TED2012
Brian Greene: Is our universe the only universe?
Brian Greene: Je li naš svemir jedini svemir
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Postoji li više svemira? U ovom vizualno bogatom i akcijom nabijenom govoru Brian Greene pokazuje kako su neodgovorena pitanja koja postavlja fizika (počevši od onog glavnog: što je izazvalo Veliki prasak?) dovela do teorije da je naš svemir samo jedan od mnogih u „multisvemiru”.
Brian Greene - Physicist
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
A few months ago
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Prije nekoliko mjeseci
00:17
the Nobel Prize in physics
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Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku
00:19
was awarded to two teams of astronomers
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dobila su dva tima astronoma
00:21
for a discovery that has been hailed
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za otkriće koje je proglašeno
00:24
as one of the most important
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jednim od najznačajnijih
00:26
astronomical observations ever.
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astronomskih zapažanja u povijesti.
00:28
And today, after briefly describing what they found,
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Danas, nakon što ukratko objasnim
što su to pronašli,
što su to pronašli,
00:30
I'm going to tell you about a highly controversial framework
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govorit ću vam o vrlo kontroverznom okviru
00:33
for explaining their discovery,
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s pomoću kojeg se
njihovo otkriće može objasniti,
njihovo otkriće može objasniti,
00:36
namely the possibility
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naime, o mogućnosti
00:38
that way beyond the Earth,
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da daleko od Zemlje,
00:40
the Milky Way and other distant galaxies,
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Mliječne staze i ostalih
udaljenih galaktika
udaljenih galaktika
00:43
we may find that our universe
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možemo otkriti kako naš svemir
00:45
is not the only universe,
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nije jedini svemir,
00:47
but is instead
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već je
dio ogromnoga kompleksa svemirâ
00:49
part of a vast complex of universes
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00:51
that we call the multiverse.
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koji nazivamo multisvemirom.
00:53
Now the idea of a multiverse is a strange one.
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Ideja multisvemira je čudna.
00:56
I mean, most of us were raised to believe
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Većina nas odgojena je u uvjerenju
00:58
that the word "universe" means everything.
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da riječ svemir označava sve.
01:01
And I say most of us with forethought,
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Namjerno kažem većina nas
01:04
as my four-year-old daughter has heard me speak of these ideas since she was born.
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jer svojoj četverogodišnjoj kćeri govorim
o tim idejama otkad je rođena.
o tim idejama otkad je rođena.
01:07
And last year I was holding her
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Prošle godine zagrlio sam je
01:09
and I said, "Sophia,
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i rekao: „Sophia,
01:11
I love you more than anything in the universe."
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volim te više od svega u svemiru.”
01:14
And she turned to me and said, "Daddy,
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A ona me pogledala i rekla: „Tata,
01:16
universe or multiverse?"
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u svemiru ili multisvemiru?”
01:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:21
But barring such an anomalous upbringing,
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No izuzmemo li takav netipičan odgoj,
01:24
it is strange to imagine
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teško je zamisliti
01:26
other realms separate from ours,
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druge svjetove odvojene od našeg,
01:28
most with fundamentally different features,
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uglavnom bitno drukčijih značajki,
01:30
that would rightly be called universes of their own.
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koji bi se opravdano mogli nazvati
zasebnim svemirima.
zasebnim svemirima.
01:33
And yet,
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A ipak,
01:35
speculative though the idea surely is,
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ma koliko ta ideja bila spekulativna,
01:37
I aim to convince you
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cilj mi je uvjeriti vas
01:39
that there's reason for taking it seriously,
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da postoji razlog da je shvatimo ozbiljno
01:41
as it just might be right.
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jer je možda točna.
01:43
I'm going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts.
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Priču o multisvemiru
ispričat ću u tri dijela.
ispričat ću u tri dijela.
01:46
In part one,
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U prvom ću dijelu
01:48
I'm going to describe those Nobel Prize-winning results
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opisati rezultate za koje je
dodijeljena Nobelova nagrada
dodijeljena Nobelova nagrada
01:50
and to highlight a profound mystery
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i skrenuti pozornost na duboki misterij
01:52
which those results revealed.
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koji su otkrili ti rezultati.
01:54
In part two,
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U drugom dijelu
01:56
I'll offer a solution to that mystery.
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ponudit ću rješenje tog misterija.
01:58
It's based on an approach called string theory,
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Ono se zasniva na pristupu
tzv. teorije struna
tzv. teorije struna
02:00
and that's where the idea of the multiverse
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i tu ideja multisvemira
02:02
will come into the story.
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postaje dijelom ove priče.
02:04
Finally, in part three,
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Naposljetku, u trećem ću dijelu
02:06
I'm going to describe a cosmological theory
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opisati kozmološku teoriju
02:08
called inflation,
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takozvane inflacije,
02:10
which will pull all the pieces of the story together.
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kojom ćemo spojiti sve dijelove slagalice.
02:13
Okay, part one starts back in 1929
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Dakle, prvi dio počinje 1929.
02:17
when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble
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kad je veliki astronom Edwin Hubble
02:19
realized that the distant galaxies
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shvatio da se sve daleke galaktike
02:22
were all rushing away from us,
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brzo udaljavaju od nas,
02:24
establishing that space itself is stretching,
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utvrdivši tako da se sam svemir rasteže,
02:26
it's expanding.
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da se proširuje.
02:28
Now this was revolutionary.
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Bilo je to revolucionarno.
02:31
The prevailing wisdom was that on the largest of scales
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Prema tada uvriježenom mišljenju,
u najvećoj mjeri
u najvećoj mjeri
02:34
the universe was static.
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svemir je statičan.
02:36
But even so,
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No ipak,
02:38
there was one thing that everyone was certain of:
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u jedno su svi bili sigurni:
02:41
The expansion must be slowing down.
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širenje se zacijelo usporava.
02:44
That, much as the gravitational pull of the Earth
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Kao što Zemljina gravitacija
02:47
slows the ascent of an apple tossed upward,
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usporava uspon jabuke bačene uvis,
02:50
the gravitational pull
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tako gravitacijska sila
02:52
of each galaxy on every other
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kojom svaka galaktika
djeluje na sve ostale
djeluje na sve ostale
02:54
must be slowing
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zacijelo usporava
02:56
the expansion of space.
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širenje svemira.
02:58
Now let's fast-forward to the 1990s
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Skoknimo sad u 1990-e,
03:01
when those two teams of astronomers
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kad su dva tima astronoma
03:03
I mentioned at the outset
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koje sam spomenuo na početku,
03:05
were inspired by this reasoning
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nadahnuta tim razmišljanjem,
03:07
to measure the rate
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izmjerila stopu
03:09
at which the expansion has been slowing.
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usporavanja širenja.
03:11
And they did this
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Učinili su to
03:13
by painstaking observations
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pomnim promatranjem
03:15
of numerous distant galaxies,
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brojnih udaljenih galaktika,
03:17
allowing them to chart
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što im je omogućilo praćenje
03:19
how the expansion rate has changed over time.
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promjena stope širenja tijekom vremena.
03:22
Here's the surprise:
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I eto iznenađenja:
03:25
They found that the expansion is not slowing down.
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otkrili su da se širenje ne usporava.
03:28
Instead they found that it's speeding up,
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Naprotiv, ono se ubrzava,
03:30
going faster and faster.
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postaje sve brže i brže.
03:32
That's like tossing an apple upward
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To je kao da bacite jabuku uvis
03:34
and it goes up faster and faster.
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i ona se sve brže uzdiže.
03:36
Now if you saw an apple do that,
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Kad biste vidjeli jabuku
koja se tako kreće,
koja se tako kreće,
03:38
you'd want to know why.
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željeli biste znati zašto.
03:40
What's pushing on it?
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Što je tjera na to?
03:42
Similarly, the astronomers' results
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Isto tako, rezultati astronomâ
03:44
are surely well-deserving of the Nobel Prize,
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svakako su zaslužili Nobelovu nagradu,
03:47
but they raised an analogous question.
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no zbog njih se postavlja
sljedeće pitanje.
sljedeće pitanje.
03:51
What force is driving all galaxies
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Zbog koje se sile sve galaktike
03:53
to rush away from every other
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međusobno udaljavaju
03:56
at an ever-quickening speed?
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sve većom brzinom?
03:59
Well the most promising answer
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Možda najbolji odgovor
04:01
comes from an old idea of Einstein's.
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nudi stara Einsteinova ideja.
04:04
You see, we are all used to gravity
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Vidite, svi smo navikli
smatrati gravitaciju
smatrati gravitaciju
04:06
being a force that does one thing,
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silom koja čini samo jedno,
04:09
pulls objects together.
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međusobno privlači stvari.
04:11
But in Einstein's theory of gravity,
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No prema Einsteinovoj
teoriji gravitacije,
teoriji gravitacije,
04:13
his general theory of relativity,
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njegovoj općoj teoriji relativnosti,
04:15
gravity can also push things apart.
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gravitacija može i razdvajati stvari.
04:18
How? Well according to Einstein's math,
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Kako? Prema Einsteinovoj matematici,
04:21
if space is uniformly filled
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ako je svemir ravnomjerno ispunjen
04:23
with an invisible energy,
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nevidljivom energijom,
04:25
sort of like a uniform, invisible mist,
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nečim nalik jednoličnoj,
nevidljivoj magli,
nevidljivoj magli,
04:28
then the gravity generated by that mist
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gravitacija koju ta magla proizvodi
04:31
would be repulsive,
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bila bi odbojna,
04:33
repulsive gravity,
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odbojna gravitacija,
04:35
which is just what we need to explain the observations.
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a upravo nam to treba
kako bismo objasnili ta zapažanja.
kako bismo objasnili ta zapažanja.
04:38
Because the repulsive gravity
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Jer zbog odbojne gravitacije
04:40
of an invisible energy in space --
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nevidljive energije u svemiru –
04:42
we now call it dark energy,
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sada je nazivamo tamnom energijom,
04:44
but I've made it smokey white here so you can see it --
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ali ovdje sam je prikazao kao bijeli dim
da biste je mogli vidjeti,
da biste je mogli vidjeti,
04:47
its repulsive gravity
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zbog te odbojne gravitacije
04:49
would cause each galaxy to push against every other,
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svaka bi se galaktika
odbijala od svih ostalih,
odbijala od svih ostalih,
04:51
driving expansion to speed up,
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ubrzavajući širenje,
04:53
not slow down.
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umjesto da ga usporava.
04:55
And this explanation
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I to objašnjenje
04:57
represents great progress.
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predstavlja velik napredak.
04:59
But I promised you a mystery
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No obećao sam vam misterij
05:02
here in part one.
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u prvom dijelu.
05:04
Here it is.
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Evo ga.
05:06
When the astronomers worked out
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Kad su astronomi izračunali
05:08
how much of this dark energy
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koliko te tamne energije
05:11
must be infusing space
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mora ispunjavati prostor
05:13
to account for the cosmic speed up,
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kako bi se širenje svemira ubrzavalo,
05:15
look at what they found.
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evo što su otkrili.
05:24
This number is small.
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To je malen broj.
05:26
Expressed in the relevant unit,
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Izražen relevantnom jedinicom
05:28
it is spectacularly small.
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on je nevjerojatno malen.
05:30
And the mystery is to explain this peculiar number.
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Misterij je kako objasniti taj čudni broj.
05:33
We want this number
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Želimo do tog broja
05:35
to emerge from the laws of physics,
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doći s pomoću zakonâ fizike,
05:37
but so far no one has found a way to do that.
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no nitko dosad nije otkrio kako.
05:40
Now you might wonder,
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Možda se pitate
05:43
should you care?
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je li to zapravo bitno.
05:45
Maybe explaining this number
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Možda je objašnjavanje tog broja
05:47
is just a technical issue,
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samo tehničko pitanje,
05:49
a technical detail of interest to experts,
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tehnički detalj zanimljiv stručnjacima,
05:52
but of no relevance to anybody else.
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ali nebitan svima ostalima.
05:54
Well it surely is a technical detail,
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To svakako jest tehnički detalj,
05:57
but some details really matter.
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no neki su detalji zaista važni.
05:59
Some details provide
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Neki detalji pružaju
06:01
windows into uncharted realms of reality,
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uvid u neistražena područja stvarnosti
06:03
and this peculiar number may be doing just that,
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i taj čudni broj možda čini upravo to
06:06
as the only approach that's so far made headway to explain it
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jer jedini pristup kojim se to
dosad donekle objasnilo
dosad donekle objasnilo
06:09
invokes the possibility of other universes --
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uključuje mogućnost
postojanja drugih svemira –
postojanja drugih svemira –
06:12
an idea that naturally emerges from string theory,
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ideja koja prirodno proizlazi
iz teorije struna,
iz teorije struna,
06:15
which takes me to part two: string theory.
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što me vodi do drugog dijela:
teorije struna.
teorije struna.
06:18
So hold the mystery of the dark energy
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Stoga sačuvajte misterij tamne energije
06:22
in the back of your mind
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negdje u krajičku uma
06:24
as I now go on to tell you
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dok vam budem govorio
06:26
three key things about string theory.
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o tri ključne stvari u teoriji struna.
06:29
First off, what is it?
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Prvo, što je to?
06:31
Well it's an approach to realize Einstein's dream
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To je pristup kojim se ostvaruje
Einsteinov san
Einsteinov san
06:34
of a unified theory of physics,
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o jedinstvenoj teoriji fizike,
06:37
a single overarching framework
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jednom jedinom sveobuhvatnom okviru
06:39
that would be able to describe
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kojim bi se mogle opisati
06:41
all the forces at work in the universe.
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sve sile koje djeluju u svemiru.
06:43
And the central idea of string theory
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Središnja ideja teorije struna
06:45
is quite straightforward.
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prilično je jednostavna.
06:47
It says that if you examine
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Ona kaže da, ako detaljno istražujete
06:49
any piece of matter ever more finely,
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bilo koji djelić materije,
06:51
at first you'll find molecules
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prvo ćete pronaći molekule,
06:53
and then you'll find atoms and subatomic particles.
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a zatim atome i subatomske čestice.
06:56
But the theory says that if you could probe smaller,
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No kad biste mogli doprijeti
do još sitnijih detalja,
do još sitnijih detalja,
06:58
much smaller than we can with existing technology,
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sitnijih nego što je moguće
postojećom tehnologijom,
postojećom tehnologijom,
07:01
you'd find something else inside these particles --
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pronašli biste još nešto
unutar tih čestica –
unutar tih čestica –
07:04
a little tiny vibrating filament of energy,
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sićušnu vibrirajuću nit energije,
07:07
a little tiny vibrating string.
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sićušnu vibrirajuću strunu.
07:10
And just like the strings on a violin,
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I baš kao što strune na violini
07:12
they can vibrate in different patterns
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mogu vibrirati po različitim obrascima
07:14
producing different musical notes.
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stvarajući različite glazbene note,
07:16
These little fundamental strings,
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te male temeljne strune
07:18
when they vibrate in different patterns,
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vibrirajući po različitim obrascima
07:20
they produce different kinds of particles --
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stvaraju različite vrste čestica.
07:22
so electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons,
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Elektroni, kvarkovi, neutrini, fotoni
07:24
all other particles
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i sve ostale čestice
07:26
would be united into a single framework,
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tako bi bili ujedinjeni u jednom okviru
07:28
as they would all arise from vibrating strings.
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jer svi oni nastaju vibracijom struna.
07:31
It's a compelling picture,
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Fascinantna je to slika,
07:34
a kind of cosmic symphony,
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kao neka kozmička simfonija
07:36
where all the richness
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u kojoj sve bogatstvo
07:38
that we see in the world around us
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koje vidimo u svijetu oko nas
07:40
emerges from the music
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nastaje glazbom
07:42
that these little, tiny strings can play.
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koju mogu svirati te sićušne strune.
07:45
But there's a cost
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No postoji cijena
07:47
to this elegant unification,
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tog elegantnog ujedinjenja.
07:49
because years of research
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Višegodišnja istraživanja
07:51
have shown that the math of string theory doesn't quite work.
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pokazala su da matematika teorije struna
ne funkcionira baš u potpunosti.
ne funkcionira baš u potpunosti.
07:54
It has internal inconsistencies,
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Postoje unutarnje nedosljednosti,
07:56
unless we allow
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osim ako uzmemo u obzir
07:58
for something wholly unfamiliar --
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mogućnost postojanja
nečeg posve nepoznatog –
nečeg posve nepoznatog –
08:01
extra dimensions of space.
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dodatne dimenzije prostora.
08:04
That is, we all know about the usual three dimensions of space.
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Svi znamo za tri standardne
dimenzije prostora.
dimenzije prostora.
08:07
And you can think about those
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Možete o njima razmišljati
08:09
as height, width and depth.
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kao o visini, širini i dubini.
08:12
But string theory says that, on fantastically small scales,
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No prema teoriji struna,
u iznimno malom mjerilu
u iznimno malom mjerilu
08:15
there are additional dimensions
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postoje dodatne dimenzije,
08:17
crumpled to a tiny size so small
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toliko sitne,
08:19
that we have not detected them.
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da ih nismo otkrili.
08:21
But even though the dimensions are hidden,
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Ali iako su te dimenzije skrivene,
08:23
they would have an impact on things that we can observe
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utjecale bi na stvari
koje možemo promatrati
koje možemo promatrati
08:26
because the shape of the extra dimensions
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jer oblik dodatnih dimenzija
08:29
constrains how the strings can vibrate.
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ograničava vibriranje struna.
08:32
And in string theory,
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A u teoriji struna
08:34
vibration determines everything.
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vibracija određuje sve.
08:37
So particle masses, the strengths of forces,
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Tako bi masu čestica, snagu sila
08:39
and most importantly, the amount of dark energy
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i, najvažnije, količinu tamne energije
08:42
would be determined
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određivao
08:44
by the shape of the extra dimensions.
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oblik dodatnih dimenzija.
08:46
So if we knew the shape of the extra dimensions,
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Dakle, kad bismo znali
oblik dodatnih dimenzija,
oblik dodatnih dimenzija,
08:49
we should be able to calculate these features,
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mogli bismo izračunati ta svojstva,
08:52
calculate the amount of dark energy.
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izračunati količinu tamne energije.
08:55
The challenge
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Izazov je
08:57
is we don't know
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u tome što ne znamo
08:59
the shape of the extra dimensions.
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oblik dodatnih dimenzija.
09:02
All we have
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Sve što imamo
09:04
is a list of candidate shapes
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jest popis mogućih oblika
09:06
allowed by the math.
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koje dopušta matematika.
09:09
Now when these ideas were first developed,
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Kad su te ideje prvi put formulirane,
09:11
there were only about five different candidate shapes,
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bilo je samo oko pet različitih oblika
09:13
so you can imagine
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pa možete zamisliti
09:15
analyzing them one-by-one
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kako je svaki pojedini analiziran
09:17
to determine if any yield
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da bi se utvrdilo daje li ijedan
09:19
the physical features we observe.
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fizičke osobine koje opažamo.
09:21
But over time the list grew
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No s vremenom je popis rastao
jer su istraživači otkrili
još mogućih oblika.
još mogućih oblika.
09:23
as researchers found other candidate shapes.
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09:25
From five, the number grew into the hundreds and then the thousands --
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S pet broj je porastao
na stotine i zatim tisuće –
na stotine i zatim tisuće –
09:28
A large, but still manageable, collection to analyze,
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što jest velik skup, ali ga je
ipak moguće analizirati
ipak moguće analizirati
09:31
since after all,
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jer naposljetku
09:33
graduate students need something to do.
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i postdiplomci moraju nešto raditi.
09:36
But then the list continued to grow
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A onda je popis nastavio rasti
09:38
into the millions and the billions, until today.
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i danas obuhvaća
milijune i milijarde oblika.
milijune i milijarde oblika.
09:41
The list of candidate shapes
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Popis mogućih oblika
09:43
has soared to about 10 to the 500.
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popeo se na 10 na 500. potenciju.
09:48
So, what to do?
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I što sad?
09:51
Well some researchers lost heart,
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Neki su se istraživači obeshrabrili,
09:54
concluding that was so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions,
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zaključivši da s toliko mogućih oblika
dodatnih dimenzija,
dodatnih dimenzija,
09:57
each giving rise to different physical features,
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od kojih svaki uzrokuje
različite fizičke osobine,
različite fizičke osobine,
10:00
string theory would never make
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teorija struna nikad neće ponuditi
10:02
definitive, testable predictions.
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konačna predviđanja
koja se mogu testirati.
koja se mogu testirati.
10:04
But others turned this issue on its head,
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No drugi su okrenuli
taj problem naglavačke
taj problem naglavačke
10:08
taking us to the possibility of a multiverse.
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i uveli mogućnost multisvemira.
10:10
Here's the idea.
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Ovo je njihova ideja.
10:12
Maybe each of these shapes is on an equal footing with every other.
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Možda je svaki od tih oblika
ravnopravan svim ostalima.
ravnopravan svim ostalima.
10:15
Each is as real as every other,
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Svaki je jednako stvaran,
10:17
in the sense
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odnosno
10:19
that there are many universes,
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postoje mnogi svemiri,
10:21
each with a different shape, for the extra dimensions.
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svaki različita oblika,
za dodatne dimenzije.
za dodatne dimenzije.
10:24
And this radical proposal
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Taj radikalni prijedlog
10:26
has a profound impact on this mystery:
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duboko utječe na ovaj misterij:
10:29
the amount of dark energy revealed by the Nobel Prize-winning results.
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količinu tamne energije iz rezultata
nagrađenih Nobelovom nagradom.
nagrađenih Nobelovom nagradom.
10:32
Because you see,
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Jer vidite,
10:34
if there are other universes,
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ako postoje drugi svemiri
10:37
and if those universes
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i ako svaki od njih
10:39
each have, say, a different shape for the extra dimensions,
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ima različit oblik za dodatne dimenzije,
10:43
then the physical features of each universe will be different,
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onda će fizičke osobine
svakog svemira biti različite,
svakog svemira biti različite,
10:45
and in particular,
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a posebice će
10:47
the amount of dark energy in each universe
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količina tamne energije u svakom svemiru
10:49
will be different.
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biti različita.
10:51
Which means that the mystery
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Što znači da bi misterij objašnjenja
10:53
of explaining the amount of dark energy we've now measured
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količine izmjerene tamne energije
10:55
would take on a wholly different character.
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bio posve drukčije naravi.
10:58
In this context,
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U tom kontekstu
11:00
the laws of physics can't explain one number for the dark energy
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zakoni fizike ne mogu odrediti
jedan broj za tamnu energiju
jedan broj za tamnu energiju
11:03
because there isn't just one number,
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jer ne postoji samo jedan broj,
11:06
there are many numbers.
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postoji mnogo brojeva.
11:08
Which means
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Što znači
11:10
we have been asking the wrong question.
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da smo postavljali pogrešno pitanje.
11:13
It's that the right question to ask is,
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Pravo pitanje koje treba postaviti jest
11:15
why do we humans find ourselves in a universe
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zašto se mi ljudi nalazimo u svemiru
11:18
with a particular amount of dark energy we've measured
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s određenom količinom tamne energije
koju smo izmjerili
koju smo izmjerili
11:21
instead of any of the other possibilities
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umjesto u nekom s
bilo kojom drugom mogućom
bilo kojom drugom mogućom
11:24
that are out there?
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količinom?
11:26
And that's a question on which we can make headway.
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To je pitanje od kojeg
možemo krenuti naprijed.
možemo krenuti naprijed.
11:29
Because those universes
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Jer u onim svemirima
11:31
that have much more dark energy than ours,
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s mnogo više tamne energije od našega,
11:33
whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies,
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kad god se tvar pokuša
grupirati u galaktike,
grupirati u galaktike,
11:36
the repulsive push of the dark energy is so strong
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odbojna sila tamne energije tako je snažna
11:39
that it blows the clump apart
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da razbija tu grupaciju,
11:41
and galaxies don't form.
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pa se galaktike ne formiraju.
11:43
And in those universes that have much less dark energy,
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A oni svemiri koji imaju
mnogo manje tamne energije
mnogo manje tamne energije
11:46
well they collapse back on themselves so quickly
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urušavaju se sami u sebe tako brzo
11:48
that, again, galaxies don't form.
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da se opet galaktike ne formiraju.
11:51
And without galaxies, there are no stars, no planets
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Bez galaktika nema zvijezda, nema planeta
11:54
and no chance
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i nema šanse
11:56
for our form of life
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da naš oblik života
11:58
to exist in those other universes.
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opstane u tim drugim svemirima.
12:00
So we find ourselves in a universe
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Dakle, nalazimo se u svemiru
12:02
with the particular amount of dark energy we've measured
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s određenom količinom tamne energije
koju smo izmjerili
koju smo izmjerili
12:05
simply because our universe has conditions
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jednostavno zato što on ima uvjete
12:08
hospitable to our form of life.
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pogodne za naš oblik života.
12:12
And that would be that.
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I to bi bilo to.
12:14
Mystery solved,
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Misterij riješen,
12:16
multiverse found.
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multisvemir pronađen.
12:18
Now some find this explanation unsatisfying.
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Neki nisu zadovoljni tim objašnjenjem.
12:23
We're used to physics
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Naviknuli smo da nam fizika
12:25
giving us definitive explanations for the features we observe.
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daje konačna objašnjenja
zapaženih svojstava.
zapaženih svojstava.
12:28
But the point is,
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No poanta je u tome da,
12:30
if the feature you're observing
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ako svojstvo koje zapažate
12:33
can and does take on
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može imati i ima
12:35
a wide variety of different values
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niz različitih vrijednosti
12:37
across the wider landscape of reality,
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u širem rasponu stvarnosti,
12:40
then thinking one explanation
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onda je ideja jednog objašnjenja
12:42
for a particular value
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određene vrijednosti
12:44
is simply misguided.
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jednostavno zabluda.
12:47
An early example
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Rani primjer
12:49
comes from the great astronomer Johannes Kepler
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potječe od velikog astronoma
Johannesa Keplera,
Johannesa Keplera,
12:52
who was obsessed with understanding
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koji je opsesivno pokušavao shvatiti
12:54
a different number --
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jedan drugi broj –
12:56
why the Sun is 93 million miles away from the Earth.
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zašto je Sunce udaljeno
150 milijuna km od Zemlje.
150 milijuna km od Zemlje.
13:00
And he worked for decades trying to explain this number,
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Desetljećima je pokušavao
objasniti taj broj,
objasniti taj broj,
13:03
but he never succeeded, and we know why.
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ali nije uspio i danas znamo zašto.
13:06
Kepler was asking
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Kepler je postavljao
13:08
the wrong question.
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pogrešno pitanje.
13:10
We now know that there are many planets
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Sada znamo da postoje mnogi planeti
13:13
at a wide variety of different distances from their host stars.
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na različitim udaljenostima
od svojih matičnih zvijezda.
od svojih matičnih zvijezda.
13:16
So hoping that the laws of physics
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Stoga je nada da će zakoni fizike
13:19
will explain one particular number, 93 million miles,
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objasniti jedan određeni broj,
150 milijuna km,
150 milijuna km,
13:22
well that is simply wrongheaded.
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jednostavno pogrešna.
13:25
Instead the right question to ask is,
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Umjesto toga, pravo je pitanje
13:27
why do we humans find ourselves on a planet
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zašto se mi ljudi nalazimo na planetu
13:30
at this particular distance,
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koji je na toj određenoj udaljenosti,
13:32
instead of any of the other possibilities?
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a ne na nekoj od
drugih mogućih udaljenosti.
drugih mogućih udaljenosti.
13:35
And again, that's a question we can answer.
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I opet, to je pitanje
na koje možemo odgovoriti.
na koje možemo odgovoriti.
13:38
Those planets which are much closer to a star like the Sun
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Oni planeti koji su mnogo bliže
zvijezdi poput Sunca
zvijezdi poput Sunca
13:41
would be so hot
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bili bi prevrući
13:43
that our form of life wouldn't exist.
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za opstanak našeg oblika života.
13:45
And those planets that are much farther away from the star,
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A planeti koji su mnogo dalje
od takve zvijezde,
od takve zvijezde,
13:48
well they're so cold
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tako su hladni
13:50
that, again, our form of life would not take hold.
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da se, opet, naš oblik života
ne bi mogao održati.
ne bi mogao održati.
13:52
So we find ourselves
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Tako da se nalazimo
13:54
on a planet at this particular distance
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na planetu na toj određenoj udaljenosti
13:56
simply because it yields conditions
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jednostavno zato što on osigurava uvjete
13:58
vital to our form of life.
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ključne za naš oblik života.
14:01
And when it comes to planets and their distances,
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I kad je riječ o planetima
i njihovoj udaljenosti,
i njihovoj udaljenosti,
14:04
this clearly is the right kind of reasoning.
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to je očito ispravan način razmišljanja.
14:08
The point is,
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Poanta je u tome da,
14:10
when it comes to universes and the dark energy that they contain,
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kad je riječ o svemirima i
tamnoj energiji koju sadržavaju,
tamnoj energiji koju sadržavaju,
14:13
it may also be the right kind of reasoning.
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to također može biti
ispravan način razmišljanja.
ispravan način razmišljanja.
14:17
One key difference, of course,
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Jedna ključna razlika, naravno,
14:20
is we know that there are other planets out there,
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jest to što znamo da
postoje drugi planeti,
postoje drugi planeti,
14:22
but so far I've only speculated on the possibility
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no dosad sam samo nagađao o mogućnosti
14:25
that there might be other universes.
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postojanja drugih svemira.
14:27
So to pull it all together,
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Dakle, da sve povežemo,
14:29
we need a mechanism
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potreban nam je mehanizam
14:31
that can actually generate other universes.
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koji doista stvara druge svemire.
14:34
And that takes me to my final part, part three.
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To me dovodi do
mog završnog, trećeg dijela.
mog završnog, trećeg dijela.
14:37
Because such a mechanism has been found
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Jer takav su mehanizam pronašli
14:40
by cosmologists trying to understand the Big Bang.
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kozmolozi koji pokušavaju
shvatiti Veliki prasak.
shvatiti Veliki prasak.
14:43
You see, when we speak of the Big Bang,
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Vidite, kad govorimo o Velikom prasku,
14:45
we often have an image
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često zamišljamo
14:47
of a kind of cosmic explosion
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nekakvu kozmičku eksploziju
14:49
that created our universe
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koja je stvorila naš svemir
14:51
and set space rushing outward.
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i pokrenula širenje prostora prema van.
14:54
But there's a little secret.
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Ali odat ću vam malu tajnu.
14:56
The Big Bang leaves out something pretty important,
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Teorija Velikog praska
izostavlja nešto vrlo važno,
izostavlja nešto vrlo važno,
14:59
the Bang.
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prasak.
15:01
It tells us how the universe evolved after the Bang,
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Ona govori o tome kako se svemir
razvio nakon praska,
razvio nakon praska,
15:04
but gives us no insight
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ali nam ne daje uvid
15:06
into what would have powered the Bang itself.
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u ono što je pokrenulo sami prasak.
15:10
And this gap was finally filled
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Taj je nedostatak konačno otklonila
15:12
by an enhanced version of the Big Bang theory.
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poboljšana verzija teorije Velikog praska.
15:14
It's called inflationary cosmology,
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Naziva se inflatornom kozmologijom
15:17
which identified a particular kind of fuel
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i utvrdila je posebnu vrstu goriva
15:21
that would naturally generate
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koje bi prirodno proizvelo
15:23
an outward rush of space.
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širenje prostora prema van.
15:25
The fuel is based on something called a quantum field,
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Gorivo se zasniva na tzv. kvantnom polju,
15:28
but the only detail that matters for us
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no jedini nama bitni detalj
15:31
is that this fuel proves to be so efficient
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jest to da je ono toliko učinkovito
15:34
that it's virtually impossible
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da ga je praktički nemoguće
15:36
to use it all up,
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potrošiti,
15:38
which means in the inflationary theory,
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što znači da prema inflatornoj teoriji
15:40
the Big Bang giving rise to our universe
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Veliki prasak, koji je stvorio naš svemir,
15:43
is likely not a one-time event.
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vjerojatno nije jednokratan događaj.
15:46
Instead the fuel not only generated our Big Bang,
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To bi značilo da gorivo nije proizvelo
samo naš Veliki prasak,
samo naš Veliki prasak,
15:49
but it would also generate countless other Big Bangs,
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već i nebrojene druge velike praskove,
15:55
each giving rise to its own separate universe
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od kojih je svaki možda
stvorio svoj zaseban svemir,
stvorio svoj zaseban svemir,
15:58
with our universe becoming but one bubble
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što bi naš svemir činilo samo mjehurićem
16:00
in a grand cosmic bubble bath of universes.
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u velikoj kozmičkoj
pjenušavoj kupki svemirâ.
pjenušavoj kupki svemirâ.
16:03
And now, when we meld this with string theory,
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Konačno, kad to povežemo
s teorijom struna,
s teorijom struna,
16:05
here's the picture we're led to.
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evo slike do koje dolazimo.
16:07
Each of these universes has extra dimensions.
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Svaki od tih svemira
ima dodatne dimenzije.
ima dodatne dimenzije.
16:09
The extra dimensions take on a wide variety of different shapes.
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Dodatne dimenzije poprimaju
niz različitih oblika.
niz različitih oblika.
16:12
The different shapes yield different physical features.
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Različiti oblici daju
različita fizička svojstva.
različita fizička svojstva.
16:15
And we find ourselves in one universe instead of another
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I mi se nađemo u jednom svemiru
umjesto u nekom drugom
umjesto u nekom drugom
16:18
simply because it's only in our universe
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jednostavno zato što su
samo u našem svemiru
samo u našem svemiru
fizička svojstva, kao što je
količina tamne energije,
količina tamne energije,
16:21
that the physical features, like the amount of dark energy,
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pogodna za razvoj našeg oblika života.
16:24
are right for our form of life to take hold.
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To je fascinantna,
ali vrlo kontroverzna slika
ali vrlo kontroverzna slika
16:28
And this is the compelling but highly controversial picture
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16:31
of the wider cosmos
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širega kozmosa
koju su nas najnovija zapažanja i teorije
16:33
that cutting-edge observation and theory
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16:35
have now led us to seriously consider.
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naveli da ozbiljno razmotrimo.
Naravno, preostaje veliko pitanje:
16:39
One big remaining question, of course, is,
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bismo li ikad mogli potvrditi
16:43
could we ever confirm
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postojanje drugih svemira?
16:46
the existence of other universes?
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16:49
Well let me describe
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Pa, opisat ću
jedan način na koji bi se
to moglo dogoditi.
to moglo dogoditi.
16:51
one way that might one day happen.
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Inflatornu teoriju
16:54
The inflationary theory
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već podržavaju zapažanja.
16:56
already has strong observational support.
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16:58
Because the theory predicts
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Jer ta teorija predviđa
da bi Veliki prasak bio tako snažan
17:00
that the Big Bang would have been so intense
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17:02
that as space rapidly expanded,
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da su se, dok se svemir brzo širio,
sićušni kvantni titraji iz mikrosvijeta
17:05
tiny quantum jitters from the micro world
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17:07
would have been stretched out to the macro world,
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protegnuli u makrosvijet
17:10
yielding a distinctive fingerprint,
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stvarajući jasan otisak,
uzorak neznatno toplijih i
neznatno hladnijih točaka
neznatno hladnijih točaka
17:13
a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots,
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17:15
across space,
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širom svemira,
17:17
which powerful telescopes have now observed.
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koji su sada zapazili snažni teleskopi.
17:20
Going further, if there are other universes,
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Nadalje, ako postoje drugi svemiri,
17:23
the theory predicts that every so often
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ta teorija predviđa da se povremeno
17:25
those universes can collide.
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oni mogu sudariti.
17:27
And if our universe got hit by another,
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I ako bi drugi svemir udario ovaj naš,
17:29
that collision
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taj bi sudar
17:31
would generate an additional subtle pattern
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stvorio dodatan suptilni uzorak
17:33
of temperature variations across space
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temperaturnih varijacija širom svemira,
17:35
that we might one day
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koje bismo jednog dana
17:37
be able to detect.
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mogli otkriti.
17:39
And so exotic as this picture is,
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I ma koliko ta slika bila egzotična,
17:42
it may one day be grounded
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jednog bi dana mogla biti utemeljena
17:44
in observations,
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na zapažanjima,
17:46
establishing the existence of other universes.
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utvrđujući postojanje drugih svemira.
17:49
I'll conclude
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Završit ću
fascinantnim mogućim posljedicama
17:51
with a striking implication
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17:54
of all these ideas
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koje bi sve te ideje
mogle imati u vrlo dalekoj budućnosti.
17:56
for the very far future.
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Vidite, naučili smo
17:58
You see, we learned
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da naš svemir nije statičan,
18:00
that our universe is not static,
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18:02
that space is expanding,
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da se svemir širi,
da se to širenje ubrzava
18:04
that that expansion is speeding up
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i da možda postoje drugi svemiri,
18:06
and that there might be other universes
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18:08
all by carefully examining
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i sve to samo pomnim ispitivanjem
18:10
faint pinpoints of starlight
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blijedih točkica zvjezdane svjetlosti
18:12
coming to us from distant galaxies.
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koja do nas stiže iz udaljenih galaktika.
No budući da se širenje ubrzava,
18:15
But because the expansion is speeding up,
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18:18
in the very far future,
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u vrlo dalekoj budućnosti
18:20
those galaxies will rush away so far and so fast
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te će se galaktike udaljiti
tako daleko i tako brzo
tako daleko i tako brzo
18:23
that we won't be able to see them --
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da ih nećemo moći vidjeti –
ne zbog tehnoloških ograničenja,
18:26
not because of technological limitations,
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18:28
but because of the laws of physics.
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već zbog zakonâ fizike.
18:30
The light those galaxies emit,
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Svjetlost koju te galaktike emitiraju,
18:32
even traveling at the fastest speed, the speed of light,
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čak ni putujući najbržom brzinom,
brzinom svjetlosti,
brzinom svjetlosti,
18:35
will not be able to overcome
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neće moći premostiti
18:37
the ever-widening gulf between us.
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sve veći jaz između nas.
Stoga će astronomi u dalekoj budućnosti,
18:40
So astronomers in the far future
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kad budu gledali u duboki svemir,
18:42
looking out into deep space
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vidjeti samo beskonačno prostranstvo
18:44
will see nothing but an endless stretch
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18:47
of static, inky, black stillness.
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statične, crne tišine.
18:51
And they will conclude
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I zaključit će
18:53
that the universe is static and unchanging
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da je svemir statičan i nepromjenjiv
18:55
and populated by a single central oasis of matter
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te da ga čini jedna
središnja oaza materije,
središnja oaza materije,
18:58
that they inhabit --
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koju oni nastanjuju –
19:00
a picture of the cosmos
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slika kozmosa
za koju definitivno znamo da je pogrešna.
19:02
that we definitively know to be wrong.
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19:05
Now maybe those future astronomers will have records
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Možda će ti budući astronomi
raspolagati podacima
raspolagati podacima
19:08
handed down from an earlier era,
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iz ranijeg doba,
19:10
like ours,
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kao što je naše,
koji dokazuju postojanje
svemira koji se širi
svemira koji se širi
19:12
attesting to an expanding cosmos
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19:14
teeming with galaxies.
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i obiluje galaktikama.
19:16
But would those future astronomers
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No hoće li ti budući astronomi
19:18
believe such ancient knowledge?
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vjerovati takvom drevnom znanju?
19:21
Or would they believe
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Ili će radije vjerovati
u crni, statični prazni svemir
19:23
in the black, static empty universe
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19:26
that their own state-of-the-art observations reveal?
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koji pokazuju njihova suvremena zapažanja?
Nagađam da će se dogoditi to drugo.
19:30
I suspect the latter.
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Što znači da živimo
19:32
Which means that we are living
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19:34
through a remarkably privileged era
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u iznimno privilegiranom vremenu,
kad su neke suštinske istine o kozmosu
19:37
when certain deep truths about the cosmos
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19:39
are still within reach
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još uvijek nadohvat
19:41
of the human spirit of exploration.
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ljudskog istraživačkog duha.
19:43
It appears that it may not always be that way.
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Čini se da možda neće uvijek biti tako.
19:48
Because today's astronomers,
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Jer današnji su astronomi,
usmjeravanjem snažnih teleskopa
prema nebu,
prema nebu,
19:50
by turning powerful telescopes to the sky,
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zapazili nekolicinu
vrlo informativnih fotona –
vrlo informativnih fotona –
19:53
have captured a handful of starkly informative photons --
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19:56
a kind of cosmic telegram
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svojevrsni kozmički telegram
koji putuje milijarde godina.
19:59
billions of years in transit.
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Poruka koja odzvanja
kroz vjekove jasna je.
kroz vjekove jasna je.
20:01
and the message echoing across the ages is clear.
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Ponekad priroda čuva svoje tajne
20:05
Sometimes nature guards her secrets
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20:08
with the unbreakable grip
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čvrstim stiskom
20:10
of physical law.
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fizičkog zakona.
Ponekad nas prava
priroda stvarnosti doziva
priroda stvarnosti doziva
20:12
Sometimes the true nature of reality beckons
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odmah iza obzora.
20:16
from just beyond the horizon.
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20:19
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
20:21
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
20:25
Chris Anderson: Brian, thank you.
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Chris Anderson: Briane, hvala ti.
20:27
The range of ideas you've just spoken about
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Raspon ideja o kojima si upravo govorio
20:29
are dizzying, exhilarating, incredible.
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vrtoglav je, uzbudljiv i nevjerojatan.
20:32
How do you think
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Gdje misliš da se
20:34
of where cosmology is now,
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kozmologija sada nalazi
20:36
in a sort of historical side?
493
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s povijesnog aspekta?
20:38
Are we in the middle of something unusual historically in your opinion?
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Jesmo li, prema tvojem mišljenju,
usred nečega povijesno neobičnog?
usred nečega povijesno neobičnog?
20:41
BG: Well it's hard to say.
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B. G.: Teško je reći.
20:43
When we learn that astronomers of the far future
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Kad pomislimo da astronomi
u dalekoj budućnosti
u dalekoj budućnosti
možda neće imati dovoljno
informacija da shvate neke stvari,
informacija da shvate neke stvari,
20:46
may not have enough information to figure things out,
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prirodno se zapitati,
što ako smo mi već u tom položaju
što ako smo mi već u tom položaju
20:49
the natural question is, maybe we're already in that position
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20:52
and certain deep, critical features of the universe
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i neka bitna, ključna svojstva svemira
20:55
already have escaped our ability to understand
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već smo propustili shvatiti
20:58
because of how cosmology evolves.
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zbog načina na koji se
kozmologija razvija.
kozmologija razvija.
21:00
So from that perspective,
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Iz te perspektive,
21:02
maybe we will always be asking questions
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možda ćemo uvijek postavljati pitanja
21:04
and never be able to fully answer them.
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na koja nikad nećemo moći
u potpunosti odgovoriti.
u potpunosti odgovoriti.
21:06
On the other hand, we now can understand
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S druge strane, danas shvaćamo
21:08
how old the universe is.
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koliko je svemir star.
21:10
We can understand
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Možemo razumjeti kako shvatiti podatke
21:12
how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation
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koje pruža mikrovalno pozadinsko zračenje
21:15
that was set down 13.72 billion years ago --
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koje je nastalo prije
13,72 milijarde godina –
13,72 milijarde godina –
21:18
and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look
510
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a današnjim izračunima
možemo predvidjeti kako će izgledati
možemo predvidjeti kako će izgledati
21:20
and it matches.
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i sve se poklapa.
21:22
Holy cow! That's just amazing.
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Zamislite to! To je stvarno nevjerojatno.
S jedne strane, nevjerojatno je
dokle smo stigli,
dokle smo stigli,
21:24
So on the one hand, it's just incredible where we've gotten,
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21:27
but who knows what sort of blocks we may find in the future.
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no, tko zna na kakve prepreke
možemo naići u budućnosti.
možemo naići u budućnosti.
21:31
CA: You're going to be around for the next few days.
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C. A.: Bit ćeš tu sljedećih nekoliko dana.
21:34
Maybe some of these conversations can continue.
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Možda se neki od ovih razgovora
mogu nastaviti.
mogu nastaviti.
21:36
Thank you. Thank you, Brian. (BG: My pleasure.)
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Hvala ti. Hvala ti, Briane.
(B. G.: Bilo mi je zadovoljstvo.)
(B. G.: Bilo mi je zadovoljstvo.)
21:38
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Greene - PhysicistBrian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe.
Why you should listen
Greene, a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, has focused on unified theories for more than 25 years, and has written several best-selling and non-technical books on the subject including The Elegant Universe, a Pulitzer finalist, and The Fabric of the Cosmos — each of which has been adapted into a NOVA mini-series. His latest book, The Hidden Reality, explores the possibility that our universe is not the only universe.
Greene believes science must be brought to general audiences in new and compelling ways, such as his live stage odyssey, Icarus at the Edge of Time, with original orchestral score by Philip Glass, and the annual World Science Festival, which he co-founded in 2008 with journalist Tracy Day.
Brian Greene | Speaker | TED.com