TEDGlobal 2010
Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence
Stefano Mancuso: Porijeklo inteligencije biljaka
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Biljke se ponašaju na neke neobično inteligentne načine: bore se protiv grabežljivaca, povećavaju prilike za prehranu...Ali možemo li smatrati da one zapravo imaju svoj vlastiti oblik inteligencije? Talijanski botaničar Stefano Mancuso predstavlja intrigantan dokaz.
Stefano Mancuso - Plant neurobiologist
Stefano Mancuso is a founder of the study of plant neurobiology, which explores signaling and communication at all levels of biological organization, from genetics to molecules, cells and ecological communities. Full bio
Stefano Mancuso is a founder of the study of plant neurobiology, which explores signaling and communication at all levels of biological organization, from genetics to molecules, cells and ecological communities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Sometimes I go browsing
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Ponekad idem prelistavati
00:18
[through] a very old magazine.
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jako stari časopis.
00:20
I found this observation test
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Našao sam ovaj test opažanja
00:23
about the story of the ark.
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o priči o arci.
00:26
And the artist that drew this observation test
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Umjetnik koji je naslikao taj test opažanja
00:29
did some errors, had some mistakes --
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napravio je neke pogreške.
00:31
there are more or less 12 mistakes.
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Ima više manje 12 grešaka.
00:33
Some of them are very easy.
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Neke od njih su vrlo lake.
00:35
There is a funnel, an aerial part,
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Tu je dimnjak, dio antene,
00:38
a lamp and clockwork key on the ark.
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lampa i satni mehanizam na arci.
00:40
Some of them are about the animals, the number.
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Neke od njih su u vezi životinja, njihovog broja.
00:43
But there is a much more fundamental mistake
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Ali postoji puno bitnija greška
00:46
in the overall story of the ark
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u cjelokupnoj priči o arci
00:49
that's not reported here.
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koja ovdje nije navedena.
00:51
And this problem is: where are the plants?
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A taj problem glasi: gdje su biljke?
00:54
So now we have God
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Tako da imamo Boga
00:56
that is going to submerge Earth permanently
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koji će potopiti Zemlju trajno
00:59
or at least for a very long period,
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ili barem na vrlo dugo vrijeme,
01:02
and no one is taking care of plants.
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a nitko se ne brine o biljkama.
01:05
Noah needed to take two of every kind of bird,
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Noa je trebao uzeti par od svake vrste ptica,
01:07
of every kind of animal,
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svake vrste životinja,
01:09
of every kind of creature that moves,
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svake vrste stvorenja koje se kreće,
01:11
but no mention about plants.
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ali ni spomena o biljkama.
01:14
Why?
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Zašto?
01:16
In another part of the same story,
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U drugom dijelu iste priče
01:18
all the living creatures
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sva živa bića
01:20
are just the living creatures
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su samo živa bića
01:22
that came out from the ark,
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koja su izašla iz arke,
01:24
so birds, livestock and wild animals.
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dakle, ptice, domaće i divlje životinje.
01:27
Plants are not living creatures --
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Biljke nisu živa bića.
01:29
this is the point.
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U tom je poanta.
01:31
That is a point that is not
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To je poanta koja
01:33
coming out from the Bible,
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ne proizlazi iz Biblije,
01:35
but it's something that
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ali to je nešto što
01:37
really accompanied humanity.
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je uvijek pratilo čovječanstvo.
01:40
Let's have a look at this nice code
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Pogledajmo ovaj krasan kodeks
01:43
that is coming from a Renaissance book.
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koji dolazi iz renesansne knjige.
01:46
Here we have the description
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Ovdje imamo opis
01:48
of the order of nature.
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poretka u prirodi.
01:50
It's a nice description because it's starting from left --
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To je lijepi opis jer počinje s lijeva --
01:53
you have the stones --
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imate kamenje --
01:55
immediately after the stones, the plants
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odmah nakon kamenja, biljke
01:57
that are just able to live.
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koje su sposobne samo živjeti.
02:00
We have the animals that are able to live and to sense,
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Imamo životinje koje su sposobne živjeti i osjećati,
02:03
and on the top of the pyramid,
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a na vrhu piramide
02:05
there is the man.
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je čovjek.
02:07
This is not the common man.
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To nije običan čovjek.
02:09
The "Homo studiosus" -- the studying man.
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To je "Homo studiosus" -- čovjek koji uči.
02:12
This is quite comforting
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Prilično je utješno
02:15
for people like me -- I'm a professor --
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za ljude poput mene -- ja sam profesor --
02:18
this to be over there on the top of creation.
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da to bude tamo na vrhu kreacije.
02:21
But it's something completely wrong.
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Ali to je nešto potpuno pogrešno.
02:24
You know very well about professors.
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Znate jako dobro za profesore.
02:27
But it's also wrong about plants,
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Ali također je pogrešno i u vezi biljaka,
02:30
because plants are not just able to live;
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jer biljke nisu sposobne samo živjeti;
02:32
they are able to sense.
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one su sposobne osjećati.
02:34
They are much more sophisticated
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One su puno profinjenije
02:36
in sensing than animals.
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u osjećanju od životinja.
02:38
Just to give you an example,
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Samo da vam dam primjer,
02:40
every single root apex
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svaki vršak korijena
02:42
is able to detect and to monitor
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u stanju je otkriti i nadzirati,
02:45
concurrently and continuously
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istovremeno i neprestano,
02:47
at least 15 different chemical
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barem 15 različitih kemijskih
02:49
and physical parameters.
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i fizičkih čimbenika.
02:52
And they also are able to show and to exhibit
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A također su sposobni pokazati i predočiti
02:55
such a wonderful and complex behavior
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tako prekrasno i složeno ponašanje
02:58
that can be described just with the term of intelligence.
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koje se može opisati samo pojmom inteligencije.
03:01
Well, but this is something --
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Ali to je nešto --
03:04
this underestimation of plants is something
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to podcjenjivanje biljaka je nešto
03:06
that is always with us.
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što je uvijek s nama.
03:09
Let's have a look at this short movie now.
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Pogledajmo sada ovaj kratki film.
03:12
We have David Attenborough.
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Imamo David Attenborougha.
03:14
Now David Attenborough is really a plant lover;
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David Attenborough. je stvarno ljubitelj biljaka.
03:16
he did some of the most beautiful movies
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Snimio je neke od najljepših filmova
03:19
about plant behavior.
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o ponašanju biljaka.
03:21
Now, when he speaks about plants,
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Kada on govori o biljkama
03:23
everything is correct.
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sve je točno.
03:25
When he speaks about animals,
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Kada govori o životinjama
03:27
[he] tends to remove the fact
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sklon je zanemariti činjenicu
03:29
that plants exist.
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da biljke postoje.
03:31
The blue whale,
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Plavi kit,
03:33
the biggest creature that exists on the planet --
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najveće stvorenje koje postoji na planeti.
03:35
that is wrong, completely wrong.
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To je pogrešno, potpuno pogrešno.
03:38
The blue whale, it's a dwarf
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Plavi kit, on je patuljak
03:41
if compared with the real biggest creature
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u usporedbi sa stvarno najvećim stvorenjem
03:43
that exists on the planet --
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koje postoji na planeti --
03:45
that is, this wonderful,
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to je ova predivna,
03:47
magnificent Sequoiadendron giganteum.
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čarobna gigantska sekvoja (Sequoiadendron giganteum).
03:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
03:53
And this is a living organism
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To je živući organizam
03:56
that has a mass of at least 2,000 tons.
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koji ima masu od barem 2.000 tona.
03:59
Now, the story
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Priču o tome
04:01
that plants are some low-level organisms
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da su biljke nekakvi organizmi niže razine
04:04
has been formalized
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formulirao je
04:07
many times ago by Aristotle,
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davno Aristotel,
04:10
that in "De Anima" --
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koji je u knjizi "O duši" ("De Anima") --
04:12
that is a very influential book for the Western civilization --
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koja je vrlo utjecajna knjiga za zapadnu civilizaciju --
04:15
wrote that the plants are on the edge
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napisao da su biljke na granici
04:18
between living and not living.
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između življenja i ne-življenja.
04:21
They have just a kind of very low-level soul.
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Da imaju samo neku vrstu duše vrlo niske razine.
04:24
It's called the vegetative soul,
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Nazvana je vegetativnom dušom,
04:27
because they lack movement,
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jer biljkama nedostaje kretanje,
04:30
and so they don't need to sense.
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pa zato ne trebaju osjećati.
04:32
Let's see.
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Da vidimo.
04:34
Okay, some of the movements of the plants are very well-known.
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U redu, neki pokreti biljaka su vrlo dobro poznati.
04:37
This is a very fast movement.
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Ovo je vrlo brzi pokret.
04:39
This is a Dionaea, a Venus fly trap
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Ovo je biljka mesožderka (Dionaea)
04:42
hunting snails --
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u lovu na puževe.
04:44
sorry for the snail.
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Oprostite zbog puža.
04:46
This has been something that has been refused for centuries,
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Ovo je nešto što se stoljećima odbijalo
04:49
despite the evidence.
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unatoč dokazu.
04:52
No one can say that the plants were able to eat an animal,
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Nitko nije mogao reći da su biljke sposobne pojesti životinju,
04:55
because it was against the order of nature.
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jer je to protivno prirodnom poretku.
04:58
But plants are also able
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Ali biljke su također sposobne
05:00
to show a lot of movement.
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pokazati mnoge pokrete.
05:03
Some of them are very well known, like the flowering.
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Neki od njih su vrlo dobro poznati, poput cvjetanja.
05:06
It's just a question to use some techniques
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To je samo pitanje uporabe nekih tehnika
05:09
like the time lapse.
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kao što je vremenski interval.
05:11
Some of them are much more sophisticated.
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Neki od njih su puno profinjeniji.
05:14
Look at this young bean
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Pogledajte ovaj mladi grah
05:16
that is moving to catch the light every time.
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koji se kreće kako bi svaki put uhvatio svjetlost.
05:19
And it's really so graceful;
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A stvarno je tako uglađen.
05:21
it's like a dancing angel.
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Poput anđela koji pleše.
05:24
They are also able to play --
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Biljke su sposobne i igrati se.
05:27
they are really playing.
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One se zaista igraju.
05:29
These are young sunflowers,
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Ovo su mladi suncokreti,
05:32
and what they are doing
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a to što oni rade
05:34
cannot be described
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ne može se opisati
05:36
with any other terms than playing.
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nijednim drugim pojmom osim igranja.
05:38
They are training themselves,
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Oni se uvježbavaju,
05:40
as many young animals do,
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kao što to čine mnogi mladunci,
05:42
to the adult life
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za odrasli život
05:44
where they will be called to track the sun
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kada će trebati pratiti sunce
05:47
all the day.
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cijeli dan.
05:49
They are able to respond to gravity, of course,
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Biljke su, naravno, sposobne reagirati i na gravitaciju,
05:52
so the shoots are growing
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pa izdanci rastu
05:54
against the vector of gravity
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suprotno vektoru gravitacije,
05:56
and the roots toward the vector of gravity.
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a korijenje u smjeru vektora gravitacije.
05:59
But they are also able to sleep.
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One su također sposobne i spavati.
06:02
This is one, Mimosa pudica.
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Ovo je mimoza stidljivka (Mimosa pudica).
06:04
So during the night,
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Noću
06:06
they curl the leaves
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ona smota lišće
06:08
and reduce the movement,
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i smanji kretanje,
06:10
and during the day, you have the opening of the leaves --
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a danju otvara lišće --
06:12
there is much more movement.
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tu je puno više kretanja.
06:14
This is interesting
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To je zanimljivo
06:16
because this sleeping machinery,
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zato što je taj spavajući stroj
06:18
it's perfectly conserved.
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savršeno čuvan.
06:20
It's the same in plants, in insects
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Isto je sa biljkama, insektima
06:22
and in animals.
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i životinjama.
06:24
And so if you need to study this sleeping problem,
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Pa, ako trebate proučavati taj problem spavanja,
06:27
it's easy to study on plants, for example,
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lakše je proučavati biljke, na primjer,
06:30
than in animals
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nego životinje,
06:32
and it's much more easy even ethically.
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a puno je lakše, pa čak i više etički.
06:35
It's a kind of vegetarian
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To je vrsta vegetarijanskog
06:38
experimentation.
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eksperimentiranja.
06:40
Plants are even able to communicate --
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Biljke su čak sposobne komunicirati.
06:43
they are extraordinary communicators.
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One su izvanredni komunikatori.
06:45
They communicate with other plants.
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One komuniciraju sa drugim biljkama.
06:47
They are able to distinguish kin and non-kin.
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Sposobne su razlikovati srodne i nesrodne biljke.
06:50
They communicate
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One komuniciraju
06:52
with plants of other species
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sa biljkama i drugim vrstama,
06:54
and they communicate with animals
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a sa životinjama komuniciraju
06:56
by producing chemical volatiles,
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proizvodeći kemijska isparavanja,
06:59
for example, during the pollination.
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na primjer, za vrijeme oprašivanja.
07:01
Now with the pollination, it's a very serious issue for plants,
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Oprašivanje je vrlo ozbiljno pitanje za biljke,
07:04
because they move the pollen from one flower to the other,
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jer raznose pelud s jednog cvijeta na drugi,
07:07
yet they cannot move from one flower to the other.
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iako se ne mogu kretati od jednog do drugog cvijeta.
07:09
So they need a vector --
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Stoga trebaju vektor,
07:11
and this vector,
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a taj vektor
07:13
it's normally an animal.
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je obično životinja.
07:15
Many insects
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Mnoge insekte
07:17
have been used by plants as vectors
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biljke koriste kao vektore
07:20
for the transport of the pollination,
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kao transport za oprašivanje,
07:22
but not just insects; even birds, reptiles,
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ali ne samo insekte; čak i ptice, gušteri
07:25
and mammals like bats rats
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i sisavci poput šišmiša
07:28
are normally used for the transportation of the pollen.
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obično se koriste za prijenos peluda.
07:31
This is a serious business.
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To je ozbiljan posao.
07:33
We have the plants that are giving to the animals
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Imamo biljke koje životinjama daju
07:36
a kind of sweet substance --
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neku vrstu slatke tvari --
07:39
very energizing --
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vrlo energetske --
07:41
having in change this transportation of the pollen.
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u zamjenu za taj prijenos peluda.
07:44
But some plants are manipulating animals,
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Ali neke biljke manipuliraju životinjama,
07:47
like in the case of orchids
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kao što je slučaj s orhidejama
07:49
that promise sex and nectar
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koje obećavaju seks i nektar,
07:51
and give in change nothing
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a ne daju ništa u zamjenu
07:53
for the transportation of the pollen.
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za prijenos peluda.
07:56
Now, there is a big problem
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Postoji veliki problem
07:59
behind all this behavior that we have seen.
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iza svog tog ponašanja koje smo vidjeli.
08:02
How is it possible to do this without a brain?
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Kako je to moguće činiti bez mozga?
08:05
We need to wait until 1880,
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Trebamo čekati do 1880. godine,
08:08
when this big man,
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kada je taj veliki čovjek,
08:10
Charles Darwin,
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Charles Darwin,
08:12
publishes a wonderful, astonishing book
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objavio prekrasnu, zadivljujuću knjigu
08:15
that starts a revolution.
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koja započinje revoluciju.
08:18
The title is "The Power of Movement in Plants."
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Naslov je "Moć pokretljivosti kod biljaka."
08:21
No one was allowed to speak about movement in plants
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Nikome nije bilo dozvoljeno govoriti o kretanju kod biljaka
08:23
before Charles Darwin.
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prije Charlesa Darwina.
08:25
In his book,
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U njegovoj knjizi,
08:27
assisted by his son, Francis --
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uz pomoć njegova sina, Francisa --
08:29
who was the first professor of plant physiology in the world, in Cambridge --
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koji je bio prvi profesor psihologije biljaka u svijetu, u Cambridgeu --
08:32
they took into consideration every single movement
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razmotrili su svaki pojedini pokret
08:35
for 500 pages.
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na 500 stranica.
08:37
And in the last paragraph of the book,
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A u zadnjem poglavlju knjige,
08:40
it's a kind of stylistic mark,
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to je neka vrsta stilske oznake,
08:42
because normally Charles Darwin stored,
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jer je Charles Darwin obično stavljao
08:45
in the last paragraph of a book,
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u zadnje poglavlje knjige
08:47
the most important message.
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najvažniju poruku.
08:49
He wrote that,
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Napisao je,
08:51
"It's hardly an exaggeration
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"Teško da je pretjerivanje
08:53
to say that the tip of the radical
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reći da se vrh korijena
08:56
acts like the brain
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ponaša poput mozga
08:58
of one of the lower animals."
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jedne niže razvijene životinje."
09:00
This is not a metaphor.
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To nije metafora.
09:02
He wrote some very interesting letters to one of his friends
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Napisao je neka vrlo zanimljiva pisma jednom svom prijatelju,
09:05
who was J.D. Hooker, or at that time, president of the Royal Society,
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J.D. Hookeru, koji je u to vrijeme bio predsjednik Kraljevskog društva,
09:09
so the maximum scientific authority in Britain
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pa tako najveći znanstveni autoritet u Britaniji,
09:12
speaking about the brain in the plants.
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govoreći o mozgu u biljkama.
09:15
Now, this is a root apex
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Ovo je vršak korijena
09:17
growing against a slope.
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koji raste uzbrdo.
09:19
So you can recognize this kind of movement,
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Možete prepoznati tu vrstu kretanja,
09:22
the same movement that worms, snakes
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istog kretanja kakvo su crvi, zmije
09:25
and every animal
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i svaka životinja
09:27
that are moving on the ground without legs
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koja se kreće po tlu bez nogu
09:30
is able to display.
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u stanju prikazati.
09:32
And it's not an easy movement
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A to nije lako kretanje,
09:34
because, to have this kind of movement,
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jer, da biste se tako kretali,
09:37
you need to move different regions of the root
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trebate pokretati različita područja korijena
09:40
and to synchronize these different regions
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i uskladiti ta različita područja
09:42
without having a brain.
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bez mozga.
09:44
So we studied the root apex
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Proučavali smo vrh korijena
09:47
and we found that there is a specific region
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i otkrili da postoji određeno područje
09:49
that is here, depicted in blue --
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koje je ovdje obojano u plavo --
09:52
that is called the "transition zone."
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nazovimo ga tranzicijska zona.
09:54
And this region, it's a very small region --
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A to područje, to je vrlo malo područje.
09:57
it's less than one millimeter.
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Manje je od jednog milimetra.
10:00
And in this small region
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U tom malom području
10:02
you have the highest consumption
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imate najveću potrošnju
10:04
of oxygen in the plants
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kisika u biljkama
10:06
and more important,
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i, još važnije,
10:08
you have these kinds of signals here.
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ovdje imate ove vrste signala.
10:10
The signals that you are seeing here are action potential,
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Signali koje ovdje vidite su potencijal za djelovanje,
10:13
are the same signals
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to su isti signali
10:15
that the neurons of my brain, of our brain,
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koje neuroni mog mozga, našeg mozga,
10:18
use to exchange information.
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koriste za razmjenu informacija.
10:21
Now we know that a root apex
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Sada znamo da vrh korijena
10:24
has just a few hundred cells
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ima samo nekoliko stotina stanica
10:26
that show this kind of feature,
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koje pokazuju tu vrstu značajke,
10:28
but we know how big
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ali znamo kako je velik
10:30
the root apparatus of a small plant, like a plant of rye.
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vrh korijena male biljke, kao što je raž.
10:33
We have almost
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Imamo gotovo
10:35
14 million roots.
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14 milijuna korijena.
10:37
We have 11 and a half million
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Imamo 11 i pol milijuna
10:40
root apex
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vrhova korijena
10:42
and a total length of 600 or more kilometers
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ukupne dužine 600 i više kilometara
10:45
and a very high surface area.
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i ogromne površine.
10:47
Now let's imagine
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Zamislimo sada
10:49
that each single root apex
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da svaki pojedini vrh korijena
10:51
is working in network with all the others.
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radi u mreži sa svima drugima.
10:54
Here were have on the left, the Internet
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Ovdje imamo s lijeve strane internet,
10:57
and on the right, the root apparatus.
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a s desne aparaturu korijena.
11:00
They work in the same way.
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Funkcioniraju na isti način.
11:02
They are a network
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To su mreže
11:04
of small computing machines,
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malih računalnih strojeva
11:06
working in networks.
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koji rade u mrežama.
11:08
And why are they so similar?
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A zašto su toliko slični?
11:10
Because they evolved
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Zato što su se razvili
11:12
for the same reason:
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iz istog razloga:
11:14
to survive predation.
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da prežive grabežljivce.
11:17
They work in the same way.
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Funkcioniraju na isti način.
11:19
So you can remove 90 percent of the root apparatus
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Možete ukloniti 90 posto aparature korijena,
11:22
and the plants [continue] to work.
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a biljka će nastaviti funkcionirati.
11:24
You can remove 90 percent of the Internet
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Možete ukloniti 90 posto Interneta
11:27
and it is [continuing] to work.
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i on će nastaviti funkcionirati.
11:30
So, a suggestion
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Dakle, prijedlog
11:32
for the people working with networks:
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za ljude koji rade sa mrežama:
11:35
plants are able
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biljke su vam sposobne
11:38
to give you good suggestions
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dati dobre prijedloge
11:40
about how to evolve networks.
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o tome kako razvijati mreže.
11:43
And another possibility
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A druga mogućnost
11:46
is a technological possibility.
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je tehnološka mogućnost.
11:49
Let's imagine
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Zamislimo
11:51
that we can build robots
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da možemo napraviti robote
11:53
and robots that are inspired by plants.
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koji su inspirirani biljkama.
11:56
Until now,
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Do sada,
11:58
the man was inspired
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čovjeka je inspirirao
12:01
just by man or the animals
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samo čovjek ili životinje
12:03
in producing a robot.
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u proizvodnji robota.
12:05
We have the animaloid --
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Imamo animaloida --
12:08
and the normal robots inspired by animals,
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normalnog robota inspiriranog životinjama,
12:10
insectoid, so on.
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insektoida i tako dalje.
12:12
We have the androids
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Imamo androide
12:14
that are inspired by man.
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koji su inspirirani čovjekom.
12:17
But why have we not any plantoid?
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Ali zašto nemamo nijedan plantoid?
12:20
Well, if you want to fly,
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Ako želite letjeti,
12:22
it's good that you look at birds --
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dobro je da promotrite ptice,
12:24
to be inspired by birds.
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da vas inspiriraju ptice.
12:26
But if you want to explore soils,
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Ali ako želite istražiti tlo
12:29
or if you want to colonize
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ili ako želite nastaniti
12:32
new territory,
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novi teritorij,
12:34
to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants
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najbolja stvar koju možete učiniti je ta da vas inspiriraju biljke
12:37
that are masters in doing this.
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koje su u tome majstori.
12:40
We have another possibility
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Imamo još jednu mogućnost
12:42
we are working [on] in our lab,
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na kojoj radimo u našem laboratoriju,
12:44
[which] is to build hybrids.
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a to je da napravimo hibride.
12:46
It's much more easy to build hybrids.
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Puno je lakše napraviti hibride.
12:49
Hybrid means it's something
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Hibrid znači da je to nešto
12:51
that's half living and half machine.
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što je pola živo biće, a pola stroj.
12:54
It's much more easy to work with plants
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Puno je lakše raditi sa biljkama
12:56
than with animals.
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nego sa životinjama.
12:58
They have computing power,
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One imaju moć proračunavanja.
13:00
they have electrical signals.
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One imaju električne signale.
13:02
The connection with the machine is much more easy,
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Veza sa strojem je puno lakša,
13:05
much more even ethically possible.
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čak i više etički moguća.
13:10
And these are three possibilities
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Ovo su tri mogućnosti
13:12
that we are working on
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na kojima radimo
13:15
to build hybrids,
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kako bismo napravili hibride,
13:17
driven by algae
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koje pokreću alge
13:19
or by the leaves at the end,
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ili lišće na kraju,
13:22
by the most, most powerful parts of the plants,
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pomoću najmoćnijih dijelova biljaka,
13:24
by the roots.
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pomoću korijenja.
13:26
Well, thank you for your attention.
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Hvala vam za vašu pažnju.
13:28
And before I finish,
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Prije nego što završim
13:31
I would like to reassure that no snails were harmed
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želio bih vas razuvjeriti kako nijedan puž nije bio ozlijeđen
13:34
in making this presentation.
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prilikom izrade ove prezentacije.
13:36
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:38
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stefano Mancuso - Plant neurobiologistStefano Mancuso is a founder of the study of plant neurobiology, which explores signaling and communication at all levels of biological organization, from genetics to molecules, cells and ecological communities.
Why you should listen
Does the Boston fern you're dutifully misting each morning appreciate your care? Or can the spreading oak in your local park take umbrage at the kids climbing its knotted branches? Not likely, says Italian researcher Stefano Mancuso, but that doesn't mean that these same living organisms aren't capable of incredibly sophisticated and dynamic forms of awareness and communication.
From his laboratory near Florence, Mancuso and his team explore how plants communicate, or "signal," with each other, using a complex internal analysis system to find nutrients, spread their species and even defend themselves against predators. Their research continues to transform our view of plants from simple organisms to complex ecological structures and communities that can gather, process and -- most incredibly -- share important information.
Stefano Mancuso | Speaker | TED.com