TEDxUdeM
Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis
モハメド・ヒジュリ: 来たるべきリン危機のシンプルな解決法
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生物学者モハメド・ヒジュリは誰も語らなかった農業危機--リン不足に初めて光を当てます。リンはDNAの重要な成分であり、細胞間コミュニケーションの基礎である必須元素です。
その原因は化学肥料を使う農法のためです。肥料はリンをたっぷり含んでいるものの、植物はうまく吸収できないのです。
その解決法は？目には見えない小さな菌なのかも知れません。
（TEDxUdeMで撮影）
Mohamed Hijri - Biologist
Mohamed Hijri studies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), seeking to understand the structure, evolution and reproduction of these organisms, which form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Full bio
Mohamed Hijri studies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), seeking to understand the structure, evolution and reproduction of these organisms, which form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm going to start
by asking you a question:
by asking you a question:
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まず 質問から始めたいと思います
00:15
Is anyone familiar
with the blue algae problem?
with the blue algae problem?
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アオコ問題をご存知の方は？
00:19
Okay, so most of you are.
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多くの方がご存知ですね
00:21
I think we can all agree
it's a serious issue.
it's a serious issue.
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皆さん 切実な問題だと認めるでしょう
00:24
Nobody wants to drink
blue algae-contaminated water,
blue algae-contaminated water,
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誰だって汚染された水を飲みたくないし
00:28
or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
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アオコの湖で泳ぐのもごめんです
00:33
Right?
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そうでしょう？
00:34
I hope you won't be disappointed,
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がっかりさせるつもりはありませんが
00:36
but today,
I won't be talking about blue algae.
I won't be talking about blue algae.
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今回はアオコではなく
00:39
Instead,
I'll be talking about the main cause
I'll be talking about the main cause
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代わりにこの問題の根本にある
00:43
at the root of this issue,
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代わりにこの問題の根本にある
00:46
which I will be referring to as
the phosphorus crisis.
the phosphorus crisis.
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リンの危機についてお話しします
00:50
Why have I chosen to talk to you
about the phosphorus crisis today?
about the phosphorus crisis today?
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このテーマを選んだのは
00:54
For the simple reason
that nobody else is talking about it.
that nobody else is talking about it.
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誰も取り上げないからです
00:57
And by the end of my presentation,
I hope that the general public
I hope that the general public
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このプレゼンが終わるころには
01:01
will be more aware of this crisis
and this issue.
and this issue.
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きっと 関心を持ってくださると思います
01:06
Now, the problem is that if I ask,
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それでは そもそも
01:09
why do we find ourselves
in this situation with blue algae?
in this situation with blue algae?
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アオコはなぜ発生するのでしょうか？
01:12
The answer is
that it comes from how we farm.
that it comes from how we farm.
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実は農法に起因しています
01:16
We use fertilizers in our farming,
chemical fertilizers.
chemical fertilizers.
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作物には化学肥料を用います
01:20
Why do we use chemical fertilizers
in agriculture?
in agriculture?
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では 化学肥料を使うのは何故でしょうか？
01:23
Basically, to help plants grow
and to produce a better yield.
and to produce a better yield.
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作物の成長と収穫高を良くするためです
01:28
The issue is that this is set to engender
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しかし 同時に先例のない
01:30
an environmental problem
that is without precedent.
that is without precedent.
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環境問題も引き起こしています
01:35
Before going further, let me give you
a crash course in plant biology.
a crash course in plant biology.
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まずは 簡単に植物の生物学をご紹介しましょう
01:39
So, what does a plant need
in order to grow?
in order to grow?
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植物の成長に必要なものは何でしょうか？
01:41
A plant, quite simply,
needs light, it needs CO2,
needs light, it needs CO2,
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光、CO2ですが それにもまして
01:46
but even more importantly,
it needs nutrients,
it needs nutrients,
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土壌からの栄養素が欠かせません
01:49
which it draws from the soil.
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土壌からの栄養素が欠かせません
01:53
Several of these nutrients
are essential chemical elements:
are essential chemical elements:
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こういった栄養素は必須元素です
01:56
phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
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リン、窒素、カルシウム
01:59
So, the plant’s roots will extract
these resources.
these resources.
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植物は根を用いて土から抽出します
02:04
Today I'll be focusing on a major problem
that is linked to phosphorus.
that is linked to phosphorus.
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今回は リンによる重大問題に
焦点を当てます
焦点を当てます
02:08
Why phosphorus in particular?
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何故 リンなのか？
02:10
Because it is
the most problematic chemical element.
the most problematic chemical element.
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やっかいな化学物質だからです
02:13
By the end of my presentation,
you will have seen
you will have seen
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このプレゼンが終わるころには
02:16
what these problems are,
and where we are today.
and where we are today.
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問題点と現状をご理解いただけると思います
02:20
Phosphorus is a chemical element
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リンは生命に欠かせない物質です
02:23
that is essential to life.
This is a very important point.
This is a very important point.
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ここが一番重要な点です
02:27
I’d like everyone to understand precisely
what the phosphorus issue is.
what the phosphorus issue is.
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ですから リン問題をしっかりと
ご理解いただきたいと思います
ご理解いただきたいと思います
02:30
Phosphorus is a key component
in several molecules,
in several molecules,
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リンは様々な分子の構成要素でもあります
02:34
in many of our molecules of life.
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生命分子体の構成要素です
02:37
Experts in the field will know
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この分野の専門家なら
02:39
that cellular communication
is phosphorus-based --
is phosphorus-based --
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細胞コミュニケーションは
リンをベースとした--
リンをベースとした--
02:42
phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
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リン酸化 脱リン化としてご存知でしょう
02:45
Cell membranes are phosphorus-based:
These are called phospholipids.
These are called phospholipids.
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細胞膜もリンをベースにしていて
これはリン脂質と呼ばれます
これはリン脂質と呼ばれます
02:50
The energy in all living things,
ATP, is phosphorus-based.
ATP, is phosphorus-based.
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あらゆる生物のエネルギー源である
ATPもリンをベースにしています
ATPもリンをベースにしています
02:55
And more importantly still,
phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
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なにより リンは重要なDNA構成物質です
03:02
something everyone is familiar with,
and which is shown in this image.
and which is shown in this image.
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このイメージはおなじみだと思います
03:07
DNA is our genetic heritage.
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DNAは遺伝を司ります
03:10
It is extremely important, and once again,
phosphorus is a key player.
phosphorus is a key player.
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繰り返しますが
リンは重要な物質です
リンは重要な物質です
03:15
Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
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ではリンをどこで
03:19
As humans, where do we find it?
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人間はどうやって得ているのでしょう？
03:22
As I explained earlier,
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先にご説明したように
03:24
plants extract phosphorus
from the soil, through water.
from the soil, through water.
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植物はリンを水を通じて
土壌から抽出します
土壌から抽出します
03:29
So, we humans get it
from the things we eat:
from the things we eat:
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人間は食物としてリンを摂取します
03:32
plants, vegetables, fruits,
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植物、野菜、果物
03:35
and also from eggs, meat and milk.
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タマゴ、肉、ミルク
03:38
It’s true that some humans
eat better than others.
eat better than others.
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食生活は個人差があります
03:41
Some are happier than others.
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恵まれた食生活を送る人と
そうでない人がいます
そうでない人がいます
03:44
And now, looking at this picture,
which speaks for itself,
which speaks for itself,
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こちらをご覧ください
03:49
we see modern agriculture,
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現代農業です
03:50
which I also refer to
as intensive agriculture.
as intensive agriculture.
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大規模農業と呼びましょうか
03:54
Intensive agriculture is based
on the use of chemical fertilizers.
on the use of chemical fertilizers.
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化学肥料の使用が基本です
03:58
Without them,
we would not manage to produce enough
we would not manage to produce enough
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肥料なしでは世界の人々に行き渡る
04:01
to feed the world's population.
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十分な生産高は望めません
04:04
Speaking of humans, there are currently
7 billion of us on Earth.
7 billion of us on Earth.
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現在 地球上の人口は70億です
04:08
In less than 40 years,
there will be 9 billion of us.
there will be 9 billion of us.
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40年もたたないうちに
90億に達するでしょう
90億に達するでしょう
04:11
And the question is a simple one:
Do we have enough phosphorus
Do we have enough phosphorus
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次世代が食べていくのに
04:15
to feed our future generations?
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十分なリンがあるのでしょうか？
04:19
So, in order to understand these issues,
where do we find our phosphorus?
where do we find our phosphorus?
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この課題を理解するために
どこにリンを見出せばよいのでしょうか？
どこにリンを見出せばよいのでしょうか？
04:23
Let me explain.
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ご説明します
04:24
But first, let’s just suppose
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まず 私たちが肥料に使用したリンの量を
04:27
that we are using
100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
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100%とするとそのうちの
04:33
Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant.
Eighty-five percent is lost.
Eighty-five percent is lost.
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たった15%しか植物には届きません
残りは失われてしまいます
残りは失われてしまいます
04:42
It goes into the soil,
ending its journey in the lakes,
ending its journey in the lakes,
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つまり 85%は土壌に浸み込み
最終的には湖に溜まります
最終的には湖に溜まります
04:45
resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus,
which leads to the blue algae problem.
which leads to the blue algae problem.
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この過剰なリンがアオコを引き起こします
04:49
So, you’ll see there’s a problem here,
something that is illogical.
something that is illogical.
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これは問題ですね
何だかばかげています
何だかばかげています
04:53
A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used,
but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
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使用したリンの15%しか植物に届かないなんて
04:57
You’re going to tell me it’s wasteful.
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何と無駄だとおっしゃるでしょう
05:00
Yes, it is. What is worse
is that it is very expensive.
is that it is very expensive.
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その通りです
さらにまずいことに高くつきます
さらにまずいことに高くつきます
05:04
Nobody wants to throw their money
out the window,
out the window,
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誰もお金を窓から捨てるようなことは
したくありません
したくありません
05:07
but unfortunately
that's what is happening here.
that's what is happening here.
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でも それが現実です
05:10
Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
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85%は失われます
05:15
Modern agriculture
depends on phosphorus.
depends on phosphorus.
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現代農業はリンに依存しています
05:20
And because in order to get 15 percent of it
to the plant, all the rest is lost,
to the plant, all the rest is lost,
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15%しか植物に行き渡らないわけですから
05:25
we have to add more and more.
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更に追加してやらなくてはなりません
05:27
Now, where will we get
this phosphorus from?
this phosphorus from?
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そのリンはどこから入手するのでしょう？
05:31
Basically, we get it out of mines.
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主に鉱山から採掘しています
05:34
This is the cover
of an extraordinary article
of an extraordinary article
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この素晴らしい記事は
05:37
published in Nature in 2009,
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2009年に『ネイチャー』で発表され
05:39
which really launched the discussion
about the phosphorus crisis.
about the phosphorus crisis.
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リン危機についての論争を呼び起こしました
05:42
Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life,
which is becoming increasingly scarce,
which is becoming increasingly scarce,
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生命に必須の栄養素である
リンが減少していることを
リンが減少していることを
05:47
yet nobody is talking about it.
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それまで誰も口にしなかったのです
05:49
And everyone agrees:
Politicians and scientists are in agreement
Politicians and scientists are in agreement
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おかげでリン不足に直面していることを
05:55
that we are headed
for a phosphorus crisis.
for a phosphorus crisis.
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政治家も科学者も一様に認めました
05:57
What you are seeing here
is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
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ご覧いただいているのは
米国の露天掘り鉱山です
米国の露天掘り鉱山です
06:00
and to give you an idea
of the dimensions of this mine,
of the dimensions of this mine,
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その規模がお分かりになると思います
06:04
if you look in the top right-hand corner,
the little crane you can see,
the little crane you can see,
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右上の隅にクレーンが小さく写っていますが
06:07
that is a giant crane.
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実際にはもちろん巨大なものです
06:09
So that really puts it into perspective.
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これで縮尺がわかると思います
06:12
So, we get phosphorus from mines.
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リンは鉱山で採掘されます
06:14
And if I make a comparison with oil,
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石油と比較してみましょう
06:17
there’s an oil crisis, we talk about it,
we talk about global warming,
we talk about global warming,
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石油危機は話題になります
地球温暖化も同様です
地球温暖化も同様です
06:21
yet we never mention
the phosphorus crisis.
the phosphorus crisis.
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しかし リン危機はそうではありません
06:23
To come back to the oil problem,
oil is something we can replace.
oil is something we can replace.
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石油には代替物があります
06:27
We can use biofuels, or solar power,
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バイオ燃料 太陽発電に水力電力
06:31
or hydropower,
but phosphorus is an essential element,
but phosphorus is an essential element,
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リンはそうはいきません
06:35
indispensable to life,
and we can’t replace it.
and we can’t replace it.
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リンは生命にとって掛け替えのないものです
06:41
What is the current state
of the world's phosphorus reserves?
of the world's phosphorus reserves?
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では 現行の世界のリン埋蔵量はどうでしょうか？
06:44
This graph gives you a rough idea
of where we are today.
of where we are today.
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このグラフで概要をご紹介します
06:48
The black line represents predictions
for phosphorus reserves.
for phosphorus reserves.
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実線はリンの埋蔵量の予測で
06:53
In 2030, we’ll reach the peak.
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2030年にピークを迎えます
06:56
By the end of this century,
it will all be gone.
it will all be gone.
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そして 今世紀末までには消滅してしまいます
06:59
The dotted line shows where we are today.
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点線は採掘量を表しています
07:03
As you can see, they meet in 2030,
I’ll be retired by then.
I’ll be retired by then.
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ご覧のように2030年に埋蔵量に近づきます
その前に私は引退しているでしょう
その前に私は引退しているでしょう
07:08
But we are indeed heading
for a major crisis,
for a major crisis,
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しかし この大問題を避けることはできません
07:12
and I’d like people to become aware
of this problem.
of this problem.
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皆さんにこの問題を
認識していただきたいのです
認識していただきたいのです
07:16
Do we have a solution?
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解決法はあるのでしょうか？
07:18
What are we to do?
We are faced with a paradox.
We are faced with a paradox.
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何をなすべきでしょうか？
パラドックスに直面しています
パラドックスに直面しています
07:22
Less and less phosphorus
will be available.
will be available.
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入手できるリンは減少していきます
07:25
By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
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一方 2050年までに人口は90億に達するでしょう
07:28
and according to
the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
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国連食糧農業機構によると
07:35
we will need to produce twice as much food
in 2050 than we do today.
in 2050 than we do today.
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2050年には現在の２倍の食料を
生産しなくてはならないそうです
生産しなくてはならないそうです
07:39
So, we will have less phosphorus,
but we'll need to produce more food.
but we'll need to produce more food.
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手に入るリンは減るのに
食物を増産しなくてはならないのです
食物を増産しなくてはならないのです
07:44
What should we do?
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どう対処すべきか？
07:46
It truly is a paradoxical situation.
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本当にパラドックス状態です
07:49
Do we have a solution,
or an alternative
or an alternative
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効果的にリンを使用するための
07:51
which will allow us to optimize
phosphorus use?
phosphorus use?
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解決法や代替案はあるのでしょうか？
07:54
Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
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80%は失われる運命だという事を
心に留めておいてください
心に留めておいてください
08:00
The solution I'm offering today is one
that has existed for a very long time,
that has existed for a very long time,
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そこで 解決法として紹介したいのは
植物が地上に現れるよりも
植物が地上に現れるよりも
08:07
even before plants existed on Earth,
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はるか昔から存在する
08:10
and it's a microscopic mushroom
that is very mysterious,
that is very mysterious,
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目には見えないほど小さな菌です
とても神秘的で
とても神秘的で
08:13
very simple,
and yet also extremely complex.
and yet also extremely complex.
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単純であると同時に複雑な存在です
08:17
I've been fascinated by this little mushroom
for over 16 years now.
for over 16 years now.
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この小さな菌に16年以上魅了されてきました
08:22
It has led me to further my research
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その結果 研究を重ね
08:26
and to use it as a model
for my laboratory research.
for my laboratory research.
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菌が研究調査のモデルになりました
08:29
This mushroom exists in symbiosis
with the roots.
with the roots.
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この菌は根と共生しています
08:33
By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional
and mutually beneficial association
and mutually beneficial association
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お互いに利益をもたらす関係です
08:38
which is also called mycorrhiza.
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菌根とも呼ばれます
08:44
This slide illustrates the elements
of a mycorrhiza.
of a mycorrhiza.
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このスライドで菌根の構成を説明していきます
08:47
You’re looking at the root of wheat,
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こちらは小麦の根です
08:49
one of the world’s most important plants.
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重要な植物のひとつですね
08:53
Normally, a root will find phosphorus
all by itself.
all by itself.
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通常 根は自力でリンを見つけます
08:56
It will go in search of phosphorus,
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リンを探し求めますが
08:58
but only within the one millimeter
which surrounds it.
which surrounds it.
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根を取り巻く 半径１ミリの範囲にしか届きません
09:02
Beyond one millimeter,
the root is ineffective.
the root is ineffective.
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１ミリを超えてしまうと
根の手には負えないのです
根の手には負えないのです
09:05
It cannot go further
in its search for phosphorus.
in its search for phosphorus.
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それ以上は無理です
09:07
Now, imagine this tiny,
microscopic mushroom.
microscopic mushroom.
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今度は この小さな菌と比べてみましょう
09:10
It grows much faster,
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菌の成長ははるかに早く
09:12
and is much better designed
to seek out phosphorus.
to seek out phosphorus.
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リンを見つけるのも巧みです
09:15
It can go beyond
the root’s one-millimeter scope
the root’s one-millimeter scope
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根の限界である１ミリの範囲を
09:18
to seek out phosphorus.
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やすやすと越えて行きます
09:20
I haven’t invented anything at all;
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私が発明をしたわけではありません
09:22
it's a biotechnology that has existed
for 450 million years.
for 450 million years.
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４億5000万年にわたり存在してきた
バイオテクノロジーです
バイオテクノロジーです
09:26
And over time, this mushroom
has evolved and adapted to seek out
has evolved and adapted to seek out
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時間をかけて菌は進化し
09:30
even the tiniest trace of phosphorus,
and to put it to use,
and to put it to use,
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どんなわずかなリンも逃さず
09:33
to make it available to the plant.
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植物に有用にできるのです
09:36
What you’re seeing here,
in the real world, is a carrot root,
in the real world, is a carrot root,
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自然界のニンジンの根を見ています
09:41
and the mushroom
with its very fine filaments.
with its very fine filaments.
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菌の糸状体がありますね
09:43
Looking closer,
we can see that this mushroom
we can see that this mushroom
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近づいて見るとこの菌が
09:46
is very gentle in its penetration.
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ゆっくりと根に浸透し
09:48
It will proliferate
between the root's cells,
between the root's cells,
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根の細胞間で増殖し
09:52
eventually penetrating a cell
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やがて細胞に入り込みます
09:55
and starting to form
a typical arbuscular structure,
a typical arbuscular structure,
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そして樹木状の形になり
10:00
which will considerably increase
the exchange interface
the exchange interface
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植物と菌の間で
10:05
between the plant and the mushroom.
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交換インターフェースを増長させます
10:08
And it is through this structure
that mutual exchanges will occur.
that mutual exchanges will occur.
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この構造を通じて相互交換が始まります
10:11
It’s a win-win trade:
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両得の関係です
10:13
I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
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菌はリンを供給し 植物は菌を養います
10:15
True symbiosis.
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正に共生関係です
10:20
Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
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さて 今度は菌根を
10:23
into the diagram I used earlier.
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先ほどの図に当てはめてみましょう
10:26
And instead of using a 100 percent dose,
I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
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今回は使えるリンを100%ではなく
25%まで減らします
25%まで減らします
10:31
You’ll see that of this 25 percent,
most will benefit the plant,
most will benefit the plant,
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この25%は植物に有益です
10:36
more than 90 percent.
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その90%以上が植物に届くのですから
10:38
A very small amount of phosphorus
will remain in the soil.
will remain in the soil.
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土壌へ流れるリンはわずかなもので
10:41
That's completely natural.
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これならば自然な状態です
10:45
What's more is that in certain cases,
we don't even need to add phosphorus.
we don't even need to add phosphorus.
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リンを加える必要のないケースもあります
10:49
If you recall the graphs
I showed you earlier,
I showed you earlier,
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先ほどのグラフを思い出してみて下さい
10:51
85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
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85%のリンは土壌に流れますが
10:55
and the plants are unable to access it.
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植物はこれにアクセスできません
10:58
Even though it is present in the soil,
it is in insoluble form.
it is in insoluble form.
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土壌に存在していても
溶解性ではないからです
溶解性ではないからです
11:02
The plant is only able to seek out
soluble forms.
soluble forms.
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植物はその状態のリンしか
利用できません
利用できません
11:05
The mushroom is capable
of dissolving this insoluble form
of dissolving this insoluble form
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菌はリンを溶解性に変え
11:08
and making it available
for the plant to use.
for the plant to use.
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植物が利用できるようにします
11:12
To further support my argument,
here is a picture that speaks for itself.
here is a picture that speaks for itself.
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私の説を裏付けるための
写真を用意しました
写真を用意しました
11:15
These are trials
in a field of sorghum.
in a field of sorghum.
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ソルガム畑で実験をしたのです
11:19
On the left side, you see the yield
produced using conventional agriculture,
produced using conventional agriculture,
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左側は従来通りの農法で
11:24
with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
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リンを100%使用しています
11:27
On the other side,
the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
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右側はリンを50%まで減らしています
11:30
and just look at the yield.
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生産高を見て下さい
11:31
With only a half-dose,
we achieved a better yield.
we achieved a better yield.
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リンの使用量は半分ですが
生産性は高いのです
生産性は高いのです
11:37
This is to show you
that this method works.
that this method works.
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この方法は上手くいっているでしょう
11:42
And in some cases, in Cuba,
Mexico and India,
Mexico and India,
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キューバ、メキシコ、インドにおいては
11:46
the dose can be reduced to 25 percent,
and in several other cases,
and in several other cases,
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25%まで減らすことができ
さらには
さらには
11:50
there's no need to add
any phosphorus at all,
any phosphorus at all,
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全くリンを足す必要がないところもありました
11:52
because the mushrooms are so well adapted
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なぜなら菌が効果的に
11:54
to finding phosphorus
and drawing it from the soil.
and drawing it from the soil.
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土壌からリンを引き出したからです
11:57
This is an example of soy production
in Canada.
in Canada.
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こちらはカナダの大豆畑の例です
12:03
Mycorrhiza was used in one field
but not in the other.
but not in the other.
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畑の片側に菌根を使っています
12:11
And here, where blue indicates a better yield,
and yellow a weaker yield.
and yellow a weaker yield.
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青い部分は黄色い部分より生産性が高いのです
12:20
The black rectangle is the plot
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黒い長方形の区画に菌根を加えました
12:23
from which the mycorrhiza was added.
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黒い長方形の区画に菌根を加えました
12:25
In other words, as I already said,
I have invented nothing.
I have invented nothing.
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申し上げた通り
私が発明したわけではありません
私が発明したわけではありません
12:29
Mycorrhiza has existed
for 450 million years,
for 450 million years,
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菌根は４億5000年前から存在し
12:32
and it has even helped
modern-day plant species to diversify.
modern-day plant species to diversify.
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多様化した現代植物の種にも有効です
12:36
So, this it isn't something
that is still undergoing lab tests.
that is still undergoing lab tests.
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もはや実験段階などではありません
12:40
Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
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菌根は存在し 実際に機能しています
12:43
it's produced at an industrial scale
and commercialized worldwide.
and commercialized worldwide.
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産業規模で生産され
世界中で商品化されていますが
世界中で商品化されていますが
12:47
The problem is
that people are not aware of it.
that people are not aware of it.
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問題はそのことが認識されていないことです
12:51
People like food producers and farmers
are still not aware of this problem.
are still not aware of this problem.
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生産者や農家はこの問題に気づいていません
12:55
We have a technology that works,
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既に技術は確立しています
12:57
and one that, if used correctly,
will alleviate some of the pressure
will alleviate some of the pressure
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そして 技術を正しく使用すれば
13:04
we are putting
on the world's phosphorus reserves.
on the world's phosphorus reserves.
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リン埋蔵量の懸念を緩和できます
13:09
In conclusion,
I am a scientist and a dreamer.
I am a scientist and a dreamer.
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私は科学者で夢があります
13:14
I'm passionate about this topic.
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このトピックに情熱を持っています
13:16
So if you were to ask me
what my retirement dream is,
what my retirement dream is,
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引退後の夢はと聞かれたら
13:19
which will be at the moment we reach
that phosphorus peak,
that phosphorus peak,
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リンのピークを迎えた際に
13:22
it would be that we use one label,
"Made with mycorrhiza,"
"Made with mycorrhiza,"
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「菌根使用」ブランドを確立し
13:26
and that my children and grandchildren
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私の子供や孫たちが
13:29
buy products bearing that label too.
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そのブランドの製品を
購入することを夢見ているのです
購入することを夢見ているのです
13:32
Thank you for your attention.
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ご清聴ありがとうございました
13:33
(Applause)
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（拍手）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mohamed Hijri - BiologistMohamed Hijri studies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), seeking to understand the structure, evolution and reproduction of these organisms, which form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.
Why you should listen
Mohamed Hijri is a professor of biology and a researcher at the plant biology research institute (l'Institut de recherche en biologie végétale) at the Université de Montréal. His work focuses on the most common and widespread symbiotic relationship on earth -- between plant roots and a type of fungi found in the soil called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi improve plant growth by increasing roots' ability to absorb phosphorus, while also boosting resistance to pathogens.
As Hijri points out in his talk, the study of AMF and a deeper understanding of them could have big implications for agriculture and could help divert us from an impending crisis -- that we are quickly running out of phosphorus.
Mohamed Hijri | Speaker | TED.com