Laura Robinson: The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor
Laura Robinson: Os segredos que eu encontro no misterioso fundo do mar
Dr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate. Full bio
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of the ocean today.
dos oceanos no passado.
of the ocean in the past.
de corais de águas profundas.
of deepwater corals.
de um desses corais aqui atrás.
of these corals behind me.
milhares de metros debaixo do mar,
thousands of meters below the sea,
than the kinds of corals
a sorte de ver em uma viagem tropical.
if you've had a tropical holiday.
uma visão em quatro dimensões do oceano.
beautiful two-dimensional image
bela imagem bidimensional
so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
portanto tem ótima resolução espacial.
easy to understand.
são simples de entender.
because there's more sunlight.
pois há mais luz solar.
because there's less sunlight.
pois há menos luz solar.
to build up on Antarctica
de grandes calotas de gelo na Antártica
or even put your toes in the sea,
ou até mesmo molhar o pé no mar,
quanto mais fundo,
that fill the abyss of the ocean
que preenchem os abismos do oceano
where the waters are dense.
onde as águas são densas.
20,000 years ago,
of one of the major differences
de uma das maiores diferenças
if you went back that long.
se voltássemos àquela época.
and they extended out over the ocean.
e se estendiam pelo oceano.
much lower than they are today.
eram muito mais baixos que os atuais.
to five degrees colder overall,
três e cinco graus mais fria em média,
in the polar regions.
nas regiões polares.
estamos tentando entender,
are trying to understand,
daquela condição climática fria
cold climate condition
de que desfrutamos hoje.
that we enjoy today.
cold conditions to warm conditions
frias para condições quentes
from the slow increase in solar radiation.
do lento aumento de radiação solar.
because if you drill down into ice,
pois quando perfuramos o gelo,
and you can see this in the iceberg.
e podemos vê-las no iceberg.
so we can measure CO2 --
e assim conseguimos medir o CO2;
was lower in the past --
menos CO2 no passado;
also tells us about temperature
nos informa sobre a temperatura
from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
de 20 mil anos atrás aos dias atuais,
has a lot to do with this.
tem muito a ver com isso.
quantidades de carbono,
than is in the atmosphere.
do que o que há na atmosfera.
across the equator,
o calor através do equador,
and it controls primary productivity.
e controla a produtividade primária.
what's going on down in the deep sea,
o que acontece no fundo do mar,
e começar a explorar.
coming from a seamount
de uma montanha submarina
em águas internacionais
in international waters
longe do continente.
a ver esse pedaço do fundo do mar,
to see this bit of the seafloor,
and do some very intense taxonomy.
e realizar uma taxonomia bem intensiva.
growing on these corals.
crescendo nesses corais.
like tentacles coming out of corals.
tentáculos saindo dos corais.
formas de carbonato de cálcio
of calcium carbonate
dessa enorme montanha submarina,
massive undersea mountain,
those are fossilized corals,
esses são os corais fossilizados,
a little more about those
to charter a research boat.
um barco de pesquisa.
an ocean-class research vessel
de pesquisa oceânica
um grande marinheiro.
a little more like this.
that we don't lose precious samples.
a preservação de amostras preciosas.
and I get terribly seasick,
e eu fico com um enjoo terrível,
but overall it is.
mas em geral é.
a really good mapper to do this.
mapeadores para fazer isso.
coral abundance everywhere.
de corais em todo lugar.
realmente os melhores lugares.
the right places.
e sobreposta estava nossa passagem
and overlaid was our cruise passage
nossos próprios mapas
of the seafloor in seven weeks,
do fundo do mar em sete semanas,
fração do fundo do mar.
of the seafloor.
look featureless on a big-scale map,
em um mapa de grande escala,
são tão altas quanto o Everest.
are as big as Everest.
de cerca de 100 metros,
to deploy our equipment,
para lançar nosso equipamento,
para ver muita coisa.
remotely-operated vehicles
veículos de controle remoto
acima do fundo do mar.
that are one-meter resolution
com resolução de um metro
remoto para pesquisa.
de grandes luzes em cima.
of big lights on the top.
manipulator arms,
braços para manipulação,
to put your samples.
para depositar as amostras.
of this particular cruise,
mergulho desse cruzeiro,
que os veículos de controle remoto
the remotely operated vehicles
it's a small sea slug, basically.
basicamente uma lesma marinha.
you is speeded up,
que estou mostrando está acelerada,
coming up was a big surprise.
foi uma grande surpresa.
e nos deixou todos surpresos.
and it took us all a bit surprised.
estávamos todos um pouco irritados,
and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
gigante passou nadando.
sea monster started rolling past.
ou tunicata colonial, se preferirem.
or colonial tunicate, if you like.
deep sea corals.
corais de águas profundas.
of one in a moment.
centímetros de altura.
so you can see its tentacles there,
e dá para ver seus tentáculos.
for about a hundred years.
vive por cerca de cem anos.
chemicals from the ocean.
substâncias do oceano.
ou a quantidade de substâncias,
or the amount of chemicals,
depende do pH e dos nutrientes.
it depends on the pH,
esses nutrientes entram no esqueleto,
these chemicals get into the skeleton,
collect fossil specimens,
coletar espécimes fósseis,
used to look like in the past.
como ele era no passado.
that coral with a vacuum system,
com um sistema a vácuo,
com bastante cuidado.
carefully, I should add.
chegam a viver mais tempo.
an image taken by my colleague,
numa foto do meu colega
meters below Hawaii.
de profundidade no Havaí.
de um desses corais.
of these corals and polish it up,
de espessura,
across this coral --
that these are actual annual bands,
as mudanças sazonais,
us back to our last glacial maximum.
para nos levar à última máxima glacial.
with my research team.
com meu grupo de pesquisa:
there are swimming holothurians,
em áreas de fósseis mortos
to these dead fossil areas
around on the seafloor.
para cima e os separamos.
bring them back, we sort them out.
those chemical signals,
in the ocean in the past.
e poli cuidadosamente,
polished it very carefully
colocamos num reator nuclear,
put it in a nuclear reactor,
como mostram as marcas aqui no coral,
about the rates and dates
a desvendar as taxas e as datas
quando pensamos em clima.
when we're thinking about climate.
para analisar o urânio
thorium, in these corals,
o tório, nesses corais,
exata desses fósseis.
how old the fossils are.
of the Southern Ocean
como usamos esses corais
how we're using these corals
ocean feedbacks.
sobre o passado do oceano.
of the surface water
da superfície da água
the Southern Ocean is.
o Oceano Antártico é dinâmico.
na passagem de Drake,
particularly the Drake Passage,
mais fortes do mundo
currents in the world
do oeste para o leste.
flowing from west to east.
great big undersea mountains,
grandes montanhas submersas,
e calor com a atmosfera.
with the atmosphere in and out.
through the Southern Ocean.
através do Oceano Antártico.
across this Antarctic passage,
locais nessa passagem Antártica,
na minha datação do urânio:
from my uranium dating:
to the interglacial.
para o interglacial.
com a fonte alimentar
to do with the food source
que descobrimos sobre o clima
we've found about climate
coletando pequenos corais fósseis.
We collected little fossil corals.
we've made in the corals,
era rico em carbono,
was very rich in carbon,
de baixa densidade no topo.
layer sitting on top.
coming out of the ocean.
do dióxido de carbono do oceano.
that are of an intermediate age,
de uma era intermediária,
partway through that climate transition.
durante aquela mudança climática.
deixar o fundo do oceano.
out of the deep ocean.
closer to the modern day,
com idade mais recente,
where carbon can exchange in and out.
em que o carbono pôde fazer trocas.
we can use fossil corals
with this last slide.
piece of footage that I showed you.
primeira parte do filme que lhes mostrei.
algo assim tão bonito.
to find things this beautiful.
to appreciate the fossil corals
a apreciar os corais fósseis
a sorte de sobrevoar o oceano
to fly over the ocean
sea mountains down there
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Robinson - Ocean scientistDr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate.
Why you should listen
Dr. Laura Robinson's research the processes that govern climate on time scales ranging from the modern day back through hundreds of thousands of years. To do this research, Robinson uses geochemical techniques, with an emphasis on radioactive elements including uranium series isotopes and radiocarbon. These elements are particularly valuable as they have a wide range of decay rates and geochemical properties and can be analyzed in geologic materials such as corals, marine sediments and seawater.
Through a combination of field work and lab work, Robinson has been tackling questions relating to: timing of Pleistocene climate change events; palaeoclimate reconstructions; deep-sea coral paleo-biogeography; impact of weathering on the ocean and climate; biomineralization; development of new geochemical proxies for past climate conditions; chemical tracers of ocean circulation.
Robinson describes the inspiration behind her work:
“When I finished my PhD, I moved to California to work with Professor Jess Adkins at Caltech on a project using deep-sea corals. Before that time, like many people, I did not know that corals lived in the deep ocean. The first thing I did was prepare for a research cruise to the North Atlantic. We took the research submarine 'Alvin' out to undersea mountains and were able to collect fossil corals from the seafloor. The start of my work in the Southern Ocean came from analysis of a single coral specimen from the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington DC. They loaned us the sample, and we found that it was about 16,000 years old, just right for looking at the middle of the last global deglaciation. Being able to access and work on these specimens is a fantastic way of starting a science project. We published a paper on that sample, and then, together with a coral biologist, I wrote a proposal to fund specific expeditions to the Southern Ocean, and to the Equatorial Atlantic to gain a wider view of how the Atlantic Ocean behaved during major climate transitions.
I love the research as it combines field work, lab work and collaborations with all kinds of people including scientists, engineers as well as the ships' crews. In terms of scientists, I work with biologists, oceanographers, chemists, geologists, habitat specialists and a whole range of people who have technical expertise across these fields.”
Learn more about Robinson's current expidition in the Southern Ocean.
Laura Robinson | Speaker | TED.com