型动物
14:09
or at least最小 species种类 closely密切 related有关 to those
289
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1950
或者至少是与它们有密切关联的物种
14:11
which哪一个 have become成为 extinct绝种 everywhere到处?
290
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2961
那些濒临灭绝的生物?
14:14
Why shouldn't不能 all of us
291
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2309
我们为什么不能
14:16
have a Serengeti塞伦盖蒂 on our doorsteps家门口?
292
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2953
在门前开辟一个塞伦盖提草原?
14:19
And perhaps也许 this is the most important重要 thing
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也许野化
14:22
that rewilding野化 offers报价 us,
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能够带给我们最重要的东西
14:24
the most important重要 thing that's missing失踪 from our lives生活:
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这是我们生活中所丢失的那个最最重要的
14:27
hope希望.
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希望
14:29
In motivating激励 people to love and defend保卫 the natural自然 world世界,
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在激发人们热爱和捍卫自然界的路上
14:34
an ounce盎司 of hope希望 is worth价值 a ton of despair绝望.
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一盎司的希望抵得上一吨的绝望
14:39
The story故事 rewilding野化 tells告诉 us
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野化的故事告诉我们
14:41
is that ecological生态 change更改 need not always proceed继续
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生态变化不需要总是
14:45
in one direction方向.
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向一个方向进行
14:47
It offers报价 us the hope希望
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它为我们带来希望
14:50
that our silent无声 spring弹簧
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寂静的春天
14:52
could be replaced更换 by a raucous沙哑 summer夏季.
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可以被一个喧闹的夏天取代
14:54
Thank you.
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谢谢
14:56
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Zhiting Chen
Reviewed by Geoff Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaigner
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into."

Why you should listen

As a young man, George Monbiot spent six years working as an investigative journalist in West Papua, Brazil and East Africa, during which time he was shot at, shipwrecked, beaten up, stung into a poisoned coma by hornets, became lost for days in a rainforest, where he ate rats and insects to avert starvation and was (incorrectly) pronounced clinically dead in a hospital in northern Kenya. Today, he leads a less adventurous life as an author, columnist for the Guardian newspaper and environmental campaigner. Among his books and projects are Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea and Human Life; The Age of Consent and Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning, as well as the concept album Breaking the Spell of Loneliness. His latest book is Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. He has made a number of viral videos. One of them, How Wolves Change Rivers, has been watched 30m times on YouTube. 

More profile about the speaker
George Monbiot | Speaker | TED.com