TED2006
Majora Carter: Greening the ghetto
Un recorrido por la renovación urbana de la mano de Majora Carter.
Filmed:
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En una charla altamente emotiva, la activista ganadora del premio de la fundación MacArthur, Majora Carter, nos cuenta con detalle su lucha por la justicia ambiental en el sur del Bronx y muestra que los barrios de minorías son los que más sufren el impacto de una política de desarrollo urbano deficiente.
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justice
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
If you're here today --
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Si están presentes aquí hoy, y estoy muy contenta de que así sea,
00:27
and I'm very happy that you are --
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es porque han escuchado decir que el desarrollo sostenible
00:29
you've all heard about
how sustainable development
how sustainable development
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nos salvará de nosotros mismos. Sin embargo, cuando no estamos en TED
00:31
will save us from ourselves.
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00:33
However, when we're not at TED,
we are often told
we are often told
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se nos dice que una agenda real de política sostenible no es viable.
00:37
that a real sustainability policy agenda
is just not feasible,
is just not feasible,
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Especialmente en grandes áreas urbanas como Nueva York.
00:41
especially in large urban areas
like New York City.
like New York City.
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Esto sucede porque los que tienen el poder de tomar decisiones,
00:44
And that's because most people
with decision-making powers,
with decision-making powers,
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tanto en el sector público como en el privado,
00:47
in both the public and the private sector,
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en realidad no sienten que están en peligro.
00:49
really don't feel
as though they're in danger.
as though they're in danger.
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El motivo por el cual estoy aquí hoy es, en parte, por un perro:
00:52
The reason why I'm here today,
in part, is because of a dog --
in part, is because of a dog --
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una cachorrita abandonada que encontré bajo la lluvia en 1998,
00:56
an abandoned puppy I found
back in the rain, back in 1998.
back in the rain, back in 1998.
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que resultó ser una perra mucho más grande de lo que imaginé.
00:59
She turned out to be
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
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Cuando llegó a mi vida, estábamos luchando contra un enorme depósito de desperdicios
01:03
When she came into my life, we were
fighting against a huge waste facility
fighting against a huge waste facility
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planificado en las orillas del East River, a pesar de que Nueva York
01:07
planned for the East River waterfront
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01:09
despite the fact that
our small part of New York City
our small part of New York City
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ya manejaba más del 40% de todo el residuo comercial de la ciudad.
01:12
already handled more than 40 percent
of the entire city's commercial waste:
of the entire city's commercial waste:
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Una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales, otra de sedimentos de aguas residuales,
01:16
a sewage treatment pelletizing plant,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
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01:21
the world's largest
food-distribution center,
food-distribution center,
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cuatro plantas nucleares, el centro de distribución de alimentos más grande del mundo,
y otras industrias que hacen circular a más de 60 000 camiones diésel cada semana.
01:24
as well as other industries that bring
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
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01:28
to the area each week.
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El área tiene, además, la menor cantidad de parques de la ciudad.
01:29
The area also has one of the lowest ratios
of parks to people in the city.
of parks to people in the city.
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01:33
So when I was contacted
by the Parks Department
by the Parks Department
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De modo que cuando me contactaron del Departamento de Parques
para obtener un subsidio de 10 000 dólares en semillas para el desarrollo de proyectos
01:36
about a $10,000 seed-grant initiative
to help develop waterfront projects,
to help develop waterfront projects,
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a la orilla del río, pensé que las intenciones eran buenas pero un tanto ingenuas.
01:40
I thought they were really
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
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Viví en esta área toda mi vida y no se podía ir al río por
01:43
I'd lived in this area all my life,
and you could not get to the river,
and you could not get to the river,
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todas esas hermosas instalaciones que he mencionado antes.
01:47
because of all the lovely facilities
that I mentioned earlier.
that I mentioned earlier.
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Un día, mientras corría en el parque, mi perra me condujo
01:50
Then, while jogging
with my dog one morning,
with my dog one morning,
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hacia lo que pensé que era simplemente otro basurero ilegal.
01:52
she pulled me into what I thought
was just another illegal dump.
was just another illegal dump.
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Había malezas, pilas de basura y demás sustancias que no mencionaré aquí.
01:56
There were weeds and piles of garbage
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
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Mi perra continuó conduciéndome hasta que llegamos al río.
02:00
but she kept dragging me,
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02:01
and lo and behold, at the end
of that lot was the river.
of that lot was the river.
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Supe que valía la pena salvar ese pequeño lugar olvidado,
02:04
I knew that this forgotten
little street-end,
little street-end,
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abandonado como la perra que me había llevado allí.
02:06
abandoned like the dog that brought
me there, was worth saving.
me there, was worth saving.
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Y supe que crecería hasta ser el orgulloso comienzo
02:09
And I knew it would grow
to become the proud beginnings
to become the proud beginnings
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de la revitalización llevada a cabo por la comunidad del nuevo sur del Bronx.
02:12
of the community-led revitalization
of the new South Bronx.
of the new South Bronx.
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Y, como mi perra, fue una idea que creció más de lo que había imaginado.
02:15
And just like my new dog, it was an idea
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
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Cosechamos mucho apoyo durante el camino.
02:19
We garnered much support along the way,
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Y el Hunts Point Riverside Park se convirtió en el primer parque de la ribera del río,
02:21
and the Hunts Point Riverside Park
became the first waterfront park
became the first waterfront park
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el primero que tuvo el sur del Bronx en más de 60 años.
02:24
that the South Bronx had had
in more than 60 years.
in more than 60 years.
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Multiplicamos ese subsidio de 10 000 dólares en semillas por 300, y así
02:26
We leveraged that $10,000 seed grant
more than 300 times,
more than 300 times,
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02:30
into a $3 million park.
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se convirtió en un parque de 3 millones de dólares. Y en el otoño... en realidad
02:32
And in the fall, I'm going to exchange
marriage vows with my beloved.
marriage vows with my beloved.
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voy a comprometerme con mi pareja. Muchas gracias. (Aplausos)
02:37
(Audience whistles)
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02:38
Thank you very much.
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02:39
(Applause)
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Ese fue él que presiona estos botones de aquí, lo hace todo el tiempo.
02:44
That's him pressing my buttons
back there, which he does all the time.
back there, which he does all the time.
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02:47
(Laughter)
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(Risas). (Aplausos)
02:50
(Applause)
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02:53
But those of us living
in environmental justice communities
in environmental justice communities
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Los que vivimos en comunidades de justicia ambiental
somos el canario en la mina de carbón. Sentimos los problemas en el momento.
02:56
are the canary in the coal mine.
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02:58
We feel the problems right now,
and have for some time.
and have for some time.
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Para los que no estén familiarizados con el término, la justicia ambiental se trata de que
03:02
Environmental justice, for those of you
who may not be familiar with the term,
who may not be familiar with the term,
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03:05
goes something like this:
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ninguna comunidad debería llevar más cargas ambientales
03:07
no community should be saddled
with more environmental burdens
with more environmental burdens
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y menos beneficios ambientales que otras.
03:10
and less environmental benefits
than any other.
than any other.
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Lamentablemente, las razas y las clases son indicadores confiables
03:12
Unfortunately, race and class
are extremely reliable indicators
are extremely reliable indicators
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03:16
as to where one might find the good stuff,
like parks and trees,
like parks and trees,
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de dónde encontrar lo bueno, como parques y árboles,
y dónde encontrar lo malo, como plantas nucleares y basureros.
03:19
and where one might find the bad stuff,
like power plants and waste facilities.
like power plants and waste facilities.
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Como persona negra en los EE.UU., tengo más posibilidades que un blanco
03:23
As a black person in America,
I am twice as likely as a white person
I am twice as likely as a white person
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de vivir en un área donde la contaminación del aire sea un peligro para mi salud.
03:26
to live in an area where air pollution
poses the greatest risk to my health.
poses the greatest risk to my health.
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Tengo más posibilidades de vivir muy cerca de
03:30
I am five times more likely
to live within walking distance
to live within walking distance
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una planta nuclear o química, y de hecho así es.
03:33
of a power plant or chemical facility,
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03:35
which I do.
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Estas decisiones sobre el uso de la tierra crearon condiciones hostiles que
03:36
These land-use decisions
created the hostile conditions
created the hostile conditions
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03:39
that lead to problems like obesity,
diabetes and asthma.
diabetes and asthma.
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provocan obesidad, diabetes y asma.
¿Por qué alguien saldría a caminar en un barrio tóxico?
03:42
Why would someone leave their home to go
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
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El 27% de obesidad que tenemos es alto, incluso para este país, y genera la diabetes.
03:46
Our 27 percent obesity rate
is high even for this country,
is high even for this country,
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03:49
and diabetes comes with it.
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Uno de cada cuatro niños del sur del Bronx tiene asma.
03:50
One out of four South Bronx
children has asthma.
children has asthma.
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La tasa de hospitalización por asma es siete veces mayor a la media nacional.
03:53
Our asthma hospitalization rate
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03:55
is seven times higher
than the national average.
than the national average.
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Estas consecuencias nos afectan a todos.
03:57
These impacts are coming everyone's way.
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Y todos pagamos un precio muy alto por el desperdicio sólido,
03:59
And we all pay dearly
for solid waste costs,
for solid waste costs,
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04:01
health problems associated
with pollution and more odiously,
with pollution and more odiously,
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problemas de salud relacionados con la contaminación y más detestable aun
04:04
the cost of imprisoning
our young black and Latino men,
our young black and Latino men,
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el costo del encarcelamiento de nuestros jóvenes negros y latinos,
quienes tienen un potencial inmensurable sin explotar.
04:07
who possess untold amounts
of untapped potential.
of untapped potential.
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El 50% de nuestros residentes viven por debajo de la línea de pobreza.
04:10
Fifty percent of our residents
live at or below the poverty line;
live at or below the poverty line;
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El 25% de nosotros está desempleado. Los ciudadanos con bajos recursos
04:13
25 percent of us are unemployed.
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04:15
Low-income citizens often use
emergency-room visits as primary care.
emergency-room visits as primary care.
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frecuentemente visitan las salas de emergencia como consultorios de atención primaria.
Esto implica un alto costo para los contribuyentes sin beneficios proporcionales.
04:19
This comes at a high cost to taxpayers
and produces no proportional benefits.
and produces no proportional benefits.
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Los pobres no solo siguen siendo pobres, sino que siguen estando enfermos.
04:23
Poor people are not only still poor,
they are still unhealthy.
they are still unhealthy.
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Felizmente, hay muchas personas que estamos esforzándonos por encontrar soluciones
04:27
Fortunately, there are many people
like me who are striving for solutions
like me who are striving for solutions
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que no comprometan las vidas de las comunidades de bajos recursos a corto plazo
04:31
that won't compromise the lives
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04:32
of low-income communities of color
in the short term,
in the short term,
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y que no nos destruyan a largo plazo.
04:35
and won't destroy us all in the long term.
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Nadie desea eso. Es lo que tenemos en común.¿Y qué más tenemos en común?
04:37
None of us want that,
and we all have that in common.
and we all have that in common.
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04:39
So what else do we have in common?
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En primer lugar, todos somos increíblemente apuestos --
04:41
Well, first of all,
we're all incredibly good-looking.
we're all incredibly good-looking.
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(Risas) -- nos graduamos de la secundaria, la universidad, el posgrado,
04:44
(Laughter)
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04:45
Graduated high school, college,
post-graduate degrees,
post-graduate degrees,
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viajamos a lugares interesantes, no tuvimos hijos en la adolescencia,
04:48
traveled to interesting places,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
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somos económicamente estables, nunca estuvimos en prisión, bien.
04:51
financially stable, never been imprisoned.
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04:55
OK. Good.
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Bien. (Risas).
04:56
(Laughter)
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Pero, además, al ser una mujer negra, soy diferente a ustedes en muchos aspectos.
04:58
But, besides being a black woman,
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04:59
I am different from most of you
in some other ways.
in some other ways.
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Vi incendiarse a casi la mitad de los edificios de mi barrio.
05:02
I watched nearly half of the buildings
in my neighborhood burn down.
in my neighborhood burn down.
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Mi hermano mayor, Lenny, luchó en Vietnam
05:05
My big brother Lenny fought in Vietnam,
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y luego asesinado de un tiro a unas pocas manzanas de nuestra casa.
05:07
only to be gunned down
a few blocks from our home.
a few blocks from our home.
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¡Por Dios! Crecí al frente de una casa que producía y vendía drogas.
05:13
Jesus.
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05:15
I grew up with a crack house
across the street.
across the street.
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Sí, soy una niña pobre del ghetto.
05:19
Yeah, I'm a poor black child
from the ghetto.
from the ghetto.
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Estas son las cosas que nos diferencian.
05:23
These things make me different from you.
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Pero las cosas que tenemos en común me separan de las personas de mi comunidad.
05:25
But the things we have in common
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05:27
set me apart from most
of the people in my community,
of the people in my community,
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Y me encuentro entre estos dos mundos,
05:30
and I am in between these two worlds
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con el amor suficiente como para pelear por la justicia.
05:32
with enough of my heart
to fight for justice in the other.
to fight for justice in the other.
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De modo que ¿por qué las cosas fueron tan diferentes para nosotros?
05:36
So how did things get so different for us?
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A fines de la década de 1940, mi padre, un empleado del ferrocarril, hijo de esclavos,
05:38
In the late '40s, my dad --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
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compró una casa en el área de Hunts Point, en el sur del Bronx.
05:41
bought a house in the Hunts Point
section of the South Bronx,
section of the South Bronx,
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y unos años después se casó con mi madre.
05:44
and a few years later, he married my mom.
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Entonces, la comunidad era un barrio de blancos de clase trabajadora.
05:46
At the time, the community was a mostly
white, working-class neighborhood.
white, working-class neighborhood.
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Mi padre no estaba solo.
05:49
My dad was not alone.
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Y a medida que otros como él buscaban su propia versión del sueño americano,
05:51
And as others like him pursued
their own version of the American dream,
their own version of the American dream,
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era común que los blancos se mudaran del sur del Bronx y de muchas otras ciudades del país.
05:54
white flight became common
in the South Bronx
in the South Bronx
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05:57
and in many cities around the country.
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Los bancos y ciertas áreas de nuestra ciudad tenían líneas rojas
05:59
Red-lining was used by banks,
wherein certain sections of the city,
wherein certain sections of the city,
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y así quedaban fuera del alcance de cualquier inversión.
06:03
including ours, were deemed
off-limits to any sort of investment.
off-limits to any sort of investment.
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Muchos arrendadores creían que era más rentable quemar sus edificios
06:07
Many landlords believed it was more
profitable to torch their buildings
profitable to torch their buildings
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y cobrar el seguro que venderlos en esas condiciones,
06:10
and collect insurance money rather
than to sell under those conditions --
than to sell under those conditions --
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a pesar de los anteriores inquilinos muertos o heridos.
06:15
dead or injured former tenants
notwithstanding.
notwithstanding.
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Hunts Point era anteriormente una comunidad de trabajadores,
06:17
Hunts Point was formerly
a walk-to-work community,
a walk-to-work community,
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pero en ese momento los residentes se quedaron sin trabajo, y sin hogar.
06:20
but now residents had neither
work nor home to walk to.
work nor home to walk to.
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A estos problemas se sumó el auge de la construcción de autopistas nacionales.
06:24
A national highway construction boom
was added to our problems.
was added to our problems.
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En el estado de Nueva York, Robert Moses encabezó una agresiva campaña de autopistas.
06:27
In New York State,
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06:28
Robert Moses spearheaded
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
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Uno de sus principales objetivos fue facilitar el camino para los residentes
06:32
One of its primary goals was
to make it easier
to make it easier
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de comunidades ricas que debían viajar del condado de Westchester a Manhattan.
06:34
for residents of wealthy communities
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
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El sur del Bronx, que queda en el medio, no tuvo opción.
06:39
The South Bronx, which lies in between,
did not stand a chance.
did not stand a chance.
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Los residentes recibían un aviso con menos de un mes de anticipación
06:43
Residents were often given
less than a month's notice
less than a month's notice
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before their buildings were razed.
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antes de la demolición de sus edificios. Se desalojaron a 600 000 personas.
06:47
600,000 people were displaced.
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La percepción común era que los proxenetas, los narcotraficantes y las prostitutas eran del Bronx.
06:49
The common perception was
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that only pimps and pushers
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
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06:54
And if you are told
from your earliest days
from your earliest days
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Y si desde niño te dicen que no hay nada bueno en tu comunidad
06:57
that nothing good is going to come
from your community,
from your community,
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que es mala y fea ¿cómo no va a reflejarse en uno?
07:00
that it's bad and ugly,
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07:01
how could it not reflect on you?
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Así, nuestra propiedad no valía nada, excepto que era nuestro hogar, todo lo que teníamos.
07:04
So now, my family's property
was worthless,
was worthless,
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07:06
save for that it was our home,
and all we had.
and all we had.
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07:09
And luckily for me, that home
and the love inside of it,
and the love inside of it,
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Y felizmente para mí, esa casa y el amor que tenía, más la ayuda
07:13
along with help from teachers, mentors
and friends along the way, was enough.
and friends along the way, was enough.
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de mis maestros, mentores y amigos fue suficiente.
Ahora, ¿por qué es importante esta historia?
07:18
Now, why is this story important?
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07:19
Because from a planning perspective,
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Desde una perspectiva de planificación, la degradación económica
07:21
economic degradation
begets environmental degradation,
begets environmental degradation,
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genera la degradación ambiental, que a su vez genera la degradación social.
07:25
which begets social degradation.
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La falta de inversión que comenzó en la década de 1960
07:28
The disinvestment that began
in the 1960s set the stage
in the 1960s set the stage
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preparó el terreno para todas las injusticias ambientales que vendrían.
07:31
for all the environmental
injustices that were to come.
injustices that were to come.
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07:33
Antiquated zoning and land-use
regulations are still used to this day
regulations are still used to this day
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Aún hoy se usan legislaciones anticuadas sobre el uso de la tierra
07:37
to continue putting polluting
facilities in my neighborhood.
facilities in my neighborhood.
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para que sigan existiendo las instalaciones contaminantes en mi barrio.
¿Se tienen en cuenta estos factores cuando se decide la política del uso de la tierra?
07:40
Are these factors taken into consideration
when land-use policy is decided?
when land-use policy is decided?
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¿Cuál es el precio de estas decisiones? ¿Quién paga?
07:44
What costs are associated
with these decisions?
with these decisions?
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07:47
And who pays? Who profits?
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¿Quién gana? ¿Hay algo que justifique lo que sufre la comunidad?
07:49
Does anything justify
what the local community goes through?
what the local community goes through?
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Esta era una "planificación", que no consideraba nuestros intereses.
07:53
This was "planning" -- in quotes --
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07:55
that did not have
our best interests in mind.
our best interests in mind.
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Cuando nos dimos cuenta de esto, decidimos que debíamos hacer nuestra propia planificación.
07:57
Once we realized that, we decided
it was time to do our own planning.
it was time to do our own planning.
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El pequeño parque del que les he hablado fue la primera etapa
08:01
That small park I told you about earlier
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08:03
was the first stage of building
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
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de un movimiento ecologista en el sur del Bronx.
Solicité un subsidio federal de 1 millón 250 mil dólares para transporte
08:06
I wrote a one-and-a-quarter-million
dollar federal transportation grant
dollar federal transportation grant
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para diseñar el plano de una explanada en la ribera del río con ciclovías.
08:09
to design the plan
for a waterfront esplanade
for a waterfront esplanade
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08:12
with dedicated on-street bike paths.
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Las mejoras físicas ayudan a informar la política pública sobre seguridad vial,
08:13
Physical improvements help inform
public policy regarding traffic safety,
public policy regarding traffic safety,
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la ubicación de basureros y otras instalaciones,
08:17
the placement of the waste
and other facilities,
and other facilities,
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que, si se hace correctamente, no compromete la calidad de vida de la comunidad.
08:19
which, if done properly, don't compromise
a community's quality of life.
a community's quality of life.
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Brindan oportunidades de ser más activos físicamente
08:23
They provide opportunities
to be more physically active,
to be more physically active,
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y de desarrollo económico.
08:25
as well as local economic development.
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Tiendas de bicicletas, puestos de jugo...
08:28
Think bike shops, juice stands.
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Contamos con 20 millones de dólares para construir los proyectos de la primera fase.
08:29
We secured 20 million dollars
to build first-phase projects.
to build first-phase projects.
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Esta es Lafayette Avenue y aquí está rediseñada por los arquitectos Matthews-Nielsen.
08:32
This is Lafayette Avenue --
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08:34
and that's redesigned
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
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Este circuito conectará el sur del Bronx con
08:37
And once this path is constructed,
it'll connect the South Bronx
it'll connect the South Bronx
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más de 160 hectáreas del parque de Randall's Island.
08:40
with more than 400 acres
of Randall's Island Park.
of Randall's Island Park.
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En este momento nos separan alrededor de 7 metros de agua, pero esto cambiará.
08:43
Right now we're separated by about 25 feet
of water, but this link will change that.
of water, but this link will change that.
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A medida que cuidemos el medioambiente, su abundancia nos devolverá aún más.
08:47
As we nurture the natural environment,
its abundance will give us back even more.
its abundance will give us back even more.
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Conducimos un proyecto que se llama Bronx Ecological Stewardship Training
08:51
We run a project called the Bronx
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
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que brinda capacitación en restauraciones ecológicas
08:55
which provides job training in the fields
of ecological restoration,
of ecological restoration,
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para que la gente de nuestra comunidad pueda aspirar a estos trabajos bien pagados.
08:58
so that folks from our community
have the skills to compete
have the skills to compete
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09:01
for these well-paying jobs.
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Poco a poco, estamos sembrando el área con trabajos de ecología,
09:02
Little by little, we're seeding
the area with green-collar jobs --
the area with green-collar jobs --
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y así la gente tendrá participación financiera y personal en el medioambiente.
09:06
and with people that have both
a financial and personal stake
a financial and personal stake
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09:09
in their environment.
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La autopista Sheridan es una reliquia de la era de Robert Moses
09:10
The Sheridan Expressway
is an underutilized relic
is an underutilized relic
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09:12
of the Robert Moses era,
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construida de detrimento de los barrios que quedaron divididos.
09:14
built with no regard for the neighborhoods
that were divided by it.
that were divided by it.
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Incluso en las horas pico, casi no se utiliza.
09:17
Even during rush hour,
it goes virtually unused.
it goes virtually unused.
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La comunidad creó un plan de transporte alternativo
09:20
The community created
an alternative transportation plan
an alternative transportation plan
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que permite la eliminación de la autopista.
09:23
that allows for the removal
of the highway.
of the highway.
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Ahora podemos reunir a todos los interesados
09:25
We have the opportunity now to bring
together all the stakeholders
together all the stakeholders
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para prever cómo pueden utilizarse mejor estas 12 hectáreas y crear
09:28
to re-envision how this 28 acres
can be better utilized
can be better utilized
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09:31
for parkland, affordable housing
and local economic development.
and local economic development.
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parques, viviendas asequibles y desarrollo económico local.
También construimos el primer techo ecológico y fresco de Nueva York
09:34
We also built New York City's first green
and cool roof demonstration project
and cool roof demonstration project
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sobre nuestras oficinas.
09:39
on top of our offices.
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Los techos frescos son superficies altamente reflectantes que no absorben el calor solar
09:40
Cool roofs are highly-reflective
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
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y lo transportan al edificio o a la atmósfera.
09:44
and pass it on to
the building or atmosphere.
the building or atmosphere.
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Los techos ecológicos son de tierra y plantas.
09:46
Green roofs are soil and living plants.
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Ambos pueden usarse en lugar de materiales derivados del petróleo
09:48
Both can be used instead
of petroleum-based roofing materials
of petroleum-based roofing materials
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09:51
that absorb heat, contribute
to urban "heat island" effect
to urban "heat island" effect
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que absorben el calor, contribuyen al efecto "isla de calor" y se degradan con el sol,
09:54
and degrade under the sun,
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que luego nosotros respiramos. Estos techos además retienen el 75% del agua de lluvia
09:55
which we in turn breathe.
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09:57
Green roofs also retain
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
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09:59
so they reduce a city's need to fund
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
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de modo que reducen la necesidad de la ciudad de pagar costosos desagües que
por lo general se encuentran en comunidades de justicia ecológica como la mía.
10:03
which, incidentally, are often located
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10:05
in environmental justice
communities like mine.
communities like mine.
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Y además constituyen un hábitat para nuestros pequeños amigos.
10:07
And they provide habitats
for our little friends!
for our little friends!
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(Risas). ¡Qué guay!
10:10
[Butterfly]
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10:12
(Laughter)
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10:13
So cool!
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Este proyecto es un trampolín para nuestro propio negocio de instalación de techos ecológicos
10:14
Anyway, the demonstration
project is a springboard
project is a springboard
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10:17
for our own green roof
installation business,
installation business,
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que generará empleo y actividad económica sostenible en el sur del Bronx.
10:19
bringing jobs and sustainable
economic activity to the South Bronx.
economic activity to the South Bronx.
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(Risas). (Aplausos). También me encanta eso.
10:22
[Green is the new black ...]
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10:24
(Laughter) (Applause)
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10:28
I like that, too.
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Sé que Chris nos pidió que no publicitemos nada aquí,
10:29
Anyway, I know Chris told us
not to do pitches up here,
not to do pitches up here,
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10:33
but since I have all of your attention:
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pero como tengo toda su atención: necesitamos inversores. Fin de la publicidad.
10:35
We need investors. End of pitch.
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Es mejor pedir perdón que pedir permiso.
10:37
It's better to ask
for forgiveness than permission.
for forgiveness than permission.
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10:39
Anyway --
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(Risas). (Aplausos).
10:40
(Laughter)
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10:42
(Applause)
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Antes del Katrina, el sur del Bronx y la Novena Guardia de Nueva Orleans tenían
10:47
OK. Katrina.
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10:50
Prior to Katrina, the South Bronx
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
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mucho en común: gran cantidad de población negra
10:53
had a lot in common.
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10:54
Both were largely populated
by poor people of color,
by poor people of color,
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y ambos son la cuna de la innovación cultural, piensen en el hip-hop y el jazz.
10:57
both hotbeds of cultural innovation:
think hip-hop and jazz.
think hip-hop and jazz.
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Ambas son comunidades a orillas del río que tienen industrias
11:01
Both are waterfront communities
that host both industries and residents
that host both industries and residents
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y residentes que viven cerca de ellas.
11:04
in close proximity of one another.
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En la era post Katrina, tenemos aún más cosas en común.
11:06
In the post-Katrina era,
we have still more in common.
we have still more in common.
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En el mejor de los casos somos ignorados, y en el peor, maldecidos y abusados
11:09
We're at best ignored,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
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por agencias reguladoras negligentes, zonificación perniciosa y responsabilidad gubernamental débil.
11:12
by negligent regulatory agencies,
pernicious zoning
pernicious zoning
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11:16
and lax governmental accountability.
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La destrucción de la Novena Guardia y del sur del Bronx fue inevitable.
11:18
Neither the destruction of the Ninth Ward
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
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Pero hemos aprendido valiosas lecciones sobre cómo desenterrarnos.
11:22
But we have emerged with valuable lessons
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11:25
about how to dig ourselves out.
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Somos más que simples símbolos nacionales de las zonas urbanas deprimidas.
11:27
We are more than simply
national symbols of urban blight
national symbols of urban blight
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O problemas que se resuelven con vacías promesas de campaña de presidentes que van y vienen.
11:31
or problems to be solved
by empty campaign promises
by empty campaign promises
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11:34
of presidents come and gone.
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¿Permitiremos que la costa del Golfo de México
11:36
Now will we let the Gulf Coast
languish for a decade or two,
languish for a decade or two,
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languidezca por una o dos décadas como el sur del Bronx?
¿O tomaremos medidas y aprenderemos del recurso propio
11:38
like the South Bronx did?
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11:40
Or will we take proactive steps
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11:41
and learn from the homegrown resource
of grassroots activists
of grassroots activists
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de activistas radicales que surgieron de la desesperación en comunidades como la mía?
11:44
that have been born of desperation
in communities like mine?
in communities like mine?
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No esperamos que los individuos,
11:47
Now listen, I do not expect individuals,
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las empresas o el gobierno hagan de este mundo un lugar mejor porque es lo correcto.
11:50
corporations or government
to make the world a better place
to make the world a better place
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11:53
because it is right or moral.
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Esta presentación solo da cuenta de lo que he estado haciendo,
11:55
This presentation today only represents
some of what I've been through.
some of what I've been through.
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solo una pequeñísima parte. No tienen idea pero
11:59
Like a tiny little bit. You've no clue.
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12:01
But I'll tell you later,
if you want to know.
if you want to know.
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si quieren saber les contaré después.
Pero sé que es el resultado final, o lo que se percibe de éste,
12:03
(Laughter)
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12:05
But -- I know it's the bottom line,
or one's perception of it,
or one's perception of it,
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lo que motiva a las personas.
12:09
that motivates people in the end.
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Me interesa lo que llamo el "triple resultado final"
12:11
I'm interested in what I like to call
the "triple bottom line"
the "triple bottom line"
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que puede producir el desarrollo sostenible.
12:14
that sustainable development can produce.
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Desarrollos que pueden generar frutos positivos para todos:
12:16
Developments that have the potential
to create positive returns
to create positive returns
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12:20
for all concerned:
the developers, government
the developers, government
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los desarrolladores, el gobierno y la comunidad donde se realizan los proyectos.
12:23
and the community
where these projects go up.
where these projects go up.
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Actualmente, eso no sucede en Nueva York.
12:25
At present, that's not happening
in New York City.
in New York City.
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Y estamos trabajando con un déficit en el planeamiento urbano integral.
12:29
And we are operating with a comprehensive
urban-planning deficit.
urban-planning deficit.
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Se destina una enorme cantidad de subsidios gubernamentales para la
12:33
A parade of government subsidies
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12:35
is going to propose big-box and stadium
developments in the South Bronx,
developments in the South Bronx,
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construcción de hipermercados y estadios en el sur del Bronx.
Pero hay una coordinación deficiente entre las agencias de la ciudad para
12:38
but there is scant coordination
between city agencies
between city agencies
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tratar los efectos del aumento de tránsito, contaminación y residuos sólidos
12:41
on how to deal with the cumulative effects
of increased traffic, pollution,
of increased traffic, pollution,
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12:45
solid waste and the impacts on open space.
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y el impacto en el aire. Y la manera en que abordan la economía local
12:48
And their approaches to local economic
and job development are so lame
and job development are so lame
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y el desarrollo laboral es tan pobre que ni siquiera es gracioso.
12:52
it's not even funny.
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Porque además de ello, el equipo deportivo más rico del mundo está reemplazando
12:53
Because on top of that,
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12:56
the world's richest sports team
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
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al estadio Yankee Stadium al destruir dos parques que la comunidad adora.
13:00
by destroying two
well-loved community parks.
well-loved community parks.
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Tendremos aún menos que el estadio que he mencionado antes.
13:03
Now, we'll have even less
than that stat I told you about earlier.
than that stat I told you about earlier.
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Y si bien menos del 25% de los residentes del sur del Bronx tienen automóviles
13:06
And although less than 25 percent
of South Bronx residents own cars,
of South Bronx residents own cars,
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estos proyectos incluyen miles de nuevos estacionamientos
13:09
these projects include
thousands of new parking spaces,
thousands of new parking spaces,
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aunque carecen de importancia en términos de tránsito público masivo.
13:13
yet zip in terms of mass public transit.
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Lo que le falta al debate amplio es un análisis de la relación
13:16
Now, what's missing from the larger debate
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costo-beneficio entre no arreglar una comunidad insalubre
13:18
is a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
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13:20
between not fixing an unhealthy,
environmentally-challenged community,
environmentally-challenged community,
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cuyo medioambiente corre peligro, e implementar
13:24
versus incorporating structural,
sustainable changes.
sustainable changes.
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cambios estructurales sostenibles.
Mi agencia está trabajando de la mano de la Universidad de Columbia y otras
13:27
My agency is working closely
with Columbia University and others
with Columbia University and others
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para tratar estos problemas.
13:31
to shine a light on these issues.
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Pongamos las cosas en claro: yo no estoy en contra del desarrollo.
13:32
Now let's get this straight:
I am not anti-development.
I am not anti-development.
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Vivimos en una ciudad, no en una reserva natural. Y he aceptado el capitalista que llevo dentro.
13:35
Ours is a city, not a wilderness preserve.
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13:38
And I've embraced my inner capitalist.
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Y seguramente todos ustedes lo llevan también, y si no lo han aceptado deberían hacerlo.
13:41
And, but I don't have --
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13:42
(Laughter)
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13:44
You probably all have,
and if you haven't, you need to.
and if you haven't, you need to.
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(Risas). Entonces, no tengo ningún problema con que los desarrolladores ganen dinero.
13:47
(Laughter)
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13:51
So I don't have a problem
with developers making money.
with developers making money.
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Hay suficiente evidencia que demuestra que el desarrollo sostenible,
13:54
There's enough precedent out there
to show that a sustainable,
to show that a sustainable,
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que no daña la comunidad puede ser un negocio millonario.
13:57
community-friendly development
can still make a fortune.
can still make a fortune.
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Compañeros de TED, Bill McDonough y Emery Lovins,
14:01
Fellow TEDsters Bill McDonough
and Amory Lovins --
and Amory Lovins --
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personas que admiro por cierto, han demostrado que esto es posible.
14:04
both heroes of mine by the way --
have shown that you can actually do that.
have shown that you can actually do that.
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Sí tengo problema con los desarrollos que híperexplotan
14:08
I do have a problem
with developments that hyper-exploit
with developments that hyper-exploit
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14:11
politically vulnerable
communities for profit.
communities for profit.
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comunidades vulnerables políticamente para obtener ganancias.
Que esto siga sucediendo es una vergüenza para todos
14:13
That it continues is a shame upon us all,
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porque todos somos responsables del futuro que creamos.
14:16
because we are all responsible
for the future that we create.
for the future that we create.
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Siempre trato de recordar que existen grandes posibilidades de aprender de visionarios de otras ciudades.
14:19
But one of the things I do
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
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14:23
is to learn from visionaries
in other cities.
in other cities.
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Esta es mi versión de la globalización.
14:25
This is my version of globalization.
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Tomemos como ejemplo a Bogotá: una ciudad pobre, latina, acosada por la violencia
14:27
Let's take Bogota.
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14:28
Poor, Latino, surrounded by
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
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y el narcotráfico, una reputación no muy diferente a la del sur del Bronx.
14:32
a reputation not unlike
that of the South Bronx.
that of the South Bronx.
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Y sin embargo, la ciudad tuvo la suerte en los 90
14:35
However, this city was blessed
in the late 1990s
in the late 1990s
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14:38
with a highly-influential
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
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de contar con un intendente influyente llamado Enrique Peñalosa.
Se fijó en la demografía.
14:42
He looked at the demographics.
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Aunque pocos bogotanos tienen automóviles, los recursos de la ciudad estaban a su servicio.
14:44
Few Bogotanos own cars,
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14:46
yet a huge portion of the city's resources
was dedicated to serving them.
was dedicated to serving them.
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Si eres alcalde, puedes hacer algo al respecto.
14:50
If you're a mayor, you can
do something about that.
do something about that.
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Su administración redujo las vías públicas principales de 5 carriles a 3 carriles,
14:52
His administration narrowed key municipal
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
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se prohibió el estacionamiento en ellos, se extendieron las peatonales
14:57
outlawed parking on those streets,
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14:59
expanded pedestrian walkways
and bike lanes,
and bike lanes,
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y las ciclovías, se crearon plazas públicas,
15:02
created public plazas,
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y se creó uno de los sistemas de transporte público más eficiente del mundo.
15:04
created one of the most efficient
bus mass-transit systems
bus mass-transit systems
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15:07
in the entire world.
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Por estos brillantes esfuerzos, el alcalde casi debió enfrentar un juicio político.
15:08
For his brilliant efforts,
he was nearly impeached.
he was nearly impeached.
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Pero cuando las personas vieron que ocupaban un lugar primordial en estos asuntos
15:12
But as people began to see
that they were being put first
that they were being put first
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15:16
on issues reflecting
their day-to-day lives,
their day-to-day lives,
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que reflejaban sus vidas diarias, sucedieron cosas increíbles.
15:18
incredible things happened.
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Las personas dejaron de arrojar basura en la calle. Se redujo la delincuencia.
15:20
People stopped littering.
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15:21
Crime rates dropped, because the streets
were alive with people.
were alive with people.
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Porque las calles estaban vivas, llenas de personas.
Su administración se ocupó de varios problemas urbanos típicos de una sola vez
15:25
His administration attacked several
typical urban problems at one time,
typical urban problems at one time,
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y con un presupuesto del tercer mundo.
15:29
and on a third-world budget, at that.
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No tenemos excusas en este país. Lo siento.
15:31
We have no excuse
in this country, I'm sorry.
in this country, I'm sorry.
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Es el resultado final. Es que su agenda de poner primero a las personas no
15:34
But the bottom line is:
their people-first agenda
their people-first agenda
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15:37
was not meant to penalize
those who could actually afford cars,
those who could actually afford cars,
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castigaba a los que podían tener un automóvil
sino que brindaba oportunidades para que todos los bogotanos participaran
15:41
but rather, to provide opportunities
for all Bogotanos to participate
for all Bogotanos to participate
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del resurgimiento de la ciudad. Ese desarrollo no debería suceder a expensas
15:45
in the city's resurgence.
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15:46
That development should not come
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de la mayoría de la gente y eso es considerado una idea radical aquí en los EE.UU.
15:48
at the expense of the majority
of the population
of the population
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15:51
is still considered
a radical idea here in the U.S.
a radical idea here in the U.S.
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Pero el ejemplo de Bogotá tiene el poder de cambiar esa visión.
15:54
But Bogota's example
has the power to change that.
has the power to change that.
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Ustedes tienen el don de la influencia.
15:57
You, however, are blessed
with the gift of influence.
with the gift of influence.
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Por eso están aquí y valoran la información que intercambiamos.
16:00
That's why you're here and why you
value the information we exchange.
value the information we exchange.
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Utilicen su influencia para apoyar el cambio sostenible integral en cualquier parte.
16:04
Use your influence
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16:05
in support of comprehensive,
sustainable change everywhere.
sustainable change everywhere.
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No hablemos de ese cambio solo en TED. Estoy intentando construir una agenda política nacional
16:09
Don't just talk about it at TED.
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16:11
This is a nationwide policy agenda
I'm trying to build,
I'm trying to build,
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y como todos sabemos, la política es personal.
16:15
and as you all know,
politics are personal.
politics are personal.
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Ayúdenme a hacer verde al nuevo negro, a hacer que la sostenibilidad sea sensual.
16:18
Help me make green the new black.
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16:21
Help me make sustainability sexy.
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Lo convirtamos en parte de las conversaciones en las cenas o las fiestas.
16:23
Make it a part of your dinner
and cocktail conversations.
and cocktail conversations.
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Ayúdenme a luchar por la justicia ambiental y económica.
16:26
Help me fight for environmental
and economic justice.
and economic justice.
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Apoyen las inversiones que darán una ganancia final triple.
16:30
Support investments
with a triple-bottom-line return.
with a triple-bottom-line return.
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16:32
Help me democratize sustainability
by bringing everyone to the table,
by bringing everyone to the table,
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Ayúdenme a democratizar la sostenibilidad al reunir a todos en la mesa
e insistir con que un planeamiento integral puede llevarse a cabo en cualquier lugar.
16:37
and insisting that comprehensive
planning can be addressed everywhere.
planning can be addressed everywhere.
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¡Uy qué bien! Tengo un poco más de tiempo.
16:40
Oh good, glad I have a little more time!
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Cuando hablé con Al Gore el otro día después del desayuno,
16:42
Listen -- when I spoke to Mr. Gore
the other day after breakfast,
the other day after breakfast,
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le pregunté cómo serían incluidos los activistas de la justicia ambiental
16:46
I asked him how environmental justice
activists were going to be included
activists were going to be included
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en su nueva estrategia de marketing.
16:51
in his new marketing strategy.
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Me respondió que lo haría mediante un programa de subsidios.
16:53
His response was a grant program.
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Creo que no comprendió que yo no le estaba pidiendo financiamiento.
16:57
I don't think he understood
that I wasn't asking for funding.
that I wasn't asking for funding.
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Yo le estaba haciendo una oferta. (Aplausos).
17:03
I was making him an offer.
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17:07
(Applause)
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17:14
What troubled me was that this
top-down approach is still around.
top-down approach is still around.
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Lo que me preocupó es que esta visión de arriba hacia abajo aún está presente.
Bueno, no me malinterpreten. Sí necesitamos dinero. (Risas).
17:20
Now, don't get me wrong, we need money.
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17:21
(Laughter)
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17:23
But grassroots groups
are needed at the table
are needed at the table
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Pero necesitamos también que haya grupos en el proceso de decisiones.
17:27
during the decision-making process.
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Al 90% de energía que Gore nos recordó que desperdiciamos todos los días,
17:30
Of the 90 percent of the energy
that Mr. Gore reminded us
that Mr. Gore reminded us
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17:34
that we waste every day,
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no le agreguemos nuestra energía, inteligencia
17:35
don't add wasting our energy, intelligence
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y experiencia que nos costó tanto adquirir. (Aplausos).
17:39
and hard-earned experience to that count.
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17:42
(Applause)
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He venido desde lejos para reunirme con ustedes,
17:48
I have come from so far
to meet you like this.
to meet you like this.
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no me desperdicien. Si trabajamos juntos,
17:56
Please don't waste me.
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18:00
By working together,
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podemos convertirnos en esos grupos pequeños que crecen rápidamente
18:01
we can become one of those small,
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
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y que tienen el coraje y la audacia de creer que en realidad podemos cambiar el mundo.
18:06
who actually have the audacity and courage
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18:08
to believe that we actually
can change the world.
can change the world.
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Podemos haber venido a esta conferencia en etapas muy diferentes en la vida,
18:12
We might have come to this conference
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18:13
from very, very different
stations in life,
stations in life,
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pero créanme, todos tenemos en común algo increíblemente poderoso:
18:16
but believe me, we all share
one incredibly powerful thing.
one incredibly powerful thing.
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no tenemos nada que perder y tenemos todo por ganar.
18:23
We have nothing to lose
and everything to gain.
and everything to gain.
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¡Ciao bellos! (Aplausos)
18:28
Ciao, bellos!
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18:29
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justiceMajora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA.
Why you should listen
Majora Carter is a visionary voice in city planning who views urban renewal through an environmental lens. The South Bronx native draws a direct connection between ecological, economic and social degradation. Hence her motto: "Green the ghetto!"
With her inspired ideas and fierce persistence, Carter managed to bring the South Bronx its first open-waterfront park in 60 years, Hunts Point Riverside Park. Then she scored $1.25 million in federal funds for a greenway along the South Bronx waterfront, bringing the neighborhood open space, pedestrian and bike paths, and space for mixed-use economic development.
Her success is no surprise to anyone who's seen her speak; Carter's confidence, energy and intensely emotional delivery make her talks themselves a force of nature. (The release of her TEDTalk in 2006 prompted Guy Kawasaki to wonder on his blog whether she wasn't "every bit as good as [Apple CEO] Steve Jobs," a legendary presenter.)
Carter, who was awarded a 2005 MacArthur "genius" grant, served as executive director of Sustainable South Bronx for 7 years, where she pushed both for eco-friendly practices (such as green and cool roofs) and, equally important, job training and green-related economic development for her vibrant neighborhood on the rise. Since leaving SSBx in 2008, Carter has formed the economic consulting and planning firm the Majora Carter Group, to bring her pioneering approach to communities far outside the South Bronx. Carter is working within the cities of New Orleans, Detroit and the small coastal towns of Northeastern North Carolina. The Majora Carter Group is putting the green economy and green economic tools to use, unlocking the potential of every place -- from urban cities and rural communities, to universities, government projects, businesses and corporations -- and everywhere else in between.
Majora Carter | Speaker | TED.com